Clinical anatomy of the blood spaces and blood vessels surrounding the siphon of the internal carotid artery

The anterior blood space of the cavernous sinus is situated anterolateral to the carotid siphon in 70%, anterior to it in 15%, and lateral to it in 15%. Its height, depth, and mediolateral breadth were measured. The mean distance between the carotid siphon and the skin at the supraorbital foramen was measured with 63 (52.4-71.4) mm. The drainage of the orbital veins was studied and described as well as the area of origin and first course of the ophthalmic artery and its clinical importance.     

Functional anatomy of the blood vessels of the dental pulp in the white rat

Applying a complex of modern microangiological techniques, the organization of the blood bed in the incisor and molar pulp has been studied in the white rat mandible. Production of the dental tissue components in the zones of dentinogenesis is ensured by an increased density of the capillary and venular bed of the pulp, a tight connection of the capillaries with predentin. The morphometric data obtained make it possible to prognosticate a high intracapillary pressure and the hydratation degree of the interstitial gel in the incisor pulp, which is close to maximal figures. Differences in angio-architectonics of the incisor pulp and the molar pulp depend on the peculiarities of the histostructure and functional state of the pulp, on the geometry of the dental cavity and the radicular canals. The pulp blood bed possesses a complex apparatus that ensures the blood stream regulation (duplication of the nutrition sources, arteriolar and venular area, various types of anastomoses, precapillary sphincters and others).     

Development of blood vessels in the human eyeball

Blood vessels of 167 eyeballs of human embryos and fetuses have been studied, using macro- microscopical, histological and morphometrical methods. Time of appearance and differentiation of blood vessels in the eye anlage has been determined. Topography and architecture of the vitreous body artery are described in detail, as well as the vascular tunic of the lens and the pupil membrane. Regularities and time of reversal development of the vascular formations mentioned are followed during the whole intrauterine development. The data obtained add to extend our knowledge on the role of disturbances of the normal morphogenesis of the eyeball blood bed in pathogenesis of its congenital diseases.     

Comparative anatomy of resin ducts of the Pinaceae

 Resin ducts are common in the Pinaceae. The comparative anatomy of stems and leaves of 50 species and two varieties from ten genera has been investigated. The structure and distribution of resin ducts differ among genera. Resin ducts occur in foliage leaves of ten genera of Pinaceae. Cortical resin ducts are absent in the stems of Pseudolarix and Larix. Resin ducts only occur in the secondary xylem of stems of Pinus, Picea, Cathaya, Larix, Pseudotsuga and some Keteleeria species. All of the epithelial and sheath cells are alive and thin-walled in the resin ducts of stem cortex and mesophyll. Except for Pinus the epithelial cells of resin ducts in the secondary xylem of stems have thick, lignified walls. Comparative study shows there are obvious differences in the resin ducts of different genera; apparent differences do not exist, however, in the resin ducts of different species of the same genus. According to the structure and distribution of the resin ducts in ten genera of Pinaceae, a synoptical arrangement of the genera is given and generic relationships of the Pinaceae are discussed. Received: 12 September 1995 / Accepted: 14 March 1996     

Microarchitectonics and microtopography of blood vessels of the human rectum

By means of injecting the vessels with 0.2% solution of silver nitrate after Ranvier, solutions of Indian ink and gas soot, impregnation after V.V. Kuprianov, the blood vessels of the rectal wall have been studied. The material has been obtained from 50 corpses of persons of various age, not suffering from any diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The structural organization of the microcirculatory tract has been studied layer-by-layer, at all levels by means of atraumatic lamination of the tunics. Terminal links of the microcirculatory bed form zonal functional complexes of microvessels specific for each part of the rectum. They regularly repeat in a certain tunic and owing to this the whole organization of the microcirculatory bed acquires features of a definite polymeric structure which consists of homonomic complexes of microvessels. Their regularity, as regards their topography and quantity, definitely differs in each tunic and layer of the rectal wall. Precapillary sphincters and arteriolovenular anastomoses are revealed; they perform an active regulation of blood circulation in the organ. Diameters of the microvessels and density of the microcirculatory network have some slight fluctuations (differences) in functionally poorly active tunics of the rectal wall--the serous and submucous, especially in its rectosigmoid part. Differences of these parameters are especially expressed within the limits of the rectal ampule and its mucous and muscular tunics.     

Gross anatomy of the forelimb and shoulder girdle of theGalago senegalensis

The gross anatomy of the forelimb of theGalago senegalensis is described. The skeletal, muscular, nervous, and vascular systems are illustrated. TheGalago senegalensis is compared to theTarsius and other selected primates. Also examined in the study are muscle attachments and selected upper limb indices derived from measurements of bone dimensions.     

Lymphatic and blood vessels of the liver in acute and chronic cholecystitis]

Changes in lymph and blood vessels were studied in 110 dogs with acute and chronic cholecystitis. It was established that in the period of development of acute inflammatory processes in the gall bladder the monolayer network of hepatic capillaries was changed into bi-layer, took place the formation of plane networks at the side of the lobule and lacunary dilatations in the site of fusion of lymph capillaries, dilatation and deformation of lymph capillaries and vessels. Under conditions of chronic cholecystitis fibrosis and sclerosis of the portal tracts were accompanied by intensive growth (and reduction - in parallel) of lymph capillaries. Thick small-looped network was observed to develop around false lobules during development of cyrrhosis. A conclusion is made that early cholecystectomy is necessary in cases of inflammatory diseases of the gallbladder.