彭泽鲫两个雌核发育克隆的染色体组型分析

采用PHA和秋水仙素体内注射法直接制作肾细胞染色体标本,对彭泽鲫种群内两个不同雌核发育克隆的亲本进行染色体数目及组型分析。结果表明,彭泽鲫种群内的两个不同克隆存在染色体数目及组型差异,其中克隆H包含6条超数染色体在内的染色体众数是156,150条基本染色体的组型公式为：42M 36SM 39ST 33T,NF=228;克隆L包含12条超数染色体在内的染色体众数是162,150条基本染色体的组型公式为：36M 45SM 33ST 36T,NF=231。两个不同雌核发育克隆的发现及其染色体的差异说明彭泽鲫种群内同样存在着类似银鲫种群内的遗传多样性。     

四棱豆的核型和G-带带型研究

用改良ＡＳＧ法在四棱角Ｐｓｏｐｈｏｃａｒｐｕｓ ｔｅｔｒａｇｏｎｏｌｏｂｕｓ（Ｌ．）ＤＣ有丝分裂中期,染色体全长显示了密切邻近的多重Ｇ－带带纹,并进行了核型和Ｇ－带带型分析。核型公式为２ｎ＝１８＝４ｍ＋１４ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）,核型类型为２Ｂ。Ｇ－带带型分析表明,同源染色体的带纹数目、分布位置、染色深浅基本一致,可以较准确地进行配对;非同源染色体的带型有明显差异,可以准确区分。讨论了改良ＡＳＧ法在核型     

Variation in the relative length of chromosomes in mammalian karyotypes. Hypothesis of equalizing selection

A hypothesis on the selective neutrality of relative lengths of karyotype chromosomes was tested. Idiograms expected based on an assumption of selective neutrality of chromosome lengths were compared with actual idiograms in more than a hundred mammalian species. The observed idiograms differed from those expected in a similar manner: in the observed idiograms, the longest chromosomes were shorter, and the shortest were longer than expected. It is suggested that karyotype chromosome variation is limited by selection against chromosome rearrangements that produce very long or very short chromosomes. An analysis of reciprocal translocations in the mouse and Drosophila showed that translocations generating chromosomes of extreme lengths were more deleterious than those generating normal-sized chromosomes. A working hypothesis was advanced stating that within-karyotype variation of chromosome lengths is accounted for by two factors: chromosome rearrangements and natural selection. Chromosome rearrangements tend to randomize relative chromosome lengths in a karyotype, whereas natural selection acts to equalize them.     

Isolated metaphase chromosomes. II. Proteins of Chinese hamster chromosomes.

The proteins on metaphase chromosomes theoretically may be distributed ubiquitously throughout the karyotype, may be present uniquely on individual chromosomes or classes of chromosomes, or may exist in any combination of the above. Separation of chromosomes according to size using sucrose velocity gradients in high capacity zonal centrifuge rotors allows sufficient fractionation of the genome to indicate the distribution of proteins within the karyotype. Flow cytometric analysis and direct microscopic analysis were used to evaluate qualitatively the types of chromosomes present in the fractions obtained. This report is the first quantitative evidence that some of the chromosomal proteins are not distributed ubiquitously on all of the chromosomes of the karyotype.     

硬枝黄蝉染色体计数与核型分析

以硬枝黄蝉Allamanda neriifolia幼胚为试验材料,对其体细胞染色体进行计数与核型分析。结果表明,硬枝黄蝉幼胚细胞含9对染色体,由中部或近中部着丝粒染色体构成。核型公式为2n=2x=6sm+12m。核型不对称系数为58.95%,核型分类属于2A型。     

Cytogenetic analysis of the tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis): a comparison of R-banded karyotype and chromosomal distribution of centromeric satellite DNAs, telomeric sequence, and 18S-28S rRNA genes with domestic water buffaloes

The karyotype of the tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis, 2n = 46) was investigated by RBG-banding technique and compared with those of the river and the swamp cytotypes of domestic water buffalo (B. bubalis). The tamaraw karyotype consisted of 6 submetacentric and 16 acrocentric autosome pairs (NAA = 56), and X and Y chromosomes. The RBG-banded karyotype of the three taxa had a high degree of homology, and the tamaraw karyotype could be explained by a Robertsonian translocation between chromosomes 7 and 15 and by a telomere-centromere tandem fusion between chromosomes 4p and 12 of the standardized river buffalo cytotype (2n = 50, NAA = 58). The buffalo satellite I and II DNAs were localized to the centromeric regions of all the tamaraw chromosomes. The biarmed chromosome 2 of the tamaraw resulting from the fusion between chromosomes 7 and 15 of the standard contained much larger amounts of the satellite I DNA than the other biarmed chromosomes, suggesting that this chromosome was formed by a relatively recent Robertsonian fusion. The (TTAGGG)n telomeric sequence was specifically localized to the telomeric region of all the buffalo chromosomes. The 18S + 28S rDNA was localized to the telomeric regions of the chromosomes 5p, 7, 19, 21, and 22 of the tamaraw and of their homologous chromosomes in the river and swamp buffalo cytotypes.     

A simple statistical analysis of Indian muntjac Giemsa band patterns.

Indian Muntiacus muntjac G-banded chromosomes were used for computerized analysis for standardized karyotype generation. Individual chromosomes on high-contrast photographic negatives were scanned densitometrically. Alignment of each chromosome for analysis was achieved by locating predominant peaks as well as the centromere. This provided better alignment that the use of the chromosome-end locations. The standardized set was obtained by determing the root-mean-square average density along 10-20 homologous chromosomes. The resulting standard karyotype differs from those published earlier. Prophase chromosomes exhibited greater detail than more condensed metaphase chromosomes. Although Indian muntjac chromosomes were used as a model, the method of analysis should be readily adaptable for examining chromosomes of any origin. The analytic technique should be within the capabilities of the smallest cytogenetic laboratories.     

金乌贼染色体核型分析

以金乌贼(Sepia eseulenta)受精卵及发育的胚胎为材料,采用空气干燥法制备染色体.经Giemsa染色,镜检细胞分裂相.结果显示,金乌贼染色体数目2n =92,核型公式为2n =44m +329m + 10st +6t,染色体总臂数NF = 168.     

Preparation of chromosome-specific paints and complete assignment of chromosomes in the pig flow karyotype

Sorted chromosomes from each of the 20 clusters of the male porcine bivariate flow karyotype were amplified and biotinylated using DOP-PCR. The chromosomes comprising each cluster were identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of the 20 probes to R-banded male pig metaphase spreads. A standard flow karyotype for the pig is presented.     

七种紫胶虫染色体核型分析与亲缘关系探讨

对7种具有重大经济价值的紫胶虫染色体数量、形态及核型进行了分析和比较.7种紫胶虫的染色体形状有棒状、卵圆形、肾形、椭圆形、长圆形以及哑铃形,染色体数目均为2n=18.从核型分析上看,7种紫胶虫的染色体均由中部(或近中部)着丝点染色体与端部着丝点染色体组成,有K=10m 8T, K=8m 10T,K=6m 12T,K=4m 14T四种不同的组成方式.采用Leven et al(1964)、Stebbins(1971)以及Guo et al(1972)核型分类标准对7种紫胶虫进行核型分析,结果显示:信德紫胶虫与紫胶蚧在着丝粒类型、核型对称性和相对长度组成上相一致,因此两者亲缘关系最近;尼泊尔紫胶虫与普萨紫胶虫在核型不对称系数与染色体类型上相近似,两者的关系较为紧密;田紫胶虫与云南紫胶虫的染色体均是由8条中部(或近中部)着丝粒染色体与10条端部着丝粒染色体组成,亲缘关系也较紧密;而中华紫胶虫的核型较为特殊,与其他6种差异较大,亲缘关系较远.研究结果澄清了紫胶生产虫种在分类上的混淆,证实了中国紫胶生产虫种为云南紫胶虫.     

内葵杂3号染色体核型分析

对内蒙古地区的栽培品种内葵杂3号三交种和单交种了进行了核型分析。其结果为:内葵杂3号三交种和单交种的染色体数均为2n=34,各具一对随体染色体。三交种第2对染色体具随体且为近中部着丝粒染色体,其余为中部着丝粒染色体,染色体相对长度变异范围4.105%～7.703%,核型公式为2n=2x=34=32m+2sm(2sat),核型类型属于1A型;单交种均为中部着丝粒染色体,第4对染色体具随体,染色体相对长度变异范围3.661%～8.128%,其核型公式为:2n=2x=34=34m(2sat),核型类型属于1B型。     

Karyotyping Human Chromosomes by Optical and X-Ray Ptychography Methods

Sorting and identifying chromosomes, a process known as karyotyping, is widely used to detect changes in chromosome shapes and gene positions. In a karyotype the chromosomes are identified by their size and therefore this process can be performed by measuring macroscopic structural variables. Chromosomes contain a specific number of basepairs that linearly correlate with their size; therefore, it is possible to perform a karyotype on chromosomes using their mass as an identifying factor. Here, we obtain the first images, to our knowledge, of chromosomes using the novel imaging method of ptychography. We can use the images to measure the mass of chromosomes and perform a partial karyotype from the results. We also obtain high spatial resolution using this technique with synchrotron source x-rays.     

Resolution of six chromosomes of Trichomonas vaginalis and conservation of size and number among isolates

The electrophoretic karyotype of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates was determined by contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis. Six chromosomal bands ranging between 50 kbp and 6 Mbp were reliably resolved by our separation method. Trichomonad chromosomes fell into 3 distinct size classes. The 3 maxichromosomes were approximately 5,700, 4,700, and 3,500 kbp. Two intermediate-sized chromosomes were approximately 1,200 kbp and 1,100 kbp. A minichromosome was approximately 75 kbp. The same size and number of chromosomes were present in 15 T. vaginalis isolates obtained from different geographic regions, reinforcing the idea of a highly conserved karyotype among trichomonal isolates worldwide.     

中国五台山多目涡虫(涡虫纲,三肠目)染色体及核型分析

利用空气干燥法对采自山西茶铺和镇海寺的五台山多目涡虫Polycelis wutaishanica Liu,1996的核型进行分析,结果表明:五台山多目涡虫体细胞有42条染色体,为2倍体,核型公式2n=2x=42 =28m 14sm,其中28条为中部着丝粒染色体, 14条为亚中部着丝粒染色体,第1对中部着丝粒染色体明显比其它染色体长。五台山多目涡虫的核型属于2C型。     

Banded karyotype of spined loach Cobitis taenia and triploid Cobitis from Poland

The present work provides new data on the banding pattern of diploid Cobitis taenia and its triploid hybrid females, which belong to the diploid–polyploid complex in the Vistula River tributary. C-banding, silver-staining (Ag), and fluorescent staining with chromomycin A₃ techniques were used to describe the diploid and triploid karyotype. The karyotype of Cobitis taenia of 2n=48 was characterised by one pair of NOR-bearing subtelocentric chromosomes and at least four chromosomes with CMA₃-positive sites. The C-positive heterochromatin was present in the centromeres of almost all chromosomes and the pericentromeric regions of several metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes. The triploid females of 3n=74 had two pairs of chromosomes with active NORs. The NORs-sites were located terminally on two biarmed and two uniarmed chromosomes. The CMA₃-staining revealed at least six A₃-positive sites. The C-banded and A₃-stained triploid karyotype was composed of haploid set of Cobitis taenia and diploid set of unidentified species, so heterochromatin pattern confirmed the possibility of their hybrid origin. The characteristics of banded diploid and triploid karyotype, and the hypothetical karyotype of an unknown species of 2n=50 is discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

类叶升麻具有毛茛科中最对称和最原始的核型吗?

根据以前的报道,类叶升麻 Actaea asiatica Hara具有10条大型的中部着丝点染色体和6条较大 的近中部着丝点染色体,其核型在毛茛科中显得最为对称和原始,而类叶升麻属的其他种类具有10条 大型的中部着丝点染色体、4条较大的近中部着丝点染色体和两条没有短臂的染色体。在毛茛科中,同 一属的染色体形态通常十分相似,因此上述类叶升麻的核型分析结果十分可疑。本文重新检查子该种 的染色体。结果表明其核型与该属其他种类的核型没有明显区别。与升麻属其他4属,即 Beesia, Anemonopsis,Souliea,Cimicifuga相比,类叶升麻及该属其他种类都具有两条没有短臂的T染色体,因 此类叶升麻属 Actaea L．的核型不对称性程度在升麻族中显得最高,其核型在该族中也可能最为进化, 这两条T染色体可以作为类叶升麻属的细胞学标志,据此可以将该属与升麻族其他4属区别开来。     

中国水仙的核型分析和小孢子发生中的细胞学研究

中国水仙(Narcissustazettavar.chinensis)只开花不结实,以鳞茎营养繁殖。对中国水仙的染色体倍性有不同的报道。对中国水仙的核型分析,支持它是三倍体的观点,但其核型也显示出了异源三倍体的倾向。在小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中,染色体的异常行为多表现为:中期出现单个染色体游离在纺锤体外面、在后期出现的染色体桥和落后染色体、在末期出现的单个染色体游离在细胞核外形成微核的现象。这些异常现象引起小孢子的败育,也支持中国水仙为三倍体植物的观点。     

Comparative analysis of the karyotype of new human cell line 4BL at long-term cultivation: Ploidy of the chromosomal set

Long-term cultivation of human cells, including stem cells, can lead to essential transformations of the karyotype and genetic instability. The aim of this research was a comparative cytogenetic study of the karyotype of new human stem cell line 4BL at 160 and 205 passages. During a standard cytogenetic examination, the nullisomy and monosomy of chromosomes 10 and 13, monosomy of chromosomes 4, 8, 11, 15, 17, 21, and X; and t(1, 11), t (5, 15), t(12, 15), and t(16, 21) were observed; also, six regular marker chromosomes were detected. At 160 and 205 passages, the modal class of the karyotype was 42–43 chromosomes. While passaging increased frequency of polyploidy cells (from 2.8 to 36%), disappearance of nearhaploid cells (22.1% at the 160th passage) and a decreased level of early division of chromatids (from 5 to 1.5%) were observed. We assume the stabilization of the karyotype of cell line 4BL at 205 passages and consider that it is necessary to conduct an additional molecular and cytogenetic study for the objective identification of the number of chromosomes of the modal class, as well as the number of chromosomal anomalies, and for forecasting the direction of the karyotype evolution of human cells 4BL in vitro.     

同源四倍体青花菜的核型分析

以四倍体青花菜为材料,采用常规压片法进行核型分析和有丝分裂观察.结果表明:四倍体青花菜核型公式为2n=4x=36=16m+20sm(4 SAT),其中第3、4、7、8对为中着丝粒染色体,第1、2、5、6、9对为近中着丝粒染色体,第6对染色体具随体;核型类型属于2A型,为基本对称型;染色体相对长度组成为2n=36=16 M_2+20 M_1,表明该四倍体青花菜是二倍体加倍得到,为同源四倍体.在部分四倍体根尖中发现非整倍体细胞,其染色体数目变异较大;与二倍体相比,四倍体有丝分裂过程存在双核仁、体细胞配对、染色体桥等异常现象.     

多花水仙(Narcissus tozetta L.)染色体基数x=10和X=11之间进化关系的研究

多花水仙的染色体基数有x=10和x=11两类。基数x=10组型有两种,一种是具6长、4短的典型不对称的二形染色体组型;另一种是具有4长、2中、4短(或5长、2中、3短)的非二形染色体组型。基数x=11则具有4长、2中、5短(或5长、2中、4短)的非二型或非典型二形的染色体组型。x=10的典型不对称的二形染色体组型是原始的组型。基数x=11是从原始的x=10、2n=20组型中的(第5、6号)染色体发生不等长易位后,增加了一对短小的中着丝粒染色体而形成的。另一个x=10、2n=20的非二型新组型,可能从x=11组型丢失了短小的中着丝粒染色体衍生而来,也可能从易位后的个体所产生的不含中着丝粒染色体的雌、雄n配子结合而得到。