On the plurality of Chydorus sphaericus (O. F. Müller) (Cladocera,Chydoridae), and designation of a neotype from Sjaelsø, Denmark

Two readily distinguishable species of Chydorus sphaericus sens. lat. occur in Salmon Lake, Montana, differing from each other in size and shape of rostrum, headpore configuration, frequency of doubling of teeth on the postabdomen, pattern of reticulation of the shell, and morphology of the mature male, especially the postabdomen, postabdominal claws, copulatory hooks, and rostrum. In any such comparisons, individual specimens are not sufficient; populations are needed to sort out morphological characters associated with instar and sex and character's that change with increasing body size. Comparison of population structure and stage of reproduction can be accomplished by a size-frequency distribution and by specific morphological characters that enable the three male instars to be recognized individually.One species, thought at first to be Chydorus herrmanni, is very close to Chydorus sphaericus sens. str. from Denmark. The other taxon with a short, generally blunt labrum, is described as the new species Chydorus brevilabris. Because of morphological diversity among the entities currently listed as Chydorus sphaericus from around the World, it is certain that a complex of species is represented. To facilitate the eventual resolution of this problem, the population in Sjaelsø, Sjaelland, Denmark has arbitrarily been selected as the standard of comparison, and from this population a neotype and several allotypes have been designated. Cursory examination of various available populations suggests that C. sphaericus sens. str. and C. brevilabris represent a major dichotomy in the sphaericus complex, each branch consisting of an unknown number of closely-related species. Cautions are voiced against assuming that Chydorus sphaericus is a single cosmopolitan and ubiquitous species.This study has been aided by grant GB-29725 for the work in Denmark in 1971–72 and by my present grant DEB 76-20237, both from the National Science Foundation. I am indebted to D. F. Brakke for the samples from Salmon Lake and neighboring localities in Montana and information concerning these localities, and to Brenda J. Hann for dissections and drawings of trunk limbs and help in their interpretation. I am also indebted to Geoffrey Fryer, whose innocent inquiry precipitated this study.     

A new solitary coral genus of the suborder Heterocoeniina (Scleractinia) from the Aptian (Cretaceous) of Spain

The new scleractinian coral genusHexasmiliopsis is described on the basis of material from the Early Aptian (Early Cretaceous) of Murcia (Spain). The new genus of the Heterocoeniidae family is characterised by its solitary growth form, a very strong main septum and the presence of apophysal septa. It is closely related to the generaHexasmilia (phaceloid growth form),Rodinosmilia andTiarasmilia (both without main septum). The genus is monospecific and represents only the type species,Hexasmiliopsis saldanai.      

Changes and disturbances of forest ecosystems caused by human activities in the western part of the mediterranean basin

The development of socio-economic activity over the past ten years in the Mediterranean region has induced severe changes in the main natural forest ecosystems.In the northern Mediterranean, rural depopulation has accelerated since the end of the second World War, particularly since the establishment of Common Market agricultural policies, and led to an under-utilization of species causing a strong biological resurgence of the forest, even at high altitudes. This means that, at the present time, the extension of expansion model coniferous forests is favored by their capacities for spatial, biological and ecological selection. Along with this, the under-utilization of sclerophyllous (resistance model) and deciduous (stabilization model) oak coppices has led to the establishment of new forest structures and architectures which are notably different from the main climatic groups defined up to now by phytosociological and synchronic methods. Two new forms of disturbances have appeared:     

Contribution to the Knowledge of the Greek Flora: New Taxa of the Mountainous Region Cholomon Greek Macedonia

Cholomon is the main mountainous block of the Chalkidiki peninsula, which belongs to the central Greek Macedonia. According to the results of a botanical investigation carried out by us in the above region there were found 470 taxa new for its flora, and among them a botanical variety new in science, namely: Ornithogalum nutans L. ssp. boucheanum (Kunth.) Hay. var. multiflora.     

Four Factor Balanced Optimal Designs of Resolution V in Terms of a Modified Trace Criterion

Balanced optimal two level fractional factorial designs of resolution V have been reported in series of papers by SRIVASTAVA and CHOPRA (1971a, 1971b, 1974) and CHOPRA and SRIVASTAVA (1973a, 1973b). The optimality criterion considered by them is the trace optimality which implies minimisation of the average variance of the estimated effects which include the general mean μ, main effects, A_i, and first order interactions, A_ij. In the present work some new optimal designs have been obtained on the basis of a modified criterion of trace optimality. The criterion requires minimisation of the average variance of each of the main effects, two factor interactions, etc. separately instead of minimising average variance of all the estimated effects.     

A new species of the Neotropical loricariid Hypostomus cochliodon group (Hypostominae) from the lower Rio Tapajós basin,Brazilian Amazon

A new species of Hypostomus with spoon-shaped teeth is described from the Rio Cupari basin, a right margin affluent of the lower Rio Tapajós, Pará State, Brazil. The new species inhabits rocky bottom areas in the main channel of Rio Cupari and its tributaries. The new species can be distinguished from all its congeners, except from the Hypostomus cochliodon group, by having six to eight spoon-shaped teeth, dentaries angled at less than 80° and the absence of a notch between the hyomandibular and the metapterygoid. The new species is distinguished from all species of the H. cochliodon group by its unique colour pattern, containing dark vermiculations on head and anterior portion of the trunk, and by the absence of medial buccal papillae.     

Campylocentrum guarinae sp. nov. (Vandeae,Orchidaceae) from Colombia

A new species of Campylocentrum from the Colombian Andes, C. guarinae, is described, illustrated and placed within a key to Colombian species of the genus. The new species resembles C. lansbergii from which it differs in vegetative and floral characters. The main differences between these species are described and illustrated.     

Transformation of D-xylose by sporobolomyces lactosus

The new yeast species, Sporobolomyces lactosus, transformed D-xylose into a mixture of disaccharides. Hydrolysis of this mixture yielded D-glucose only. The main component of disaccharide mixture was α,α-trehalose.     

A new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Psygmophyllum</Emphasis> Schimper from the Lower Permian of the Urals

A new species, Psygmophyllum intermedium, sp. nov., is described based on macromorphological and epidermal and cuticular characters. The main patterns of the intraspecific (intrapopulational and ontogenetic) variability of the P. intermedium leaves are established. A new combination, Psygmophyllum interruptepinnatum (Kutorga) Naugolnykh, comb. nov., is proposed.     

A new genus and two new species of Pennellidae (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) and an analysis of evolution within the family

Summary A new pennellid genus,Exopenna, is established on the basis of two specimens of a new species,E. crimmeni, recovered from a deep-sea cod,Antimora, caught in the North East Atlantic. It is ectoparasitic and is diagnosed by the combination of a straight body, tightly coiled egg sacs and flattened, plate-like antennary processes. Another new species,Peniculus elongatus, is described from Australian waters and new records ofP. fistula andLernaeenicus ramosus further increase the known pennellid fauna of that region. A preliminary analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of the pennellid genera is undertaken and a partially resolved cladogram produced which identifies the main generic groupings. ac]19850522     

Reservoirs of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brucella</Emphasis> infection in nature

Brucellosis is a zoonosis caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella, which includes nine species: B. melitensis (goats and sheep as the main reservoir hosts), B. abortus (cattle), B. suis (pigs), B. neotomae (desert woodrats), B. ovis (sheep), B. canis (dogs), B. ceti (whales), B. pinnipedialis (pinnipeds), and B. microti (Microtus voles). The epidemic and epizootic situation with brucellosis is accounted for by farm animals, which are the carriers of three main pathogens (B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. suis). Their ubiquitous distribution is the factor determining global prevalence of the above Brucella species on all continents and in the overwhelming majority of countries. Consistent with the expansion of the pathogen ecological range are the 1990s findings of new Brucella species in marine mammals (whales and pinnipeds) and in some rodents. These bacteria proved to be also pathogenic for terrestrial mammals and humans. All Brucella-infected animals considered in the paper are tentatively divided into two groups. The first includes most of the wild and domestic animal species, birds, and ticks that acquire the infection farm animals, the main hosts of Brucella. The second group includes animals (wild reindeer, hares, bison, and probably saiga antelopes, dogs, and marine mammals) which may carry Brucella regardless of infection prevalence in the main hosts.     

418篇医疗纠纷文献回顾性分析

??????? 目的 通过总结医疗纠纷产生的主要原因,提出防范和处置医疗纠纷的要点,为和谐医患关系、构建平安医疗环境提供依据。方法 综合运用文献调查法和统计学方法收集、整理了2003—2012年418篇医疗纠纷相关文献资料,回顾性分析了近十年来医疗纠纷研究的主要侧重方向——原因分析、防范对策及处理机制。结果 关于医疗纠纷的研究呈现出新特点、新趋势,其研究领域不仅局限于医疗卫生层面,而且涉及到社会、伦理、心理学等方面,如何全面、有效防范和处置医疗纠纷成为当前医院管理的重点之一。结论 建立预警机制,干预可控节点,现场高效处置,能够有效防范医疗纠纷。     

Antifungal activity of essential oils of Croton species from the Brazilian Caatinga biome

Aims: To find new antifungal agents among essential oils from Brazilian Croton species. Methods and Results: Plant leaves were steam distilled and the obtained essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. The main constituents were estragole and anethole for Croton zehntneri, methyl-eugenol and bicyclogermacrene for Croton nepetaefolius and spathulenol and bicyclogermacrene for Croton argyrophylloides. The antifungal activity of essential oils was evaluated against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Microsporum canis by the agar-well diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by the broth microdilution method. Essential oils of Croton species demonstrated better activity against M. canis. Among the three plants C. argyrophylloides showed the best results, with MIC ranging from 9 to 19 μg ml⁻¹. The acute administration of the essential oil up to 3 g kg⁻¹ by the oral route to mice was devoid of overt toxicity. Conclusions: The studied essential oils are active in vitro against the dermatophyte M. canis and present relative lack of acute toxicity in vivo. Significance and Impact of the Study: Because of its antifungal activity and low toxicity, the essential oils of studied Croton species are promising sources for new phytotherapeutic agents to treat dermatophytosis.     

Spatial distribution of red-backed voles of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Myodes</Emphasis> in the Khanka Plain,Primorskii Krai

The authors present new data on spatial-temporal distribution of the northern red-backed vole (Myodes rutilus Pallas) and the large-toothed redback vole (M. rufocanus Sundervall) for the main habitat types in the Khanka Plain, Primorskii Krai. Data on seasonal and long-term abundance for 2003-2005 are reported. The study was stimulated by contradictory data on the distribution of the Myodes voles in the Khanka Plain.     

Erysimum damirliense sp. nov. (Brassicaceae) from Iran

Erysimum damirliense, a new species of Brassicaceae from Zanjan and Ardebil provinces (northwest Iran) is described and illustrated. The new species resembles E. uncinatifolium and E. elbrusense, but is easily recognized by its life form, basal leaf margin, indumentum of cauline leaves, number of flowers in the main raceme, fruit width and style length. Phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA sequences confirm that the new species is distinct from morphologically similar species.     

A new Silurian graptolite,Reticuloplectograptus, and its bearing on retiolitid evolution

Abstract: The retiolitid graptolite Reticuloplectograptus serpaglii gen. et sp. nov. from the Gorstian, lower Ludlow, has been found in two localities: the Bartoszyce borehole of Poland (Baltica), and the Bykoš section, Barrandian, Czech Republic (PeriGondwanan Europe). The Polish material is isolated and was studied under the SEM. The main characters of Reticuloplectograptus are similar to those of Plectograptus: an asymmetrical ancora, simple ancora umbrella with an incompletely developed rim and parallel ventral walls with mid‐ventral lists. The paired genicular processes of the new species are similar to but much wider than those of Plectograptus trijunctus and Plectograptus robustus. The main differences between the new genus and Plectograptus are the dense ancora sleeve wall and small proximal lateral orifices of the former. These primitive characters suggest that Reticuloplectograptus might be ancestral to genera with strong reduction in the proximal end, such as Plectograptus, Valentinagraptus and Kirkigraptus. However, Reticuloplectograptus appeared stratigraphically later than Plectograptus, indicating that this aspect of retiolitid evolution is more complicated, needing further study.     

Two New Species of Rotifera from China

Two new rotifera species, Brachionus huangi n. sp. and Lecane chinesensis n. sp. are described and illustrated from different localities in China. The main distinguishing taxonomic features of B. huangi are three pairs of apical spines, a pair of symmetrical caudal spines and a wide caudal projection. For L. chinesensis, the main characteristics are the two-sided small extentions of the foot pseudosegment, the long and innercurved apical spines and ventral lorica anteriorly narrower than the dorsal one.     

Study of airborne fungus spores by viable and non-viable methods in Havana,Cuba

The Havana aeromycobiota diversity was studied from November 2010 to October 2011 using two complementary volumetric methods. A total of 35 fungal genera were characterised, 26 of them were recognised only by non-viable methods, six with viable methodology and the other three with both sampling methods. Furthermore, 47 species were identified by cultivation and the spores collected with the non-viable methodology. These could not be included in a specific genus, and thus, were categorised into five fungal types. In general, the main, spread worldwide, mitosporic fungi also predominated the Havana atmosphere. The predominant species were Cladosporium cladosporioides, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum. Moreover, several Zygomycetes (Syncephalastrum racemosum, Rhizopus stolonifer and Rhizopus oryzae), Ascomycetes (Chaetomium globosum) and Basidiomycetes such as Coprinus or Ganoderma were isolated. In the present paper, the review of the airborne fungi conducted in previous studies in Cuba was completed by the detection of two new genera and the first isolation of ten new records in the Cuban atmosphere. Most of the fungi detected showed a diurnal pattern with high spore peak at 11.00–12.00.