基于能值及系统动力学的中新天津生态城可持续发展模式情景分析

可持续发展动态评价是确保我国第一个国际合作建设的中新天津生态城项目成功的关键基础之一.在对中新天津生态城自然经济状况、功能结构和规划建设指标体系等分析基础上,将能值分析和系统动力学方法相结合,基于功能流视角将生态城系统划分为能物流、货币流及人口流子系统,构建了中新天津生态城可持续发展的能值评价指标体系及系统动力学模型,设计了惯性情景、科技情景、经济情景、环保情景及协调发展情景等5种生态城发展情景,并对各情景下的可持续发展状况进行了仿真和动态评价分析.结果表明：在经济与环境协调发展情景下,中新天津生态城的GDP、能值积累量、货币积累量均呈稳步增长趋势,能值废弃率、废弃物能值比、环境负载率等较小,能值可持续指标(ESI)和生态效率指数(UEI)均处于较低水平,但比其他几种方案更具活力,是中新天津生态城的最佳发展模式.     

A comparative analysis of human thermal conditions in outdoor urban spaces in the summer season in Singapore and Changsha, China

This paper presents the comparative analysis between the findings from two field surveys of human thermal conditions in outdoor urban spaces during the summer season. The first survey was carried out from August 2010 to May 2011 in Singapore and the second survey was carried out from June 2010 to August 2010 in Changsha, China. The physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) was utilized as the thermal index to assess the thermal conditions. Differences were found between the two city respondents in terms of thermal sensation, humidity sensation, and wind speed sensation. No big difference was found between the two city respondents regarding the sun sensation. The two city respondents had similar neutral PET of 28.1 °C for Singapore and 27.9 °C for Changsha, respectively. However, Singapore respondents were more sensitive to PET change than Changsha respondents and the acceptable PET range for Changsha respondents was wider than that for Singapore respondents. Besides, the two city respondents had different thermal expectations with the preferred PET of 25.2 °C and 22.1 °C for Singapore and Changsha, respectively. The results also reveal that Changsha respondents were more tolerant than Singapore respondents under hot conditions. Finally, two regression models were proposed for Singapore and Changsha to predict the human thermal sensation in a given outdoor thermal environment.     

基于熵权物元分析模型的城市生态安全综合评价

随着城市化进程的加快,人口膨胀,交通拥挤,环境破坏,大气污染,能源短缺等一系列生态问题严重制约着城市的可持续发展,影响着城市的生态安全。针对城市生态安全的问题,论文以郑州市为例,采用物元分析和熵权法,建立城市生态安全熵权物元模型,首先通过熵权法对郑州市2001-2004年的指标数据进行处理并计算出相应的权重,再通过物元分析法对郑州市2001年城市生态安全状况进行综合评价,结果表明郑州市2001年的城市生态处于较不安全状态,评价结果客观、科学,不仅为解决城市生态安全问题提供了一种有效的评价方法,而且能够为明确城市的发展状况,制定下一步发展战略提供依据。     

大连市城市生态系统发展趋势研究

在对大连市城市生态系统进行系统分析的基础上,用系统动力学和灰色系统等方法探讨了大连市城市生态系统在３种不同策略下的发展趋势,为大连市城市规划和发展提供了科学依据和对策．     

大连市城市生态系统发展趋势研究

在对大连市城市生态系统进行系统分析的基础上,用系统动力学和灰色系统等方法探讨了大连市城市生态系统在3种不同策略下的发展趋势,为大连市城市规划和发展提供了科学依据和对策.     

Variability in Regularity: Mining Temporal Mobility Patterns in London,Singapore and Beijing Using Smart-Card Data

To discover regularities in human mobility is of fundamental importance to our understanding of urban dynamics, and essential to city and transport planning, urban management and policymaking. Previous research has revealed universal regularities at mainly aggregated spatio-temporal scales but when we zoom into finer scales, considerable heterogeneity and diversity is observed instead. The fundamental question we address in this paper is at what scales are the regularities we detect stable, explicable, and sustainable. This paper thus proposes a basic measure of variability to assess the stability of such regularities focusing mainly on changes over a range of temporal scales. We demonstrate this by comparing regularities in the urban mobility patterns in three world cities, namely London, Singapore and Beijing using one-week of smart-card data. The results show that variations in regularity scale as non-linear functions of the temporal resolution, which we measure over a scale from 1 minute to 24 hours thus reflecting the diurnal cycle of human mobility. A particularly dramatic increase in variability occurs up to the temporal scale of about 15 minutes in all three cities and this implies that limits exist when we look forward or backward with respect to making short-term predictions. The degree of regularity varies in fact from city to city with Beijing and Singapore showing higher regularity in comparison to London across all temporal scales. A detailed discussion is provided, which relates the analysis to various characteristics of the three cities. In summary, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of regularities in patterns of transit use from variations in volumes of travellers entering subway stations, it establishes a generic analytical framework for comparative studies using urban mobility data, and it provides key points for the management of variability by policy-makers intent on for making the travel experience more amenable.     

空间形态受限型城市紧凑发展研究——以厦门岛为例

土地资源缺乏决定了空间形态受限型城市急需转变现有城市发展模式。城市中心区内建设用地集中分布、城市功能混合配置的紧凑发展模式符合空间形态受限型城市需求。近似圆形的城市形态和海陆隔离的特征让厦门岛成为典型的空间形态受限型城市,为城市紧凑发展理论在空间形态受限型城市扩张中的适用性研究提供了天然场地。选取厦门岛南北向的厦禾路—嘉禾路和东西向的湖滨北路—吕岭路两条城市发展轴作为样带,从南到北、从西到东分别划分10个样方,采用class水平的CA和PLAND指数分析旧城区及城市扩张方向上的景观格局特征,以空间饱和度和功能单一度表征城市发展紧凑程度。结果显示65%的样方空间饱和度较高,但城市功能主要单一化,大部分样方以居住功能为主,公共服务功能和商业服务功能比例较小甚至缺失;在城市向北、向东的扩张过程中,厦门岛建成区的城市用地利用强度降低,空间饱和度下降,城市功能虽有所增加和转变的趋势,但综合配置水平较低,厦门岛还未形成紧凑发展。最后提出厦门岛向紧凑城市发展的6条建议。     

承载力评估在区域人口配置中的应用:以常州为例

从城市生态系统承载力的空间差异性出发,集成GIS空间评价技术和系统动力学(SD)模型,确定城市区域适度总人口规模和各分区人口数量,提出人口分区定量配置新思路和技术集成方法,并将该方法应用于300万人口城市——常州.结果表明:通过构建常州市区人口、经济、土地与环境的系统动力学模型和多情景模拟分析,在同时满足城市经济发展与环境保护需求下,常州市区远景(2050年)总人口约400万;基于城市承载力空间差异评价进行常州市区总人口的空间配置,将形成240万人的主城及5个15 ～ 40万人新城的空间格局,研究结果可为国土开发管理中人口与经济的空间分配提供科学依据.     

基于MSPA分析方法的市域尺度绿色网络体系构建路径优化研究——以招远市为例

市域绿色空间是市域尺度内连接城市生态系统与自然生态系统的纽带,是维护市域整体生态系统稳定的基本保障。现阶段以中心城区为核心的城市绿地系统空间规划忽视了城市化过程中自然与城市之间发生的动态变化,忽视了市域绿色空间对城乡人居环境质量的决定作用。构建良好的市域尺度绿色空间体系,能够实现市域层面的生态环境稳定,协调城市化发展与自然资源保护之间的矛盾,对城市可持续发展有着积极意义。以招远市域绿色空间为研究对象,借助形态学空间格局分析(MSPA)方法,利用其研究尺度兼容性强、景观要素生态内涵明确、所得成果便于量化评估等优势特性,首先对招远市域绿色空间中的重要景观要素核心区、桥接区进行识别,并提取具有生态拓补潜力的景观要素孤岛作为未来绿色空间优化潜力节点的空间落点;其次选用可能联通性(PC)、斑块重要度等指数量化景观要素对绿色空间的重要度并进行评价分级;然后将核心区和潜力节点作为生态源,通过不同景观要素对物种流通的阻力构建消费阻力面,以最小路径方法得出场地内的潜力生态廊道;再次,通过通量分析定性不同生态斑块在生态过程中的功能角色,并借助核密度分析对潜力生态网络的发展趋势进行测度;最终以发展趋势较弱区域中对整体生态网络联通具有较高贡献度,并在生态过程中扮演踏脚石的一二级潜力节点斑块作为未来生态发展中的重要关键点进行生态质量提升,得出招远市域绿色空间发展结构,并提出科学的空间优化指引和发展建议。本研究可以为高度破碎化地区的绿色空间构建提供一定的理论依据,对我国城市化发展中其他地区的市域绿色空间构建也具有一定的参考和示范意义。     

Developing biodiversity indicators for cities: applying the DPSIR model to Nagoya and integrating social and ecological aspects

Capturing the trends and status of urban biodiversity is challenged by current rapid changes, including increasing population flow into urban areas and multiple pressures on neighboring ecosystems. For this reason, this article aims to highlight relevant findings from both ecological and social sciences in the development of urban and biodiversity indicators. It examines the applicability of a model to an urban city in Japan. The objectives of this study are threefold. First, it reviews and summarizes the historical development and relevant existing studies of urban and biodiversity indicators, the “Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Response” (DPSIR) model is presented, and its main critiques are summarized. Second, trends in scientific studies in specific journals are identified. Third, practical lessons for a Japanese local municipality, the city of Nagoya, are derived from two previous sets of reviews. The applicability of the “DPSIR” to current practices in the city of Nagoya is examined to assess the relevance of the model to real situations.     

城市林业概述与发展趋势

随着社会经济的快速发展和城市化进程的加快,城市环境问题日益成为社会各界关注的焦点,城市林业在城市建设与发展中的地位和作用越来越受到重视。从自然属性与社会属性,地域范围与层次的角度介绍了城市林业的基本概念和内涵,并比较了城市林业与传统林业、现代园林在属性、经营管理和功能方面的差别。借助已有的研究数据和成果,阐述了城市林业在城市发展中的作用,提出了现代城市林业面临的机遇和挑战以及未来发展趋势。     

城市群空气污染综合评估范式与应用——以京津冀城市群PM2.5污染为例

城市群已成为中国城市发展的主要形式,城市化发展引发的一系列环境污染问题成为目前的研究重点之一,尤其是近年来明显的空气污染问题。由于传统的针对某一城市地区进行细致研究,难以解决在城市聚集的城市群下形成的区域性空气污染来源和影响机制等问题,使区域性空气污染造成的负面效应难以评估。通过构建综合评估模型范式,并运用空间分析,对京津冀168个区县2000年,2005年,2010年,2015年PM_2.5人口暴露风险、人类活动对PM_2.5的贡献、以及5种土地利用类型的"源汇"特征进行了实证研究。结果发现:(1)2000—2015年,京津冀城市群的人口暴露风险、空气污染分布、综合评估结果总体呈现北低南高的现象。(2)2000—2015年,各县域的人口暴露风险和空气污染的程度、范围呈上升趋势。不同的土地利用类型具有不同的源汇特征,且对污染的贡献不同。本研究通过综合评估模型范式对城市群或区域城市发展与空气质量的权衡关系模式开展量化解析,为城市的可持续发展提供了科学的范式和初步的实证示范。     

基于生态-经济比较优势视角的建设用地空间优化配置研究——以扬州市为例

随着生态空间日益萎缩,生态环境不断恶化,经济发展与生态保护矛盾日趋加剧。为了协调经济发展空间与生态保护空间的矛盾问题,促进生态、经济协调持续发展,综合运用景观生态学方法与经济学原理,从"生态-经济"比较优势视角对建设用地指标进行空间优化配置。运用景观安全格局方法构建区域综合生态安全格局,据此计算空间单元的生态重要性指数,采用最小累积阻力模型对区域建设用地开发经济适宜性进行评价,计算空间单元的建设用地开发经济适宜性指数;其次运用生态重要性指数与经济适宜性指数计算建设用地开发比较优势度,以比较优势约束性满足程度为目标函数构建建设用地空间优化配置模型,并用蒙特卡洛(Monte Carol)法对之求解。以江苏省扬州市为例作了实证研究。结果显示,未来扬州市建设用地向南部经济发达地区集中,北部地区主要承担生态保护功能;建设用地配置结果呈现出经济发展与生态保护的错位格局,有助于扬州市生态保护与经济发展。从"生态-经济"比较优势视角提出了建设用地空间优化配置方法,为土地利用规划及生态保护规划编制提供了科学依据。     

ORIGIN OF THE AVIFAUNA OF URBAN AND SUBURBAN SINGAPORE

A list of the commoner garden and town birds of the tropical city of Singapore is given. None of them are birds of the rain forest which formerly covered the island. The majority are coastal species the natural habitats of which were mangrove and the thin fringe of savanna along parts of the east coast of the Malayan Peninsula. The reasons for this are discussed.
The number of garden species is comparatively small and many niches appear to be vacant. These are expected to be filled mainly by open country species moving down the peninsula from Burma and Thailand along the corridors being opened up by deforestation. This process has already begun, though few species have yet reached as far south as Singapore.
The garden avifauna is unstable and numerous changes in status have occurred in the last few decades; many more are predicted.     

龙岩市急诊蛇伤流行病学特征与综合救治

目的探讨龙岩市急诊蛇伤流行病学特征和综合救治措施。方法回顾性分析我院2006-2011年资料完整的458例蛇伤住院患者的临床资料。结果458例急诊蛇伤患者中,死亡6例,病死率1．3％,致伤蛇种以竹叶青蛇、烙铁头、眼镜蛇、银环蛇、眼镜王蛇为主,近年来还发现一些罕见蛇类如白头蝰蛇、红脖颈槽蛇咬伤病例;掌握了我市蛇伤的发病季节、致伤人群、致伤部位及转归。结论初步掌握了龙岩市急诊蛇伤流行病学特征,并提出了有效的综合救治措施,为今后开展蛇伤的防治、教学、科研提供了科学依据。     

Strengthening Intera-ctionof City and Port to Promote Economic Development in Qinhuangdao

Based on the theory of relationship between port and city and the theory of life cycle of the interactive development between the port and city,this article analyses the present situation of Qinhuangdao harbor city interactive development,and gives the policy Suggestions aiming at the problems.     

基于共生理论的兵团与地方城市“三生”功能跨界整合发展研究

基于共生理论,选取乌鲁木齐市、五家渠市、昌吉市为研究案例区,构建"三生"空间评价指标体系及"三生"功能评价指标体系,探讨乌五昌地区"三生"空间时空分异格局,借助共生度模型,识别兵团城市与地方城市"三生"功能共生发展模式,并对兵地城市跨界融合发展提供理论建议。结果表明：（1）研究区生产和生活空间面积呈上升趋势,生态空间面积呈下降趋势。（2）在生产功能方面,五家渠市与乌鲁木齐市、昌吉市共生模式分别为正向非对称共生、反向非对称共生,生活功能与生态功能方面,均为正向非对称共生,各功能城市间影响程度不同。（3）基于"三生"空间格局及"三生"功能共生模式,提出兵地融合发展建议,生产方面建立四区,三轴,一基地,生活方面加强交通路网建设,生态方面兵地协同建立生态保护区。     

Defensive or offensive dining? Halal dining practices among Malay Muslim Singaporeans and their effects on integration

Anthropologists and sociologists have, in recent years, paid attention to different aspects of halal food production and consumption. However, very few studies have focussed on the impact that halal food, its certification and halal dining practice have on socialisation, particularly for Muslims living in multicultural societies in Southeast Asia. Nasir and Pereira’s study (2008) is one of these exceptions. They studied the attitudes of Singaporean Malay Muslims towards halal food as well as the strategies they adopt when forced to share nonhalal dining environments. These authors have described such strategies as ‘defensive dining’ and have argued that, through them, Muslims in Singapore are able to fully partake in the multicultural life of the city state as well as integrate within the mainstream, mainly Chinese, society. This article discusses how my observations and fieldwork raise some questions about such overtly positive conclusions. Indeed, I suggest that to understand the impact that such ‘dining strategies’ may have on the integration of Singaporean Malay Muslims, we should not only observe the Malay Muslims’ viewpoint but also consider the impact such practices have on non‐Muslims, in particular the Chinese majority, as well as the role that stereotypes have in Singapore.     

Scientific life of a French catholic missionary: Henri Fontaine (1924–?)

This article relates the long scientific life of the French catholic missionary, Father/Doctor Henri Fontaine. He is also a geologist, a palaeontologist, an expert on Paleozoic corals and an archeologist. The year 2018 marked his 94^th birthday, 70^th sacerdotal year and 64 years of his scientific career. He has devoted most of his life to scientific activities in East and Southeast Asia: from 1954 to late 1975 in Viet Nam as geologist-expert, from 1978 to 2013 in Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam, within the framework of the Coordinating Committee for Coastal and Offshore Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia (CCOP) and afterwards as a volunteer once he had retired. Until 2018, he published nearly 300 articles about geology, palaeontology and prehistory, mostly as sole author or main author. Although he initially intended to be priest living among villagers somewhere in Asia, his life evolved, in spite of himself, following spiritual, political and scientific events.