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1.
基于微生物生物合成纳米颗粒机制的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
纳米粒子的合成方法多种多样,包括物理法、化学法和生物合成法,其中生物合成法是以生物为基体的绿色合成方法。由于微生物易于培养、生长快、廉价易得,已成为纳米粒子生物合成法的重要生物类群。微生物和纳米材料的多样性决定了其合成机制的多样化。本文结合国内外的科研报道,着重介绍了目前纳米粒子生物合成机制,并对纳米粒子微生物合成技术未来发展趋势进行了展望。  相似文献   

2.
    
The interaction between nanoparticles (NPs) and DNA is of significance for both application and implication research of NPs. In this study, a single-molecule imaging technique based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to probe the NP-DNA interactions with quantum dots (QDs) as model NPs. Reproducible high-quality images of single DNA molecules in air and in liquids were acquired on mica by optimizing sample preparation conditions. Furthermore, the binding of QDs to DNA was explored using AFM. The DNA concentration was found to be a key factor influencing AFM imaging quality. In air and liquids, the optimal DNA concentration for imaging DNA molecules was approximately 2.5 and 0.25 μg/mL, and that for imaging DNA binding with QDs was 0.5 and 0.25 μg/mL, respectively. In the presence of QDs, the DNA conformation was altered with the formation of DNA condensates. Finally, the fine conformation of QD-DNA binding sites was examined to analyze the binding mechanisms. This work will benefit investigations of NP-DNA interactions and the understanding of the structure of NP-DNA bioconjugates. See accompanying article by Wang DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200309  相似文献   

3.
We have designed and synthesized a photochromic spiropyran with a dithiolane appendage. The two sulfur atoms of the dithiolane ring encourage the adsorption of this compound on the surface of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles. The properties of the resulting photochrome-nanoparticle assemblies vary significantly with the experimental conditions selected for the preparation of the inorganic component. Nanoparticles prepared in the presence of tri-n-octylphosphine impose positive photochromism on the ligands. Instead, nanoparticles prepared in the presence of sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate impose negative photochromism on the ligand. This behavior is a consequence of the difference in the surface morphology of the two sets of nanoparticles. Indeed, emission spectra confirm the presence of surface defects on the nanoparticles exhibiting negative photochromism. Presumably, electrostatic interactions between these surface defects and the colored and zwitterionic isomer of the ligand are responsible for the transition from positive to negative photochromism. Thus, our studies demonstrate that the microscopic environment around a photochromic switch can regulate the relative stabilities of its colorless and colored states as well as their isomerization kinetics.  相似文献   

4.
Successful drug delivery by functionalized nanocarriers largely depends on their efficient intracellular transport which has not yet been fully understood. We developed a new tracking technique by encapsulating quantum dots into the core of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated nanoparticles (WGA-NP) to track cellular transport of functionalized nanocarriers. The resulting nanoparticles showed no changes in particle size, zeta potential or biobinding activity, and the loaded probe presented excellent photostability and tracking ability. Taking advantage of these properties, cellular transport profiles of WGA-NP in Caco-2 cells was demonstrated. The cellular uptake begins with binding of WGA to its receptor at the cell surface. The subsequent endocytosis happened in a cytoskeleton-dependent manner and by means of clathrin and caveolae-mediated mechanisms. After endosome creating, transport occurs to both trans-Golgi and lysosome. Our study provides new evidences for quantum dots as a cellular tracking probe of nanocarriers and helps understand intracellular transport profile of lectin-functionalized nanoparticles.  相似文献   

5.
Nanotechnology is a field which has been at the forefront of research over the past two decades. The full potential of nanotechnology has yet to be fully realized. One subset of nanotechnology that has emerged is nanomedicine, which has been able to exploit the unique properties of nano-sized particles for therapeutics. Nanomedicine has the potential to increase the specific treatment of cancer cells while leaving healthy cells intact through the use of novel nanoparticles to seek and treat cancer in the human body. However, there are undoubtedly toxicities, which have not yet been fully elucidated. Various nano-carriers such as nanoshells, nanocrystals, nanopolymers, quantum dots, and dendrimers, and their role in early cancer detection and treatment have been discussed in this article.  相似文献   

6.
    
Semiconductor quantum dot particles have a wide range of applications in medicine, bioassays, computing and photovoltaics. Biological synthesis is an attractive approach for mass production of quantum dots as cells have the capacity to passivate the particles with organic ligands. In this work, hairy roots of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) were used to produce CdS nanoparticles with quantum dot properties. Treatment of the roots with 100 μM Cd during the mid-growth phase of batch culture elicited cellular responses for Cd detoxification without affecting root growth. A combination of freeze-drying and freeze-thawing of the roots was used to extract Cd from the biomass; anion-exchange chromatography was then applied to selectively remove metal–phytochelatin complexes. Size-fractionation using gel filtration allowed the recovery of phytochelatin-capped Cd- and inorganic sulphide-containing nanoparticles displaying the size and size-dependent optical/electronic properties of CdS quantum dots. At 4–10 nm in diameter, these particles fluoresced at wavelengths corresponding to blue-violet on the colour spectrum and exhibited a high level of photostability with prolonged excitation. Whereas 69% of the Cd extracted from the roots was associated with phytochelatin peptides, the maximum yield of CdS nanocrystals with quantum dot properties was 1.4% of the total Cd taken up into the biomass. This work demonstrates a new culture-based approach for the biosynthesis of metallo-organic semiconductor quantum dots using hairy roots.  相似文献   

7.

Background

Monolayer cell cultures have been considered the most suitable technique for in vivo cellular experiments. However, a lot of cellular functions and responses that are present in natural tissues are lost in two-dimensional cell cultures. In this context, nanoparticle accumulation data presented in literature are often not accurate enough to predict behavior of nanoparticles in vivo. Cellular spheroids show a higher degree of morphological and functional similarity to the tissues.

Methods

Accumulation and distribution of carboxylated CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs), chosen as model nanoparticles, was investigated in cellular spheroids composed of different phenotype mammalian cells. The findings were compared with the results obtained in in vivo experiments with human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice. The diffusive transport model was used for theoretical nanoparticles distribution estimation.

Results

QDs were accumulated only in cells, which were localized in the periphery of cellular spheroids. CdSe/ZnS QDs were shown to be stable and inert; they did not have any side-effects for cellular spheroids formation. Penetration of QDs in both cellular spheroids and in vivo tumor model was limited. The mathematical model confirmed the experimental results: nanoparticles penetrated only 25 μm into cellular spheroids after 24 h of incubation.

Conclusions

Penetration of negatively charged nanoparticles is limited not only in tumor tissue, but also in cellular spheroids.

General Significance

The results presented in this paper show the superior applicability of cellular spheroids to cell monolayers in the studies of the antitumor effect and penetration of nanomedicines.  相似文献   

8.
细胞毒性研究认为Cd2+的释放是硒化镉(CdSe)纳米粒子的细胞毒性机制之一,而Se2-阴离子在纳米粒子中的毒性机制未知。作者研究了硒代硫酸钠(selenosulfate(SSeO3)2-)对HL60细胞的细胞毒性作用,发现10μmol/L的硒代硫酸钠可以显著抑制细胞活力,诱导细胞凋亡,出现了染色质凝聚、DNA ladder和G0/G1凋亡亚峰。线粒体膜电位显著降低的同时,促凋亡蛋白Bax的免疫荧光增加。结果表明还原态的Se2-阴离子有显著的细胞毒性作用,可以诱导HL60细胞凋亡。同时也暗示Se2-阴离子的释放可能是含Se2-纳米粒子(比如硒化镉的量子点)细胞毒性的机制之一。  相似文献   

9.
Nanoparticle labels in immunosensing using optical detection methods   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Efforts to improve the performance of immunoassays and immunosensors by incorporating different kinds of nanostructures have gained considerable momentum over the last decade. Apart from liposomes, which will not be discussed here, most groups focus on artificial, particulate marker systems, both organic and inorganic. The underlying detection procedures may be based either on electro-magnetical or optical techniques. This review will be confined to the latter only, comprising nanoparticle applications generating signals as diverse as static and time-resolved luminescence, one- and two-photon absorption, Raman and Rayleigh scattering as well as surface plasmon resonance and others. In general, all endeavors cited are geared to achieve one or more of the following goals: lowering of detection limits (if possible, down to single-molecule level), parallel integration of multiple signals (multiplexing), signal amplification by several orders of magnitude and prevention of photobleaching effects with concomitant maintenance of antigen binding specificity and sensitivity. Inorganic nanoparticle labels based on noble metals, semiconductor quantum dots and nanoshells appear to be the most versatile systems for these bioanalytical applications of nanophotonics.  相似文献   

10.
    
Fluorescent nanocrystals, specifically quantum dots, have been a useful tool for many biomedical applications. For successful use in biological systems, quantum dots should be highly fluorescent and small/monodisperse in size. While commonly used cadmium-based quantum dots possess these qualities, they are potentially toxic due to the possible release of Cd2+ ions through nanoparticle degradation. Indium-based quantum dots, specifically InP/ZnS, have recently been explored as a viable alternative to cadmium-based quantum dots due to their relatively similar fluorescence characteristics and size. The synthesis presented here uses standard hot-injection techniques for effective nanoparticle growth; however, nanoparticle properties such as size, emission wavelength, and emission intensity can drastically change due to small changes in the reaction conditions. Therefore, reaction conditions such temperature, reaction duration, and precursor concentration should be maintained precisely to yield reproducible products. Because quantum dots are not inherently soluble in aqueous solutions, they must also undergo surface modification to impart solubility in water. In this protocol, an amphiphilic polymer is used to interact with both hydrophobic ligands on the quantum dot surface and bulk solvent water molecules. Here, a detailed protocol is provided for the synthesis of highly fluorescent InP/ZnS quantum dots that are suitable for use in biomedical applications.  相似文献   

11.
恶性胶质瘤年发病率约为5/100,000。美国每年有超过14,000例的新发恶性脑胶质瘤患者。治疗主要以手术治疗为主,手术肿瘤的切除程度影响患者的预后。外科手术治疗脑肿瘤需要精确定位脑肿瘤组织在正常脑组织中的位置以便能够获得精确的组织活检和肿瘤的完全切除。量子点是稳定存在的,产生荧光的可视化半导体纳米晶体。静脉注射量子点伴随着网状内皮系统和巨噬细胞的隔离。巨噬细胞可渗入到肿瘤组织并且能够吞噬通过静脉注射的光量子来产生可视化的肿瘤标记。通过巨噬细胞介导,将光量子运输至肿瘤组织展现了一种新兴技术来标记术前肿瘤组织。由于肿瘤组织中的光量子可以被光学成像和光谱学工具来探测,因此在脑肿瘤组织活检和切除中可以为外科医生提供可视化得实时反馈。  相似文献   

12.
The development of a simple and inexpensive quantum dot based immunoassay for detecting myeloperoxidase (MPO) in stool samples is reported (QLISA). The method developed utilizes readily available polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microcapillaries as substrates for performing the sandwich assay. High power (80 mW) and low power (10 mW) UV-LEDs were tested for their efficiency in maximizing detection sensitivity in a waveguide illumination or a side illumination mode. The results obtained indicate that both waveguide and side illumination modes can be employed for detecting MPO down to 15 ng/mL, however the high power LED in a side illumination mode improves sensitivity and simplifies the data acquisition process. The protocol and sensor robustness was evaluated with animal stool samples spiked with MPO and the results indicate that the sensitivity of detection is not compromised when used in stool samples. The effect of the ionic strength of the environment on the fluorescence stability of quantum dots was evaluated and found to affect the assay only if long imaging times are employed. Replacing the buffer with glycerol during imaging increased the fluorescence intensity of quantum dots while significantly minimized the loss in intensity even after 2 h.  相似文献   

13.
Novel -COOH modified polystyrene beads were prepared by sulfonation grafting, and the surface area and pore volume are greatly improved in comparison with the swelling-treated beads. The optimization coating time is 4 h, and the corresponding -COOH content is approximately 2.1 mmol/g. The scanning electron microscope results show that the silica particles deposited on the beads and formed a silica shell that decreases the leakage of quantum dots (QDs) preferably and improves the bar code stability greatly. The anti-photobleaching of silica-coated beads was studied systemically, and the results show that the half-decay time (t1/2) of the coated beads increases to 537 s--seven times longer than that of the uncoated ones. Further DNA probe hybridization experiments indicated that the coding signal and target signal can be detected simultaneously and that the assays based on these probe-conjugated silica/QD/polystyrene beads have good specificity and sensitivity that can detect a concentration as low as 0.01 microg/ml target DNA in denatured calf thymus DNA solution, indicating that it is feasible to use this kind of bead for multiplex analysis.  相似文献   

14.
A sensitive and simple amperometric biosensor for phenols was developed based on the immobilization of tyrosinase into CdS quantum dots/chitosan nanocomposite matrix. The nanocomposite film with porous nanostructure, excellent hydrophilicity and biocompatibility resulted in high enzyme loading, and the tyrosinase (Tyr) immobilized in this novel matrix retained its activity to a large extent. The CdS quantum dots/chitosan nanocomposite film was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the parameters of the various experimental variables for the biosensor were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the designed biosensor displayed a wide linear response to catechol over a concentration range of 1.0 × 10−9 to 2.0 × 10−5 M with a high sensitivity of 561 ± 9.7 mA M−1 and a low detection limit down to 0.3 nM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The CdS quantum dots/chitosan nanocomposites could provide a novel matrix for enzyme immobilization to promote the development of biosensing and biocatalysis.  相似文献   

15.
A rapid and sensitive immunoassays of mercury (Hg) in biological samples was developed using quantum dots (QDs) and magnetic beads (MBs) as fluorescent and separated probes, respectively. A monoclonal antibody (mAb) that recognizes an Hg detection antigen (BSA-DTPA-Hg) complex was produced by the injection of BALB/c mice with an Hg immunizing antigen (KLH-DTPA-Hg). Then the ascites monoclonal antibodies were purified. The Hg monoclonal antibody (Hg-mAb) is conjugated with MBs to separate Hg from biological samples, and the other antibody, which is associated with QDs, is used to detect the fluorescence. The Hg in biological samples can be quantified using the relationship between the QDs fluorescence intensity and the concentration of Hg in biological samples following magnetic separation. In this method, the detection linear range is 1–1000 ng/mL, and the minimum detection limit is 1 ng/mL. The standard addition recovery rate was 94.70–101.18%. The relative standard deviation values were 2.76–7.56%. Furthermore, the Hg concentration can be detected in less than 30 min, the significant interference of other heavy metals can be avoided, and the simultaneous testing of 96 samples can be performed. These results indicate that the method could be used for rapid monitoring Hg in the body.  相似文献   

16.
Macromolecules that can assemble a large number of enzyme and antibody molecules have been used frequently for improvement of sensitivities in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). We generated bionanocapsules (BNCs) of approximately 30 nm displaying immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc-binding ZZ domains derived from Staphylococcus aureus protein A (designated as ZZ-BNC). In the conventional ELISA using primary antibody and horseradish peroxidase-labeled secondary antibody for detecting antigen on the solid phase, ZZ-BNCs in the aqueous phase gave an approximately 10-fold higher signal. In Western blot analysis, the mixture of ZZ-BNCs with secondary antibody gave an approximately 50-fold higher signal than that without ZZ-BNCs. These results suggest that a large number of secondary antibody molecules are immobilized on the surface of ZZ-BNCs and attached to antigen, leading to the significant enhancement of sensitivity. In combination with the avidin-biotin complex system, biotinylated ZZ-BNCs showed more significant signal enhancement in ELISA and Western blot analysis. Thus, ZZ-BNC is expected to increase the performance of various conventional immunoassays.  相似文献   

17.
Lin Z  Cui S  Zhang H  Chen Q  Yang B  Su X  Zhang J  Jin Q 《Analytical biochemistry》2003,319(2):239-243
3-Mercaptopropyl acid-stabilized CdTe nanoparticles synthesized in aqueous solution are effectively bound to a biomacromolecule, papain, via electrostatic interaction. The conjugation between the nanoparticles and the papain is demonstrated by UV-Vis absorption, photoluminescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescence micrographs. The biological activity of papain is maintained after the conjugation. The effects of the quantity of papain and the size of nanoparticles on the fluorescence characteristics of the CdTe-papain bioconjugates were studied.  相似文献   

18.
重金属污染对生态环境和人类健康具有极大的危害,建立灵敏、快捷、高效的重金属检测方法具有非常重要的意义.现有的检测技术依赖大型仪器设备,在检测条件、时间以及成本上都有较高的要求,难以满足当前检测工作的需要.随着纳米技术的飞速发展,各种纳米材料不同于块体材料的优异特性被广泛开发,在化学和生物检测领域已有广泛的应用.本文主要综述了近几年来常用的几种纳米探针在重金属检测应用中的研究进展,并对各种纳米探针的特点及检测原理进行了阐述和总结.这些纳米探针包括半导体荧光量子点,荧光纳米粒子、金纳米颗粒等材料,由于他们独特的荧光特性、吸收特性、表面等离子共振(SPR)效应、表面能量转移(SET)效应等,在重金属离子检测领域有很大的应用前景.并且根据目前实际环境监测工作的需要,对基于纳米探针的检测手段进行了讨论和展望,旨在为重金属污染物检测研究的发展和进步提供参考.  相似文献   

19.
Baicalein and genistein were studied for the affinities for human serum albumin (HSA) in the presence and absence of three CdTe quantum dots (QDs) with different sizes. Three typical CdTe QDs with maximum emissions of 535 nm (green-emitting, G-QDs), 598 nm (yellow-emitting, Y-QDs), and 654 nm (red-emitting, R-QDs) were tested. The fluorescence intensities of HSA decreased remarkably with increasing concentration of QDs. Baicalein resulted in an obvious blue-shift of the λem of HSA from 340 to 334 nm. However, the extents of blue-shifts induced by baicalein and genistein in the presence of QDs were much bigger than that in the absence of QDs. The quenching process of baicalein for HSA was easily affected by the QDs size than that of genistein. QDs increased the quenching constant from 136.97% to 162.24% for baicalein. However, QDs only increased the quenching constants from 20.56% to 32.23% for genistein. G-QDs, Y-QDs, and R-QDs increased the affinities of baicalein for HSA about 3.02%, 6.38% and 9.40%. G-QDs, Y-QDs, and R-QDs increased the affinities of genistein for HSA about 2.56%, 13.46% and 19.44%. The binding affinities of baicalein and genistein for HSA increased with increasing QDs size.  相似文献   

20.
Innovative tools for detection of plant pathogenic viruses and bacteria   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
Detection of harmful viruses and bacteria in plant material, vectors or natural reservoirs is essential to ensure safe and sustainable agriculture. The techniques available have evolved significantly in the last few years to achieve rapid and reliable detection of pathogens, extraction of the target from the sample being important for optimising detection. For viruses, sample preparation has been simplified by imprinting or squashing plant material or insect vectors onto membranes. To improve the sensitivity of techniques for bacterial detection, a prior enrichment step in liquid or solid medium is advised. Serological and molecular techniques are currently the most appropriate when high numbers of samples need to be analysed. Specific monoclonal and/or recombinant antibodies are available for many plant pathogens and have contributed to the specificity of serological detection. Molecular detection can be optimised through the automatic purification of nucleic acids from pathogens by columns or robotics. New variants of PCR, such as simple or multiplex nested PCR in a single closed tube, co-operative-PCR and real-time monitoring of amplicons or quantitative PCR, allow high sensitivity in the detection of one or several pathogens in a single assay. The latest development in the analysis of nucleic acids is micro-array technology, but it requires generic DNA/RNA extraction and pre-amplification methods to increase detection sensitivity. The advances in research that will result from the sequencing of many plant pathogen genomes, especially now in the era of proteomics, represent a new source of information for the future development of sensitive and specific detection techniques for these microorganisms.  相似文献   

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