Zur submikroskopischen Struktur der Thrombozyten,Lymphozyten und Monozyten des Haushuhnes (Gallus domesticus)

Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur der kernhaltigen Thrombozyten des Haushuhnes wurde an 9 Weißen Leghorn licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch vergleichend untersucht. Bei guter Fixierung entsprechen die kernhaltigen Thrombozyten morphologisch denen der Säugetiere, doch fehlt das -Granulomer. Der Kern weist eine für den Thrombozyten charakteristische Chromatinverteilung auf, die von Aufhellungen durchsetzt ist. Im Cytoplasma lassen sich regelmäßig kleine Mitochondrien, endoplasmatisches Retikulum und ein deutlich ausgebildeter Golgiapparat nachweisen.Bei der Blutgerinnung (nach intravenöser Verabreichung von Thrombin) läßt sich in und an den kernhaltigen Thrombozyten der Beginn der Fibrinbildung verfolgen. Kernveränderungen lassen vermuten, daß im Kern gerinnungsphysiologische Aktivitäten vorhanden sind, doch sind weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich.Auf die Ultrastruktur der Erythrozyten, Lymphozyten und Monozyten wird kurz eingegangen. Es läßt sich Übereinstimmung mit den bisherigen Beobachtungen in den entsprechenden Zellen von Säugetieren feststellen.Mit Unterstützung durch die Heinrich-Hertz-Stiftung. — Assistent an der Medizinischen Klinik der Tierärztlichen Hochschule in Wien. Wien III., Linke Bahngasse 11.     

Zur Histochemie und Kapillarversorgung des Sinusknotens

Zusammenfassung Untersucht wurde der Sinusknoten von 141 Rinderherzen (davon 11 Embryonen und 50 Kälber), 25 Schweinen und 10 Herzen anderer Säuger (5 Schafe, 2 Kaninchen, 2 Katzen, 1 Hund) sowie von 29 menschlichen Herzen verschiedenen Alters.Der Sinusknoten (SK) aller Spezies ist glykogenreich; die Vorhofsmuskulatur (VM) ist vergleichsweise glykogenarm. Bei Rinderkeimlingen tritt die Glykogenvermehrung im Knotengewebe gegenüber der VM ab einer Embryonallänge von 47 cm auf.Fermenthistochemisch zeigt sich, daß im SK von Rind und Schwein nicht nur die Enzyme des oxidativen Stoffwechsels, sondern auch die der Glykolyse schwächer als in der VM reagieren. Hierbei überwiegt in beiden Herzmuskelarten die Glykolyse etwas. — Das LDH-Isozymmuster gleicht sich in SK und VM weitgehend, ebenso die Aktivität der G6P-DH und die der lysomalen Enzyme. — Die Fermente des Glykogenmetabolismus reagieren im Knotengewebe in Übereinstimmung mit seinem höheren Glykogengehalt stärker als in der VM. — Die cholinerge Nervenfaserdichte ist im SK von Rind und Schwein höher als in der VM.Entsprechend dem geringeren Stoffwechsel ist die Kapillar Versorgung des SK beim Rind geringer als die des Vorhofs. Der prozentuale Volumenanteil der Kapillaren am Gesamtvolumen des SK verhält sich zu dem der VM wie 13. Der Radius eines Gewebszylinders, der von einer Kapillare versorgt wird, beträgt im SK 19,9 m, im Vorhof aber 10,9 [im.

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On the histochemistry and capillary supply of the sinatrial node

Summary The sinatrial node (SA node) was investigated in the heart of 141 cattle (among which were 11 embryos and 50 calves), 25 pigs, 5 sheep, 2 rabbits, 2 cats, 1 dog, and 29 men of different age.The SA node of all species is rich in glycogen; in the atrial muscle its amount is always lower. Comparing the fetal SA node of cattle with the working myocardium, glycogen increases in the former tissue with an embryonic length of 47 cm.Histochemically in the SA node of cattle and pigs the activities of oxidative as well as of glycolytic enzymes are lower than in the ordinary muscle cells; but in both heart muscle systems the pathway of Embden-Meyerhof seems to predominate.—The LDH-isoenzyme patterns of the pacemaker region and working myocardium resemble one another. This is also true for the activity of G6P-DH and lysosomal enzymes.—According to the higher amount of glycogen the enzymes of the glycogen metabolism are more active in the SA node than in the atrial muscle.—In comparison with the working myocardium the number of cholinergic nerve fibers is somewhat higher in the nodal tissue.In agreement with the reduced overall metabolism the capillary supply of the cow's SA node is lower than that of the atrial muscle. The ratio between the partial volume of the capillaries and the total volumes of the SA node and working myocardium is 13. On the average the radius of a tissue cylinder being supplied by one capillary runs up to 19.9 m in the SA node, but only to 10.9 m in the atrial muscle.The partial volume of the connective tissue in the SA node of cattle, calves, and men exhibits strong individual changes. An increase of connective tissue in the SA node of humans appears around the 50th year of life.

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Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Postembryonale Entwicklung und Involution der Bursa Fabricii beim Haushuhn (Gallus domesticus)

Zusammenfassung Die Bursae Fabricii von Hühnern im Alter von 1 Tag bis zu 1 Jahr werden histologisch untersucht. Dabei sind nach dem histologischen Bild Postembryonal-, Ausreifungs-, Reife-, frühes und spätes Involutions- sowie Reliktstadium zu unterscheiden. Postembryonal-, Ausreifungs- und Reifestadium weichen im wesentlichen hinsichtlich Gesamtgröße, Follikelgröße und Zellzusammensetzung voneinander ab. Die Involution kann im Alter von 14 Wochen bis 5 Monaten beginnen. Während der Involution verschmelzen die Bursafalten, das Lumen verschwindet. Die Bursafollikel verlieren an der Lumenseite zunächst die Rinde, dann das Mark. Die Restfollikel lagern sich zusammen und werden nekrotisch, ein Teil bildet Zysten. Als Reliktstadien finden sich bis zum Alter von 1 Jahr fibrotische, muskel- und gefäßreiche Gebilde, die Bursafollikel, Keimzentren oder Lymphozytenhäufchen enthalten.

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Post-hatching development and involution of the bursa Fabricii in the chicken (Gallus domesticus)

Summary Bursae Fabricii were histologically examined in chickens 1 day to 1 year old. They were divided into 6 stages based on their histological appearance: the post-hatching, maturation, maturity, early involution, late involution, and residual stages. The post-hatching, maturation, and maturity stages differ with regard to bursal size, follicle size, and cellular composition. Involution may begin at 14 weeks to five months of age. During the course of involution, the bursal plicae grow together and the bursal cavity disappears. Near the luminal surface epithelium, the bursal follicles at first lose their cortex and then later their medulla. The remnant follicles join and undergo regressive and cystic changes. Residual stages are present up to 1 year of age; they are composed of fibrous connective tissue with smooth muscle and blood vessels and contain single bursal follicles, germinal centers, or lymphatic nodules.

Für technische Mitarbeit danken wir Fräulein U. Neumann und Frau A. Schick.     

Struktur und Entwicklungsfunktion des Dotter-Entoplasmasystems im Ei des Heimchens (Gryllus domesticus)

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Extra-lingual chemoreceptors in the chicken (Gallus domesticus)

The oral aversion behaviour of the chicken (head shaking, beakwiping and tongue/beak movements) was measured following oralstimulation with 0.1 M quinine hydrochloride, 40% sucrose, 3M sodium chloride, 5 M acetic acid and pure methyl anthranilate.Section of the lingual and laryngolingual nerves did not affectthe oral aversion behaviour and therefore demonstrates the presenceof functional extra-lingual chemoreceptors. The results arediscussed in relation to previous anatomical findings.     

Polytetrafluoroethylene toxicosis in recently hatched chickens (Gallus domesticus)

Two groups of chickens (Gallus domesticus; White Leghorn; age, 4 d and 2 wk) housed in a university research vivarium were found dead or moribund without prior signs of illness. The overall mortality rates were 92.3% (60 of 65 birds) for the 4-d-old birds and 80% (8 of 10) for the 2-wk-old birds. All chicks were housed in brooders with heat lamps in a temperature- and humidity-controlled room. Primary gross findings were mild to moderate dehydration and hepatic lipidosis. The most consistent histologic findings were pulmonary hemorrhage and edema in all 7 of the 4-d-old birds evaluated and in all 4 of the 2-wk-old birds assessed. In addition, 1 of the 4-d-old birds had multifocal centrilobular hepatic necrosis. These findings suggested an inhaled toxicant and hypoxia, respectively. Inspection of the animal room revealed that approximately 50% of the heat lamp bulbs in the brooder cage were coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Two published case reports detail similar experiences in birds exposed to PTFE-coated heat-lamp bulbs. Birds are highly sensitive to inhaled toxicants owing to the high efficiency of their respiratory systems, and PTFE toxicosis is known to cause pulmonary edema and hemorrhage in pet birds after exposure to overheated nonstick cookware. In the present case, the bulbs were replaced, and no similar problems subsequently have been noted. This case illustrates the sensitivity of avian species to respiratory toxicants and serves as a reminder that toxicosis can be encountered even in the controlled environment of a laboratory vivarium.     

Ontogeny of magnetoreception in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Chickens are precocial birds, capable of moving independently from within a few hours of hatching, and thus provide a useful model to investigate the development of magnetoreception in young birds. Chicks show some sharply-timed behavioural changes at around 11 days of age that may be indicative of improvements in navigation ability around this age. We trained Young (<10 days, n = 7) and Old (11 days or older, n = 6) chicks to find a hidden imprinting stimulus behind one of four screens in a square arena. Once criterion was reached, the directional choices of chicks were recorded in unrewarded tests in the geomagnetic field and in an experimental field shifted by 90° clockwise. These tests were separated with rewarded training trials to avoid extinction. In the first, and the first 3 tests, no indication was found that chicks chose the correct unimodal magnetic direction. Instead, in all tests, Old chicks preferred the screens in the same magnetic axis as the training direction in tests in the geomagnetic and shifted experimental fields significantly more than Young chicks (P < 0.05). Choices of Young chicks were no different to chance in tests, whereas choices by Old chicks were significantly different from chance (P < 0.05). Our findings support the hypothesis that magnetoreception appears in the second week of life in the chicken. It is, however, unclear when a truly directional magnetic response (i.e. an unimodal, rather than axial, response in our test) develops that could be used by the chicks for accurate navigation.     

The distribution of lice (Phthiraptera) on poultry (Gallus domesticus)

The distribution of three amblyceran (Menacanthus stramineus, Menacanthus cornutus, Menopon gallinae) and five ischnoceran species (Lipeurus lawrensis tropicalis, Lipeurus caponis. Goniocotes gallinae, Goniodes gigas, Goniodes dissimilis) on poultry was determined. The preferred sites of these species on the host body were recorded.     

Die Histochemie des Chloridraumes im zentralen und peripheren Nervensystem

Zusammenfassung Histochemische Untersuchungen über die Chloridverteilung im Nervensystem der Ratte wurden mit einer Modifikation der Komnickschen Methode für den lichtmikroskopischen Chloridnachweis durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse in der Hirnrinde zeigten, daß die Perikarya und Fortsätze der Nervenzellen frei von Reaktionsprodukten sind, während die übrige graue Substanz gleichmäßig dichte Chloridniederschläge aufweist. Diese Befunde sprechen dafür, daß der intrazelluläre Gliaraum dem physiologischen Chloridraum des Gehirns von 30–40% des Gesamtvolumens zuzurechnen ist. Auch in peripheren Nerven weist das Schwannsche Cytoplasma einen hohen Chloridgehalt auf, während Axon und Markscheide praktisch frei von Reaktionsprodukten sind.In Übereinstimmung mit Vernadakis u. Woodbury (1965) wird der cytoplasmatische Gliaraum als das langsam äquilibrierende Kompartiment des cerebralen Chloridraumes aufgefaßt. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf die Bedeutung der Gliafunktion für den Elektrolytstoffwechsel des Nervensystems hin.

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Histochemistry of chloride space in the central and peripheral nervous system

Summary Histochemical investigations on the distribution of chloride in the rat nervous system were performed by a modification of Komnick's method for light microscopy. The results revealed in the cerebral cortex the perikarya and processes of nerve cells free of reaction products, while the remaining gray matter showed very densely packed precipitations. These observations claim for the participation of the cytoplasmic glial space in the total 30–40 percent chloride space of the brain. In peripheral nerves a high chloride content is also demonstrated in Schwann's cytoplasm; axons and myelin sheaths are almost free of reaction products.According to Vernadakis and Woodbury (1965) the glial space is considered to represent the slowly equilibrating compartment of cerebral chloride space. The findings refer to the significance of neuroglial function in nervous electrolyte metabolism.

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Herrn Prof. Dr. med. Kurt Goerttler zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.

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Auszugsweise vorgetragen auf der 13. Jahrestagung der Vereinigung Deutscher Neuropathologen und Neuroanatomen e.V., 12.–14. Oktober 1967 in Düsseldorf.     

Zur Morphologie und Histochemie der Glandula infraorbitalis des Kaninchens

Zusammenfassung Die Glandula infraorbitalis erwachsener Kaninchen beiderlei Geschlechts wurde histologisch und histochemisch bearbeitet. Es handelt sich um eine tubuloacinöse Drüse mit engem Lumen. Zwischen sezernierende Endstücke und intralobuläre Ausführungsgänge sind enge Schaltstücke eingeschoben. Die Endstücke werden von einem zylindrischen Epithel ausgekleidet. Das Epithel der Ausführungsgänge ist kubisch. Es reagiert Alcianblau- und PAS-positiv. Auch die Endstücke enthalten PAS-positive Zellen. Hieraus ist zu entnehmen, daß auch innerhalb seröser Drüsen mucopolysaccharidhaltiges Sekret entstehen kann.Außerdem wurden verschiedene Hydrolasen und Oxydo-Reduktasen histochemisch nachgewiesen und ihr Verteilungsbild studiert. Die Befunde werden diskutiert.

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Morphological and histochemical investigations on the infraorbital gland of the rabbit

Summary Morphological and histochemical investigations were made on the infraorbital gland of adult rabbits of both sexes. The infraorbital gland of the rabbit is a tubulo-acinar gland, characterized by acini and tubuli with narrow lumina. Intercalated ducts connect the terminal tubuli or acini with the interlobular ducts. The serous acini are lined with pyramidal epithelial cells resting upon a basement membrane. The intralobular ducts are composed of cuboidal epithelium. These cells are slightly stained by the Alcian blue- and PAS-reaction. Also PAS positive gland cells were found within serous parts. It must be concluded that mucopolysaccharide secretion may originate even within serous glands.In the infraorbital gland also the distribution pattern of various hydrolytic enzymes and dehydrogenases was studied by histochemical means. The results are discussed.

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Mit dankenswerter Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Histocytology of the avian (Gallus domesticus) carotid body.

The histotopography of the silvery-white glistening carotid body and the branchial derivates in the cranial thoracic inlets as well as the histocytology of the particular organ were revealed by various microtechniques. Three types of randomly distributed epithelioid cells, many capillaries, and small and large sinuses are observable. Myelinated fibres are sparsely distributed. 25 clinically healthy white leghorn males were used for this investigation.     

Development of otoconia in the embryonic chick (Gallus domesticus)

In the chick (Gallus domesticus) embryo, otoconium formation started first over the macula sacculi around the 4th day of incubation, and a day later over the macula utriculi. It was determined that each otoconium formed as a result of the segmentation of the immature otolithic membrane, and that the calcium responsible for otoconium calcification was incorporated into the organic matrix of each otoconium in the form of small electron-dense granules (20-150 nm in diameter). The presence of calcium in these granules was confirmed by histochemical staining with osmic-potassium pyroantimonate, by EDTA chelation, and by X-ray microanalysis under the electron microscope.     

红原鸡与家鸡的亲缘关系研究

对中国红原鸡滇地亚种和海南亚种与我国茶花鸡,泰和鸡和寿光鸡等地方鸡种以及芦花鸡,洛岛红等外国鸡种进行了血型（３个位点,１３个等位基因）,蛋白质（酶）多态（５个位点,１１个等位基因）和ＤＮＡ指纹分析,结果表明,红原鸡与茶花鸡（原始型品种）的亲缘关系较近;与泰和鸡,寿光鸡,芦花鸡,洛岛红（进化型品种）的亲缘关系较远,呈红原鸡－茶花鸡－泰和鸡,寿光鸡或芦花鸡,洛岛红这样一个进化阶梯,以上结果与国外资料（     

Dietary thyroxine induces molt in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Thyroxine increases during a molt in wild and captive birds, and thyroidectomy prevents induction of molt. This trial examined the effect of dietary thyroxine on molt induction molt in chickens (laying hens, 59 weeks of age). In a completely randomized design (n=15 hens/replication; 6 replications/treatment), hens were randomly assigned to either a traditional molting program consisting of feed withdrawal (FWD), or to diets containing 40 mg thyroxine/kg diet (HT), 20 mg thyroxine/kg diet (LT), or 40 mg thyroxine from thyroactive iodinated casein/kg diet (TIC). The molting treatment lasted 7-13 d, until egg production reached 0%. After molt induction, birds had ad libitum access to the same diet, until egg production was re-initiated and maximized ( approximately 56 d). All treatments induced molt, based upon cessation of egg laying and regression of ovary and oviduct. Birds on FWD treatment lost more body weight during the molting period, but gained more after molt compared to thyroxine treatments (P<0.01 for each), although all body weights were similar when egg production was maximized. Data demonstrate that oral thyroxine, in purified or non-purified form, induces a molt and may enhance animal well-being by reducing the need for FWD.     

Gluconeogenesis in isolated chicken (Gallus domesticus) liver cells.

1. Gluconeogenesis was studied in isolated avian hepatocytes. The highest rate of glucose production obtained was from lactate, followed by dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde, and fructose. Alanine was converted to glucose at only about 4% the rate of lactate. 2. Addition of 10 mM sorbitol, xylitol, or ethanol to the hepatocytes increased glucose production from pyruvate 25-40%, while glycerol addition increased it only 9%. 3. Addition of beta-hydroxybutyrate had no effect on glucose production from lactate or pyruvate. 4. Addition of octanoate had no effect on glucose production from pyruvate, but depressed it from lactate at 5 mM. 5. Differences in the formation of glucose from various substrates suggest some basic differences in the mode of glucose production between the chick and the rat and guinea-pig.