Synthesis of PHAs from waster under various C:N ratios

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production was carried out under various C:N ratios. A ratio of 100 resulted best polymer yield. C-source was an important factor in synthesis. For example, as the ratio of valeric acid (C5) to butyric acid (C4) in N-free medium was increased, the mole fraction of HV in the copolymer increased. When soy waste was used as a C-source a copolymer, a high HV mole fraction (HB:HV, 75:25) was produced while when malt waste was used, a much lower HV mole fraction (HB:HV, 90:10) was generated. It was concluded that activated sludge bacteria could be induced to produce PHAs using food wastes as C-sources and this could be the basis for production of biodegradable plastics.     

Fungal and bacterial growth in soil with plant materials of different C/N ratios

Fungal (acetate-in-ergosterol incorporation) and bacterial (leucine/thymidine incorporation) growth resulting from alfalfa (C/N=15) and barley straw (C/N=75) addition was studied in soil microcosms for 64 days. Nitrogen amendments were used to compensate for the C/N difference between the substrates. Fungal growth increased to a maximum after 3–7 days, at five to eight times the controls, following the addition of straw, and three to four times the controls following the addition of alfalfa. After 20–30 days, the fungal growth rate converged with the controls, resulting in a cumulative fungal growth two to three times the controls following straw addition and about 20% higher than the controls following alfalfa addition. The bacterial growth rate reached rates five times the controls following alfalfa addition and twice that of the controls following straw addition after 3–7 days. It remained elevated after 64 days. The cumulative bacterial growth was two and four times the controls following straw and alfalfa addition, respectively. A negative correlation was found between N addition and bacterial growth, while N stimulated fungal growth. Thus, the C/N ratio of the additions (substrate and extra N) could not entirely explain the different results regarding fungal and bacterial growths. Respiration was not always related to the combined growth of the microorganisms, emphasizing the requirement for a better understanding of growth efficiencies of fungi and bacteria.     

Effect of different C/N ratios on carotenoid and lipid production by Rhodotorula glutinis

Due to the increasing demand for sustainable biofuels, microbial oils as feedstock for the transesterification into biodiesel have gained scientific and commercial interest. Also, microbial carotenoids have a considerable market potential as natural colorants. The carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio of the respective cultivation media is one of the most important parameters that influence the production of microbial lipids and carotenoids. Thus, in the present experiment, the influence of different C/N ratios, initial glucose loadings, and ammonium concentrations of the cultivation medium on microbial cell growth and lipid and carotenoid production by the oleaginous red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis has been assessed. As a general trend, both lipid and carotenoid production increased at high C/N ratios. It was shown that not only the final C/N ratio but also the respectively applied initial carbon and nitrogen contents influenced the observed parameters. The lipid yield was not affected by different ammonium contents, while the carotenoid production significantly decreased both at low and high levels of ammonium supply. A glucose-based increase from C/N 70 to 120 did not lead to an increased lipid production, while carotenoid synthesis was positively affected. Generally, it can be asserted that lipid and carotenoid synthesis are stimulated at higher C/N ratios.     

Effects of different influent C/N ratios on the performance of various earthworm eco-filter systems: nutrient removal and greenhouse gas emission

In this study, we sought to identify influent carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios that yield relatively high nutrient removal efficiency with relatively low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The earthworm eco-filter (EE) system, which is composed of earthworms and plants (EP group), was found to be optimal for maximizing nutrient removal while reducing GHG emissions. In this EE system, the optimal influent C/N ratio for nutrient removal and GHG emission under C2N treatment conditions. Nutrient removal efficiency under this condition was 85.19 ± 6.40 % chemical oxygen demand, 71.99 ± 11.28 % total nitrogen, and 77.91 ± 8.51 % total phosphorus, while the CO₂ emission rate was 678.89 ± 201.87 mg m^?2 h^?1. Moreover, the highest nutrient removal and GHG emission rates were both achieved in late summer (August). Thus, carbon variation, season, system variation, as well as synergistic interaction between system variations and seasons, significantly affect nutrient removal efficiencies and GHG emissions.     

Elemental compositions and characteristics of aerobic granules cultivated at different substrate N/C ratios

The effects of the substrate N/C ratios on the formation, elemental compositions and characteristics of aerobic granules were investigated in four sequencing batch reactors. Results showed that aerobic granules could form at substrate N/C ratios ranging from 5/100 to 30/100 and the substrate N/C ratio had a direct and profound effect on the elemental compositions and characteristics of the aerobic granules. Nitrifying populations in aerobic granules were enriched significantly with the increase in the substrate N/C ratio, while the respective ratio of cell oxygen, nitrogen and calcium to cell carbon were also determined by the substrate N/C ratio. It was found that cell hydrophobicity of aerobic granules was inversely related to the ratio of cell oxygen normalized to cell carbon. Since the cell calcium content in aerobic granules developed at different substrate N/C ratios was even lower than that in the seed sludge, it is reasonable to conclude that the cell calcium would not contribute to aerobic granulation. This study probably for the first time demonstrates that the elemental composition, microbial distribution and characteristics of aerobic granules are related to the substrate N/C ratio applied.     

平菇对不同碳氮比麦草培养料主要组分的降解研究

研究平菇对不同碳氮比麦草培养料主要组分的降解结果表明,麦草栽培平菇后,C/N比值普遍下降,下降幅度随C/N比增加而加大,下降趋势与基物失重、粗纤维降解、呼吸消耗相一致。菇产量以C/N比50—60:1最高,但菇产量的高低与基物失重、粗纤维减少、呼吸损耗多少没有关系,而与培养料的C/N比值却有明显的曲线关系。     

Inflammation patterns induced by different Burkholderia species in mice

Burkholderia pseudomallei , which causes melioidosis, a severe, mainly pulmonary disease endemic in South-East Asia, is considered to be the most pathogenic of the Burkholderia genus. B. thailandensis , however, is considered avirulent. We determined differences in patterns of inflammation of B. pseudomallei 1026b (clinical virulent isolate), B. pseudomallei AJ1D8 (an in vitro invasion-deficient mutant generated from strain 1026b by Tn5-OT182 mutagenesis) and B. thailandensis by intranasally inoculating C57BL/6 mice with each strain. Mice infected with B. thailandensis showed a markedly decreased bacterial outgrowth from lungs, spleen and blood 24 h after inoculation, compared with infection with B. pseudomallei and the invasion mutant AJ1D8. Forty-eight hours after inoculation, B. thailandensis was no longer detectable. This was consistent with elevated pulmonary cytokine and chemokine concentrations after infection with B. pseudomallei 1026b and AJ1D8, and the absence of these mediators 48 h, but not 24 h, after inoculation with B. thailandensis . Histological examination, however, did show marked pulmonary inflammation in the mice infected with B. thailandensis , corresponding with substantial granulocyte influx and raised myeloperoxidase levels. Survival experiments showed that infection with 1 × 10³ cfu B. thailandensis was not lethal, whereas inoculation with 1 × 10⁶ cfu B. thailandensis was equally lethal as 1 × 10³ cfu B. pseudomallei 1026b or AJ1D8. These data show that B . pseudomallei AJ1D8 is just as lethal as wild-type B. pseudomallei in an in vivo mouse model, and B. thailandensis is perhaps more virulent than is often recognized.     

Stability of streptokinase in various infusion media at different temperatures

A solution of the streptokinase preparation Awelysin in the infusion media 0.9% NaCl Elektrolyt-Infusionsl?sung 153 and Haemaccel 35 can be stored at room temperature for 24 hours without considerable decrease in activity. This is true not only for concentrations of 50,000 IU/ml but also for dilutions up to 1,000 IU/ml. Solutions made with glucose or fructose infusion media have to be stored in the cold.     

潜流型菖蒲人工湿地不同C/N对污染物的去除效率

选取炉渣和砾石为基质,以无植被为对照,分别设置低、中、高浓度的3个碳水平(C1、C2、C3)和3个氮水平(N1、N2、N3)处理,研究潜流型菖蒲人工湿地在不同C/N下净化生活污水中COD、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的效果。结果表明,在不同C/N下,菖蒲人工湿地对污水中COD、TN的去除效果显著高于无植被的人工湿地,菖蒲植被能增加人工湿地COD去除率10.53%,增加TN去除率6.73%;而对于TP的去除,有无植被无显著差异。随着进水N、P浓度及C/N的变化,菖蒲湿地对COD、TN和TP的去除率分别为67.57%～75.85%、20.91%～56.82%和7.15%～17.78%;同时,菖蒲植株对N、P的积累量也相应的变化,其地上部的N、P积累量为4.44～14.79和1.11～3.37g.m-2,平均占湿地N、P去除率的6.91%和10.67%;地下部的N、P积累量分别为2.35～5.20和0.74～1.41g.m-2,平均占湿地N、P去除率的2.69%和6.02%。植物地上器官对湿地N、P的积累量大于地下部,有利于通过收割作用去除湿地系统中的N、P。     

诱导温度调控华根霉(Rhizopus chinensis)前导肽脂肪酶的表达及稳定性研究

比较了7 L发酵罐中不同诱导温度对华根霉前导肽脂肪酶在巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)中表达水平和稳定性的影响。通过实验表明在28℃条件下,最大酶活可以达到1412.5 U/mL,是30℃条件下的2.3倍,25℃条件下的1.3倍;而其产率可以达到12811 U/L·h~(-1),比产率达到82.6 U/g_(DCW)·h~(-1)。同时,在实验过程中发现诱导温度对目的蛋白的降解和聚合有重要的影响。通过对蛋白酶活性的测定和还原SDS-PAGE证实随着诱导温度的提高,蛋白酶活性急剧上升,从而导致由前导肽(37 kD)降解为成熟肽(30 kD)的降解作用的加剧。此现象在30℃条件下最为明显,在诱导84 h时前导肽已经全部降解为成熟肽。另外,通过非还原SDS-PAGE和分析表明随着诱导温度的提高也导致了二聚体的含量也逐渐增加。     

Inactivation of Salmonella spp. in cow manure composts formulated to different initial C:N ratios

Aerobic composting is a common management practice to inactivate pathogens in manure; however, additional research on the role of compost composition in pathogen inactivation is needed. The objective of this study was therefore to determine the effect of the carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio and the presence of ammonium sulfate on inactivation of Salmonella spp. in cow manure-based mixtures composted in a bioreactor under controlled conditions. Compost preparations with an initial C:N ratio of 20:1 required a maximum of 4 days of storage before Salmonellae were inactivated by 7 log₁₀, whereas preparations with C:N ratios of 30:1 and 40:1 C:N required more than 5 and 7 days of storage, respectively. The pH values of both the 20:1 and 30:1 C:N preparations decreased during the onset of composting before increasing to >8. In contrast, pH values of 40:1 C:N preparations increased immediately to >8, generally within the first day of storage. Maximum temperatures observed in 20:1 C:N preparations for inactivation of pathogens were less than 50 °C, and the cumulative heat exposure required for pathogen inactivation in 20:1 C:N preparations was 15-fold less than in 40:1 C:N preparations. Supplementation of compost mixtures with 0.08% ammonium sulfate resulted in slightly higher temperatures; however, these higher temperatures did not translate into more rapid rates of pathogen inactivation.     

Proteomic analysis of different temporal expression patterns induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment

We have previously shown that N-methyl- N'-nitro- N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), a well-known DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, can induce multiple cellular responses with dynamic characteristics, including such responses as nontargeted mutations (NTM) at undamaged bases in DNA, up-regulation of low fidelity DNA polymerases, clustering of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and interference with its downstream signaling pathway. A dose-related analysis also revealed that different concentrations of MNNG can trigger diverse proteome changes associated with different cytotoxic effects. To further understand the dynamic cellular responses and hazardous effects caused by environmental carcinogen, a proteomic time-course study of whole cellular proteins from human amniotic epithelial cells after MNNG treatment was performed. Analysis at three different time points (3, 12 and 24 h after exposure) revealed that the major changes were taking place around 3 and 12 h after exposure. Using MALDI-TOF MS coupled with a micro solid-phase extraction (SPE) device, 90% ( n = 70) differentially expressed proteins were identified. Functional assignment revealed that many important pathways were affected, including the protein biosynthesis pathway and Ran GTPase system. We also carried out a network analysis of these proteins and the data suggest a central role for some key regulators in different pathways.     

Cyclic and noncyclic inositol phosphates are formed at different ratios by phospholipase C isozymes

The cyclic inositol phosphate content in the product of PLC-beta, gamma, and delta mediated cleavage of three phosphoinositides, PtdIns, PtdIns(4)p, and PtdIns(4,5)P2, was measured under several different experimental conditions. The ratio of cyclic to noncyclic product generally decreased in the order PLC-beta greater than PLC-delta greater than PLC-gamma. For all three enzymes the ratio decreased in the order PtdIns greater than PtdIns(4)P greater than PtdIns(4,5)P2. For all combinations of the three enzymes and three substrates cyclic product content was always higher at pH 5.5 than at pH 7.0. The effect of Ca2+ on the ratio of cyclic to noncyclic was also measured. The ratio remained constant between 0.5 microM and 2 mM for PtdIns. For PtdIns(4)P and PtdIns(4,5)P2, the ratios were unchanged between 0.5 and 500 microM, but increased abruptly at millimolar Ca2+ concentrations.     

不同温度条件下副溶血性弧菌tdh基因表达及其代谢组响应

【目的】采用RT-PCR的方法分析致病性副溶血性弧菌毒力基因表达,并应用代谢组学的方法研究毒力基因不同表达水平下致病性副溶血性弧菌代谢组的响应。【方法】本文以致病性副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)ATCC33846为材料,分别提取不同温度(4、25和37℃)下菌体总RNA和代谢组。采用相对定量的方法检测副溶血性弧菌tdh基因在不同温度条件下的表达差异,同时应用超高压液相色谱-四级杆飞行时间质谱联用仪(UPLC/Q-TOF-MS)系统为工作平台检测其代谢组。采用主成分分析法(principal component analysis,PCA)比较副溶血性弧菌代谢组轮廓差异,并通过皮尔森和斯皮尔曼相关性分析法分析代谢组与tdh基因表达之间相关性。【结果】结果表明,不同温度条件下tdh基因表达强弱的排列顺序25℃4℃37℃;在tdh基因不同表达水平下发生显著性(P0.05)变化的主要代谢物是有机酸、氨基酸、醇、酮、酯;共得到11种代谢物与tdh基因表达高度相关(相关性系数︱r︱=1,P0.05),其中3种为负相关,8种为正相关,且醇类代谢物与tdh基因表达的正相关性最显著。【结论】本研究发现副溶血性弧菌代谢组与毒力基因表达存在一定的相关性,有望为副溶血性弧菌致病机理的深入探究提供一定的理论支持。     

Hydrogen evolution and uptake by nodules of soybeans inoculated with different strains of Rhizobium japonicum

Hydrogen evolved by nitrogenase may be recycled by a hydrogenase present in some legume nodules. Anoka and Portage cultivars of soybeans were inoculated with each of 8 and 24 strains, respectively, of Rhizobium japonicum and surveyed for H2 evolution and C2H2 reduction rates nodule weight, and plant dry weight. Six of the strains (3Ilb 110, USDA 122, USDA 136, 3Ilb 6, 3Ilb 142, and 3Ilb 143) which exhibited no H2 evolution in air were shown to take up H2. The relative efficiencies of nitrogenase energy utilization based on C2H2 reduction rates of nodules relative efficiences of nitrogenase energy utilization based on C2H2 reduction rates of nodules ranged from 0.96 to 1.0 for the six strains. Nodules formed by strain WA 5099-1-1 evolved small amounts of H2 in air and had a relative efficiency of 0.92. Nodules formed by the remaining 25 strains had relative efficiencies ranging from 0.41 to 0.80. A H2-evolving (3Ilb 123) and non-H2-evolving (3Ilb 143) strain were tested on seven soybean cultivars to determine the effect on the expression of hydrogenase. Nodules formed by strain 3Ilb 143 exhibited an efficiency of 1.0 on the following cultivars: Amsoy 71, Anoka, Bonus, Clark 63, Kent, Peking, and Portage. Relative efficiencies from 0.63 to 0.77 were determined for the five cultivars nodulated by strain 3Ilb 123. From the experiments with these cultivars, the capacity to recycle H2 produced from the nitrogenase system appears to be determined by the R. japonicum strain.     

不同氮素水平辣椒幼苗对低温响应的差异

为研究低温对不同氮素水平辣椒幼苗生长的影响,在2228℃条件下分别用0.00g·L-1,2.00g·L-1和3.00g·L-13个浓度尿素水溶液培养的3个品种辣椒4叶1心期幼苗在人工气候箱内进行低温处理。结果显示:3个辣椒品种幼苗对相同低温的响应存在差异,其受低温危害由轻到重依次为中椒四号、市祥206和红龙。3个氮素水平下培养的3个品种辣椒幼苗进行连续3d11.0/5.0℃(Ⅲ)低温处理后,均危害严重,各项生理指标与对照差异显著,不能恢复正常生长,危害的程度因品种和氮素水平高低存在差异,氮素水平愈低受害愈重。连续3d15.0/9.0℃(Ⅰ)或13/7℃(Ⅱ)对辣椒幼苗处理后,受危害的程度仍因品种和氮素水平高低存在明显差异,但各项生理指标与对照差异显著减小,均能恢复生长,且氮素水平愈高,与对照的差异愈小。氮素水平影响辣椒幼苗对低温的响应,浓度较高时(3.00g·L-1)辣椒幼苗抵御低温的能力较强,较高的氮素水平虽能减轻低温对辣椒幼苗的影响程度,却不能完全抵消低温的危害。     

喀斯特不同土地利用方式和恢复模式对土壤酶活性C:N:P比值的影响

为探究喀斯特地区不同土地利用方式和生态恢复模式对土壤酶活性及其碳(C):氮(N):磷(P)比值的影响,该文在广西环江县的中国科学院环江喀斯特生态系统观测研究站长期定位观测试验地选取了3种土地利用方式 [退化干扰地、牧草地和果树(枇杷)林地]和4种恢复模式(常绿乔木林、落叶乔木林、常绿落叶混交林和自然恢复林)作为研究对象,分析了4种土壤酶 [β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β-1,4-N-乙酰葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)]的活性和C:N:P比值变化与土壤生态因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1)恢复模式土壤的4种酶活性均高于土地利用方式。在不同土地利用方式中,牧草地4种酶的活性、C:P和N:P比值高于其他两种土地利用方式; 在不同恢复模式中,落叶乔木林的βG和ALP酶活性显著高于自然恢复林和常绿乔木林,常绿乔木林的NAG酶活性显著高于其他3种恢复模式,而落叶乔木林的酶活性C:P比值和常绿落叶混交林的酶活性N:P比值均显著低于其他3种恢复模式。另外,酶活性计量比值矢量角度分析显示,所有土地利用和恢复模式受磷限制。(2)4种酶活性均与土壤有机碳(SOC)、铵态氮(NH⁺₄-N)和硝态氮(NO₃^--N)含量呈显著正相关,与全磷(TP)含量呈显著负相关; βG酶活性与速效磷(AP)含量呈显著正相关,ALP酶活性与全氮(TN)含量呈显著正相关。(3)冗余分析(RDA)显示,土壤TP、NH⁺₄-N、NO₃^--N和AP含量分别解释了土壤酶活性和C:N:P比值变化的38.3%、9.5%、9.3%和8.0%。综上认为,喀斯特不同土地利用和恢复模式中土壤磷限制普遍存在,意味着土地利用开发和恢复过程中磷的赋存和转化是土壤质量改善的重点。另外,牧草地、常绿落叶混交林和落叶乔木林相对于其他土地利用和恢复模式具有较高的土壤酶活性和C:P比值以及AP含量,表明牧草和落叶植物可能对喀斯特土地利用和生态恢复过程中土壤质量改善有积极作用。