Notes on the genus Pandanus (Pandanaceae) in Tahiti

STONE, BENJAMIN C, 1988. Notes on the genus Pandanus (Pandanaceae) in Tahiti. Pandanus tectorius Park. ex Z. is reinstated with choice of a representative pistillate specimen, following the example of St. John who selected a representative pistillate specimen for P. odoratissimus L. fil., thus making possible the comparison and contrast of other taxa distinguished on carpological characters. Most other putative endemic species are reduced to synonymy under P. teclorius , but the interior, upland species P. papenooensis St. John is shown to be a well-marked endemic (but with P. aoraiewis St. John as a synonym). One new combination is made under P. tectorius for a variety from Raiatea.     

Microfungi on the Pandanaceae: Linocarpon lammiae sp. nov., L. siamensis sp. nov. and L. suthepensis sp. nov. are described with a key to Linocarpon species from the Pandanaceae

Linocarpon species are reported from Pandanaceae in Australia, Brunei, Hong Kong, Nepal, New Zealand, Philippines, Seychelles, Thailand and Vanuatu. Linocarpon lammiae sp. nov. were collected on decaying leaves of Pandanus tectorius in Hong Kong. Linocarpon siamensis sp. nov. and L. suthepensis sp. nov. were collected from decaying leaves of P. penetrans in Thailand. These taxa are described, illustrated and compared with Linocarpon species with similar ascospore morphology and dimensions. Included are a synoptic table, which compares the new species to similar known species, and a dichotomous key to species of Linocarpon known from members of the Pandanaceae.     

红树林植物露兜树营养成分分析

本文对红树林植物露兜树的营养成分进行了分析,结果表明,露兜树中含有多种营养成分,丰富的矿质元素和维生素及其β-胡萝卜素。露兜树中至少含有17种氨基酸。旨在为开发利用植物资源提供科学依据。     

基于天然更新性能筛选海南岛木麻黄海防林混交树种

基于对海南木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia L.)海防林天然更新情况的实地调查,采用更新数量、更新分布范围和更新结构3项单目标评价方法和熵权综合评价方法,对不同树种在木麻黄林下的天然更新性能进行评价和排序,据此筛选出适宜在木麻黄林下天然更新的树种。结果显示,更新能力较强的树种有:乔木树种潺槁木姜子(Litsea glutinosa(Lour.)C.B.Rob.)、大叶相思(Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn.ex Benth)、苦楝(Melia azedarace L.)和鹊肾树(Streblus asper Lour.);小乔木鸦胆子(Brucea javanica(Linn.)Merr.)、露兜树(Pandanus tectorius Sol.)和暗罗(Polyalthia suberosa(Roxb.)Thw.);灌木酒饼簕(Atalantia buxifolia(Poir.)Oliv.)、调料九里香(Murraya koenigii(L.)Spreng.)、刺篱木(Flacourtia indica(Burm.F.)Merr.)和基及树(Carmona microphylla(lam.)G.Don)。具有一定更新潜力的树种有:乔木树种榄仁树(Terminalia catappa L.)、红厚壳(Calophyllum inophyllum L.)等;小乔木粗糠柴(Mallotus philippensis(Lam.)Muell.Arg.)、八脉臭黄荆(Premna octonervia Merr.et Metc.)等;灌木苦郎树(Clerodendrum inerme(L.)Gaertn.)、九节(Psychotria rubra(Lour.)Poir.)等。小乔木和灌木是海防林的伴生树种,适当保留和种植可提高木麻黄林的物种多样性和层次结构。选用天然更新良好的树种与木麻黄混交,最终可实现海防林由人工林向“近自然”林的转化。     

Contributions to the anatomy of Freycinetia species from the Solomon Islands

A preliminary investigation of six species of Freycinetia from the Solomon Islands indicates that the anatomy of this genus is relatively uniform, and differs only in degree rather than fundamental distinction from that of Pandanus. The complex elaboration of stomata found in some species of Pandanus is not seen in Freycinetia ; in the latter genus the elaboration, if any, involves only a few simple outgrowths from cells bordering the stomata, or extensions of the cuticle, whereas in some species of Pandanus well-developed branched papillae occur. The vascular bundles of both leaves and stems are strongly sheathed by thickened cells and the phloem is in two distinctive strands. The ovules of species of Freycinetia may provide characters useful taxonomically; the presence or absence, and orientation, of raphide bundles in the long funicles and the presence or absence and character of the strophiole appear to vary from species to species. Current work involving more species of Freycinetia from a wider area, together with Sararanga , may throw further light on the possible use of anatomical features as diagnostic aids.     

Positive indirect interactions between neighboring plant species via a lizard pollinator

In natural communities, species are embedded in networks of direct and indirect interactions. Most studies on indirect interactions have focused on how they affect predator-prey or competitive relationships. However, it is equally likely that indirect interactions play an important structuring role in mutualistic relationships in a natural community. We demonstrate experimentally that on a small spatial scale, dense thickets of endemic Pandanus plants have a strong positive trait-mediated indirect effect on the reproduction of the declining endemic Mauritian plant Trochetia blackburniana. This effect is mediated by the endemic gecko Phelsuma cepediana moving between Pandanus thickets, a preferred microhabitat, and nearby T. blackburniana plants, where it feeds on nectar and pollinates the plants. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering plant-animal interactions such as pollination at relatively small spatial scales in both basic ecological studies and applied conservation management.     

Spool-and-line tracking of giant rats in New Guinea

We present movement data for a species of New Guinea "giant rat", Mallomys rothschildi , as a test of the efficacy of a recently developed method of spool-and-line tracking in short-term ecological/behavioural studies. We demonstrate that M. rothschildi is scansorial, feeds on shoots of Pandanus spp., and ranges freely over large areas without apparently being constrained by a fixed "home" nest. Another species, Hyomys golialh , occurs sympatrically and is superficially virtually indistinguishable from M. rolhschildi. Data from the single individual tracked suggest that the two species are ecologically segregated on the basis of clear behavioural differences. We note the considerable advantages of spool-and-line tracking over radio tracking in this type of study.     

A Study of Pollen Morphology of Sparganium from China

Pollen morphology of 8 species in genus Sparganium from China has been studied. All of them were examined under the light microscope and SEM. It may draw the following conclusions: The characteristics of pollen grains in genus Sparganium are very similar. They are spheroidal, subspheroidal or sometimes slightly angular in shape, 21.8–38.3μm in diameter, monoporate. Porus is slightly sunken, its margin distinct or indistinct, and some granules on the porus membrane. The thickness of exine is 1.7–2.6μ m. The sexine is about as thick as nexine, sometimes thinner than nexine. It is difficult to distinguish one another under the light microscope, but may be seperated under SEM on the basis of the shape or size of lumina and width or height of muff. In some species small excrescenses can be observed under SEM. Some taxonomists (Rendle, 1953) considered that Sparganium is closely related to Pandanus, but others (Hutchison 1934, Takhtajan 1969) to Typha. According to the data of pollen morphology, Sparganium is more close to Typhaceae than to Pandanaceae, thus we agree to put it into family Typhaceae.     

Observations on the genus Pandanus in Madagascar

The sections of the genus Pandanus which occur in Madagascar are the main subject of this paper. There are 75 species in the island, of which all, or all but one, are endemic. They can be grouped into 12 sections, of which six are endemic, and one is a local endemic subsection. The other sections occur elsewhere, mainly in Africa, but two to the east. A key to the sections is given, and a discussion of field recognition characters is included. One new section and one new subsection are proposed. New lectotypifications for Sections Sussea and Vinsonia are suggested. The Madagascar species of Thouars are discussed. Finally a resume of some recent collections is presented.     

Contribution to the flower structure of Sararanga (Pandanaceae)

In Sararanga , the fruit is a berry as in Freycinetia. The testa comprises a lignifled outer integument with several cell layers, and an unlignified inner integument with two cell layers. Abortive fruits are frequent; they correspond to normal fruits that do not have carpels and sometimes have a lateral process that suggests an abortive carpel. The staminate flowers have a pistillode as in Freycinetia. The anther walls have 1–3 cell layers with endothecial thickenings, one layer in the distal part, 2–3 layers in the proximal part, as in Pandanus. Thus, within the family Pandanaceae, Sararanga has an intermediate position between Pandanus and Freycinetia. Generally speaking, there is a gradient in the vascularization of the bracts on the inflorescences: upper bracts are unvascularized, lower bracts vascularized. Anatomy suggests that the cupules are a perianth.     

系统发育多样性与系统发育结构在岛屿植物群落保护中的意义——以蜈支洲岛为例

为探讨系统发育多样性和系统发育结构在岛屿植物群落保护决策制定中的作用,以海南三亚蜈支洲岛被子植物群系为例,分析物种丰富度和系统发育多样性的相关性。结果表明,蜈支洲岛植被可分为10种群系类型,22个样方的物种丰富度与系统发育多样性呈显著正相关,但系统发育多样性与物种丰富度对植物多样性保护优先顺序的指示有差异。森林群系的物种丰富度和系统发育多样性普遍高于灌木和草本群系,4个森林群系样方表现为系统发育结构发散,3个森林群系样方表现为系统发育结构聚集。灌木群系中露兜树(Pandanus tectorius)灌丛和草海桐(Scaevola sericea)灌丛系统发育多样性较高,草本群系中厚藤(Vitex trifolia)灌草丛系统发育多样性较高,灌木和草本群系大多倾向于系统发育结构聚集。距海或人类活动区较近的群系可能受环境过滤的作用,而远离海和人类活动区的群系主要受竞争排斥作用影响。因此,在岛屿植物多样性保护策略制定中应当综合考虑物种和系统发育维度,以及环境、演替阶段及用岛方式等因素的影响。     

Morphological studies in Pandanaceae

In this study the anatomical features of leaves of 3 9 species of Malayan Pandanus (Pandanaceae) are assessed, chiefly from the taxonomic approach. The results show that systematic foliar anatomy (chiefly epidermal and stomatal characters) is of considerable value at the infrageneric, supraspecific level, and that species-clusters corresponding to sectional taxa can be recognized and denned. An infrageneric classification of the Malayan species based on anatomical data is presented. The composition of several generic sections is revised. Some sections appear very uniform, others are internally diverse, with respect to the anatomical features studied. Twelve sections are upheld in Malaya.     

A new endemic species of Pandanaceae from India: <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pandanus palakkadensis</Emphasis>

Pandanus palakkadensis, a new species from the Palakkad, Kerala state, India is described and illustrated. The new species can be easily distinguished from the other members of the genus it most closely resembles, P. canaranus Warb. and P. furcatus Roxb. in having a drupe with flat pileus, endocarp broadly truncate, concave on either side with distinctly elevated shoulders, a sharp, obliquely pointed stigma and cylindrical fruit. This distinctive species is endemic to the region of collection and is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) based on the IUCN Red List criteria.     

Contributions to the anatomy of Sararanga (Pandanaceae)

Preliminary study shows the two species of Sararanga to differ considerably in morphology and anatomy. The presence of stellate trichomes in S. philippinensis is a major character separating the two species; such trichomes are not found elsewhere in the family. Massive strands of thickened cells (buttresses) extend across the leaf of S. sinuosu but appear absent from S. philippinensis. The leaf anatomy of the latter more closely resembles that common in Freycinetia. The photosynthetic tissue is not clearly differentiated into distinct layers. Both species of Sararanga have unspecialized stomata. The presence of raphides in different structures in the two species may be distinctive. The pollen grains are ellipsoidal, with an intricate reticulate exine. The fruits contrast in structure with those of Pandanus and Freycinetia and the seeds of Sararanga philippinensis have a characteristic elaborate testa.     

Pandanus subg. Martellidendron (Pandanaceae) part II: revision of sect. Martellidendron Pic. Serm. in Madagascar

This paper provides a taxonomic revision of Pandanus sect. Martellidendron , which so far comprises six species of which only one is known from both staminate and pistillate plants. Research in herbaria and in the field in Madagascar has provided the data on which a revision of the unclear taxonomy of this section can be based. Based on micromorphology, architecture and phytogeography, the number of these dioecious species is reduced. One new species (P. gallinarum Callmander) from the Biosphere reserve of Mananara-North on the east coast is described, and P. karaka Martelli is transferred to this section 30 years after it was assigned to section Dauphinensia. A key to all species of subg. Martellidendron is provided. Finally, the important role of the section for the understanding of the phylogeny of the Pandanaceae is discussed in the context of Indian Ocean biogeography.     

Dispersal ecology of the maritime plants in the Ryukyu Islands,Japan

The dispersal ecology of seventeen maritime species, which are dominant and/or characteristic species of coastal communities on the Ryukyu Islands, was studied. The species wereCalophyllum inophyllum, Canavalia maritima, Clerodendron inerme, Guettarda speciosa, Hernandia sonora, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Ipomoea gracilis, I. pes-caprae, Messerschmidia argentea, Pandanus odoratissimus, Pongamia pinnata, Scaevola frutescens, Sophora tomentosa, Terminalia catappa, Thespesia populnea, Vigna marina andWedelia biflora. The structure and size of disseminules and their buoyancy and viability in seawater were examined in the laboratory. The disseminules of these seventeen species have morphological characteristics for buoyancy, and tests showed that these species could be dispersed by sea currents. Drift disseminules on the drift line, seedlings on the hightide line, and young plants of woody species in the herb zone were observed, being abundant on the coasts of the Ryukyu Islands. The Kuroshio Current carries these disseminules from islands where these species form part of the tropical coastal vegetation.     

Absence of Callose and Tetrad in the Microsporogenesis of Pandanus odoratissimus with Well-formed Pollen Exine

In the microsporocytes of Pandanus odoratissimus, cytokinesisis successive with centrifugal cleavage in both the meioticdivisions. The dyads move apart from each other after the firstdivision, and the microspores likewise after the second division,so that only monads are formed at the end of meiosis. Althoughno trace of callose wall is found at any stage around the microsporocyteor microspore, fertile, monocolpate pollen with well-developed,spinescent exine develops, and is shed at the two-celled stage. Pandanus odoratissimus, microsporogenesis, centrifugal cleavage, absence of callose, monad formation     

Morphological analysis, phylogenies and classification in Velloziaceae

A morphological (non-molecular) cladistic analysis of the Velloziaceae is presented. The terminal taxa are 47 species of Velloziaceae plus four taxa as outgroups: Acanthochlamys bracteata (Acanthochlamydaceae), Encholirium scrutor (Bromeliaceae), Thoracocarpus bissectus (Cyclanthaceae) and Pandanus racemosus (Pandanaceae). The species of Velloziaceae sampled represent a significant proportion of the morphological diversity of the family, including all recognized genera and sections. The analysis revealed two major groups within Velloziaceae, supported mainly by stomata, vascular bundles in the pedicel, aquiferous tissues, filaments, anthers, pollen, stigma, seeds, ploidy and chemical characters. Comparison between this and the previous phylogenetic hypotheses for Velloziaceae, together with the two conflicting current classifications, suggests that there is incompatibility concerning the support of current genera and sections. The only three groups supported in all phylogenies are Barbacenioideae sensu Menezes (= Barbacenia sensu Smith & Ayensu), Xerophyta sect. Barbacenioides and Xerophyta sect. Xerophyta sensu Smith & Ayensu.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 148 , 157–173.     

Impact of Women’s Harvest Practices on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pandanus guillaumetii</Emphasis> in Madagascar’s Lowland Rainforests<Superscript>1</Superscript>

Impact of Women’s Harvest Practices on Pandanus guillaumetii in Madagascar’s Lowland Rainforests. Pandanus guillaumetii B.C. Stone is endemic to the east coast rainforests of Madagascar. The plant is an important non-timber forest product (NTFP) for the local population living near these forests, and its leaves are collected by women to be woven into mats. These mats have economic value and are also used for daily activities. At present, little is known about how local harvesting practices impact this plant species. In this study, we describe women’s local harvest practices and quantify their impact on the P. guillaumetii population. We carried out plant inventories as well as interviews and participatory observations with local people harvesting P. guillaumetii in two villages with different population densities in the Manompana region. Inventories were conducted at varying distances from the villages in order to better understand the influence of human pressure on the plant population. The results suggest that local communities apply practices that tend to minimize the harvest impact on the plant. Harvesting seems to have no effect on the actual density of P. guillaumetii. However, the availability of plants with leaves of sufficient quality for mat production is influenced by human pressure. Considering the decreasing number of plants suitable for handicraft, we assume that their availability in the long term may not fulfill the needs of the local people.     

Remarkable nutritional diversity of basidiomycetes in the Corticiales, including a new foliicolous species of Marchandiomyces (anamorphic Basidiomycota, Corticiaceae) from Australia

Fungi in the basidiomycete order Corticiales are remarkably diverse nutritionally, including a variety of saprotrophs, plant and fungal pathogens, and lichen-forming fungi. Tracing the origin of this diversity depends on a clearer understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of fungi in the order. One of its core members is the genus Marchandiomyces, originally established for lichen pathogens that form orange or coral bulbils. We describe here a new species in the genus, M. marsonii sp. nov., which is unusual in its appearance, habit, and geographic provenance. It is foliicolous on leaves of Pandanus (screw pines, Pandanaceae) and produces flattened, coral bulbils resembling apothecia of the ascomycete genus Orbilia. It is also the first member of the genus to be collected from Australia. An isolate of the new fungus and several additional cultures of related plant pathogenic fungi were obtained and investigated phylogenetically using parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian analyses of nuclear small and large subunit ribosomal sequences. Our phylogeny makes clear that Marchandiomyces species and their close relatives contribute significantly to the ecological diversity of the Corticiales and that this diversity is derived mainly from lignicolous ancestors.