观赏植物组织培养与基因工程研究进展(综述)

本文综述近年来观赏植物组织培养和基因工程的研究进展。     

Globalization of biotechnology: The agglomeration of dispersed knowledge and information and its implications for the political economy of technology in developing countries

This study examines a contradictory development in the era of globalization wherein country-specific economic and socio-political institutional environment limits the global flow of technological knowledge and information, particularly in the biotechnology sector. International collaborations for developing new biotechnologies has increased significantly in recent years, but these have virtually bypassed firms in developing countries. The international flow of technologies tends to agglomerate in developed economies particularly in the US, where an appropriate mix of economic choices, social regulation and state action fostered institutional environments that facilitated the development and commercialization of biotechnologies. Moreover, with the heightening competition in the global economy, state and firms of developed economies have evolved into a relationship of close partnership. This shows that, far from being irrelevant, the state remains a political entity that structures the innovation system in order to promote the well-being of its firms. This calls for a re-thinking of the role of the state in technological and economic development, particularly among the developing economies.     

Dealing with complex matters: the political regulation of genetic testing and genetic counseling in Austria,Germany and Japan

The three OECD countries Austria, Germany and Japan in the 1990s and 2000s had to react to the increased application of genetic testing. The paper describes and analyses the regulatory efforts of the three countries that at first sight look very different from each other, Austria featuring a law on genetic testing, Germany finally regulating the matter by law after a long series of failed attempts to do so and Japan being content with self-regulation by medical professionals. Yet upon closer inspection a number of similarities become visible between the three democracies’ efforts to come to terms with the challenges of dealing with a matter as knowledge-intensive and complex as genetic testing and counseling.     

Human stomach alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH): A genetic model proposed for ALDH III isozymes

Isozyme phenotypes of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) from human gastroendoscopic as well as surgical gastric biopsies were determined by starch gel electrophoresis and agarose isoelectric focusing. γγ ADH isozymes were expressed predominantly in the mucosal layer of the stomach, whereas ββ isozymes were in the muscular layer. In the 56 gastroendoscopic mucosal biopsies examined, the homozygous ADH₃ 1-1 phenotype was found in 75% of the samples, and the heterozygous ADH₃ 2-1 phenotype in 25%. Accordingly, the gene frequencies of the allelesADH ₃ ¹ andADH ₃ ² were calculated to be 0.88 and 0.12, respectively. Using a modified agarose isoelectric focusing procedure, gastric ALDH I, ALDH II, and up to five ALDH III forms could be clearly resolved. The ALDH III isozymes accounted for more than 80% of the total ALDH activities in gastric mucosa and exhibitedK _m values in the millimolar range for propionaldehyde atpH 9.0. Forty-five percent of the 55 gastroendoscopic biopsies studied lacked ALDH I isozyme. The complex gastric ALDH III isozyme phenotypes seen in these biopsies fall into three patterns. They can be interpreted by a genetic hypothesis, based on a dimeric molecule, in which there are two separate genes,ALDH _3a andALDH _3b, with theALDH _3b locus exhibiting polymorphism. The homozygous phenotypes ALDH_3b 1-1 and ALDH_3b 2-2 were found to be 4 and 76%, respectively, and the heterozygous ALDH_3b 2-1 phenotype 20%, of the total. Therefore, the allele frequencies forALDH _3b ¹ andALDH _3b ² were calculated to be 0.14 and 0.86, respectively. Several lines of biochemical evidence consistent with this genetic model are discussed. This work was supported by grants from the National Science Council, Republic of China, and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica.     

木质素代谢的生理意义及其遗传控制研究进展

木质素含量及其相关酶系活性与植物的生长发育、抗病性、抗逆性密切相关．在造纸工业中,木质素处理是造成环境污染的重要来源。本文对木质素代谢在植物生长发育过程中的生理意义及近年来通过控制PAL、4CL、CAD、POD等酶的活性调节木质素含量或改变其组分方面的研究进展进行了综合评述,并对今后的林木育种工作进行了展望。     

Invasion success and genetic diversity of introduced populations of guppies Poecilia reticulata in Australia

High genetic diversity is thought to characterize successful invasive species, as the potential to adapt to new environments is enhanced and inbreeding is reduced. In the last century, guppies, Poecilia reticulata, repeatedly invaded streams in Australia and elsewhere. Quantitative genetic studies of one Australian guppy population have demonstrated high additive genetic variation for autosomal and Y-linked morphological traits. The combination of colonization success, high heritability of morphological traits, and the possibility of multiple introductions to Australia raised the prediction that neutral genetic diversity is high in introduced populations of guppies. In this study we examine genetic diversity at nine microsatellite and one mitochondrial locus for seven Australian populations. We used mtDNA haplotypes from the natural range of guppies and from domesticated varieties to identify source populations. There were a minimum of two introductions, but there was no haplotype diversity within Australian populations, suggesting a founder effect. This was supported by microsatellite markers, as allelic diversity and heterozygosity were severely reduced compared to one wild source population, and evidence of recent bottlenecks was found. Between Australian populations little differentiation of microsatellite allele frequencies was detected, suggesting that population admixture has occurred historically, perhaps due to male-biased gene flow followed by bottlenecks. Thus success of invasion of Australia and high additive genetic variance in Australian guppies are not associated with high levels of diversity at molecular loci. This finding is consistent with the release of additive genetic variation by dominance and epistasis following inbreeding, and with disruptive and negative frequency-dependent selection on fitness traits.     

External noise and feedback regulation: steady-state statistics of auto-regulatory genetic network

The steady-state statistics of a single gene auto-regulatory genetic network with the additive external Gaussian white noises is investigated. The main result shows that the negative feedback will result in that the mRNA noise has a positive contribution to the protein noise, but the positive feedback will result in that the mRNA noise has a negative contribution to the protein noise. If there is no feed back, then the contribution of mRNA noise to protein noise is always positive. On the other hand, the analysis and numerical simulations of linear and nonlinear feedback show that it is possible that the negative feedback increases, but the positive feedback decreases, the protein noise.     

Invasion history of Lycium ferocissimum in Australia: The impact of admixture on genetic diversity and differentiation

Aim

We investigated the invasion history of Lycium ferocissimum, a spine-covered shrub native to South Africa that was introduced to Australia in the mid-1800s, and has since developed into a damaging invasive plant of undisturbed landscapes and pastures. In addition to identifying the provenance of the Australian plants, we tested for evidence of admixture, and contrasted genetic diversity and structuring across the native and introduced ranges.

Location

Samples were collected across South Africa (24 localities) and Australia (26 localities).

Methods

We used genotyping-by-sequencing (3117 SNPs across 381 individuals) to assess population genetic structuring in L. ferocissimum across Australia and South Africa. Coalescent analyses were used to explicitly test contrasting invasion scenarios.

Results

Clear geographic genetic structuring was detected across South Africa, with distinct clusters in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces. The L. ferocissimum plants in Australia form their own genetic cluster, with a similar level of genetic diversity as plants in South Africa. Coalescent analyses demonstrated that the lineage in Australia was formed by admixture between Eastern Cape and Western Cape plants, with most of the genetic material from the Australian lineage originating from the Western Cape. Our analyses suggest that L. ferocissimum plants were originally introduced to South Australia, though it is unclear whether admixture occurred before or after its introduction to Australia. We detected little evidence of geographic genetic structure across Australia, although many of the populations were genetically distinct from one another.

Main Conclusions

Our results illustrate how admixture can result in genetically diverse and distinct invasive populations. The complex invasion history of L. ferocissimum in Australia poses particular challenges for biological control. We suggest potential biological control agents should be screened against admixed plants (in addition to plants from the Eastern and Western Cape) to test whether they provide effective control of the genetically distinct invasive lineage.     

昆虫夏滞育的调控及其遗传基础

几十年来对昆虫夏滞育的研究不断深入 ,阐明了不少昆虫夏滞育的生态机理。目前 ,探讨其内在的机制已成为研究的方向。该文着重论述夏滞育的生理生化特征、夏滞育的调控及其遗传基础     

The oral biome in the aetiology and management of dental disease: Current concepts and ethical considerations

Our understanding of the complexity of the oral biome and of the role of the various constituent bacteria in the aetiology of dental disease is growing. Probiotics and their relationship with prebiotics, as well as other microbiome‐based interventions, could be useful in preventing and treating dental disease and in promoting oral health. However, given the promise and early stage of this treatment approach, there are also a number of ethical, social and regulatory issues associated with innovative probiotic therapy. In this article, a brief update is given on contemporary theories of the aetiology and management of the two commonest dental diseases, and on the roles of pre‐ and probiotics and oral biome transplant in the management of these diseases. The focus is primarily on four core issues: informed consent, risk–benefit assessment, how to determine suitable healthy donors, and commercialization and regulation. We discuss the safety and benefits of oral probiotics, not only concerning the products and quality control during their manufacture, but also regarding the depth of public knowledge about this topic. We point out that the requirement of listing ingredients honestly might be insufficient, and that the prevalent rhetoric of ‘natural’ and ‘organic’ as well as some health claims in the translational, innovative probiotic industry and markets are themselves misleading and should be carefully scrutinized. Finally, we suggest an ethical imperative to find a balance between scientific research and industry, and public health in the regulation of probiotics.     

广西地方稻种资源核心种质构建和遗传多样性分析

以丁颖分类体系分组原则与组内逐层聚类取样方法,对8609份广西地方栽培稻资源表型数据信息进行分析,通过对表型保留比例等评价指标的多重比较确定核心种质总体取样比例,构建出占总体样本5%(414份)的广西地方栽培稻资源初级核心种质。初级核心种质能代表总体遗传变异的89%。用34对SSR分子标记对初级核心种质进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明:广西地方栽培稻资源有较高的遗传多样性(等位基因数A为4.91,Nei’s多样性指数为0.574)。就Nei’s遗传多样性指数而言,粳稻高于籼稻,晚稻高于早稻,水稻高于陆稻,糯稻高于粘稻;来自桂中的稻种资源具有最高的遗传多样性。研究最终利用SSR数据,把414份初级核心种质压缩50%后形成209份核心种质,核心种质基因保留比例达到98%以上,有效代表了广西地方栽培稻资源多样性水平。     

人源札幌病毒抗原多样性及遗传进化研究进展

人源札幌病毒(human sapovirus, HuSaV)是全球范围内引起散发性急性胃肠炎和相关疫情的重要病原,尤其对婴幼儿及免疫缺陷患者等高危人群存有致死的危险,人源札幌病毒具有丰富的抗原和遗传多样性,其抗原多样性及免疫原性主要位于P2亚结构域,并且衣壳蛋白免疫原性是人源札幌病毒疫苗研发的理论基础。由于人源札幌病毒可以耐受高衣壳突变而不失去病毒功能使它得以迅速进化,其在宿主体内进化过程中存在连续的氨基酸突变,且突变主要在VP1的P结构域内积累,少见于非结构蛋白和VP2中。序列和结构的改变使得人源札幌病毒逃脱先前存在的群体免疫,有必要进一步探索人源札幌病毒的免疫逃逸机制及其拮抗宿主的免疫应答。因此,本文针对人源札幌病毒在基因组特征、抗原多样性特点、遗传进化机制等领域的研究进展进行了系统综述,并对未来研究中亟待解决的科学问题进行了展望。     

Analysis of genetic variation affecting the relative activities of fast and slow ADH dimers in Drosophila melanogaster heterozygotes

When Adh ^F /Adh ^S heterozygote homogenates are stained after electrophoresis, considerable variation is observed in the activity ratio of the FF dimer to the SS dimer. Two Adh ^S strains showed a sharp, consistent difference when crossed to a common Adh ^F strain. Optical scanning and genetic analysis confirmed that this difference originates close to the Adh locus. Since the morphs varied concordantly in their activities on numerous alcohols, and since aging and heat-treatment experiments failed to reveal a stability difference, it is proposed that the difference is regulatory in nature, affecting ADH synthesis and primarily cis-acting. A survey of wild flies revealed additional variation in the FF/SS activity ratio. Further genetic analysis showed that the basis of this variation is not restricted to the second chromosome. Furthermore, modification of the activity ratio implies some degree of allelespecificity on the part of the modifiers.This work was supported in part by money collected by Jewish Community of Iowa City, Iowa, and by NSF Grant 76-01903 to Roger Milkman.     

Multiculturalism as nation-building in Australia: Inclusive national identity and the embrace of diversity

This article discusses the relationship between multiculturalism and national identity, focusing on the Australian context. It argues that inclusive national identity can accommodate and support multiculturalism, and serve as an important source of cohesion and unity in ethnically and culturally diverse societies. However, a combative approach to national identity, as prevailed under the Howard government, threatens multicultural values. The article nevertheless concludes that it is necessary for supporters of multiculturalism to engage in ongoing debates about their respective national identities, rather than to vacate the field of national identity to others.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica</Emphasis> biotechnology: Progress in cellular and molecular biology

Summary Considerable progress has been accomplished in the cellular and molecular biology of Brassica species in the past few years. Plant regeneration has been increasingly optimized via organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis using various explants; with tissue culture improvements focusing on factors such as age of the explant, genotype, and media additives. The production of haploids and doubled haploids using microspores has accelerated the production of homozygous lines in the Brassica species. Somatic cell fusion has facilitated the development of interspecific and intergeneric hybrids in the sexually incompatible species of Brassica. Crop improvement using somaclonal variation has also been achieved. The use of molecular markers in marker-assisted selection and breeding, transformation technology for the introduction of desirable traits, and a comparative analysis of these as well as their future prospects are important parts of the current research that is reviewed.     

hSef基因在不同人组织和细胞系的表达分布

将人源Sef蛋白胞内区编码序列与GST融合构建原核表达质粒进行重组蛋白的表达与纯化并制备多抗 .在COS 7细胞中转染表达hSef显示 ,其分子量分别为 80kD ,10 0kD ,比体外翻译的分子量偏大 ,提示可能有糖基化存在 .Northern印迹的结果表明 ,hSefmRNA主要分布在人肾和睾丸组织 .RT PCR检测到hSefmRNA在众多细胞系有广泛存在 .免疫组化的结果显示 ,hSef蛋白在人肾和睾丸及相应癌组织表达水平较高 .     

Issues Related to Chemical Analysis,Data Reporting,and Use: Implications for Human Health Risk Assessment of PCBs and PBDEs in Fish Tissue

Recent reports in the scientific literature and the media, related to elevated levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diethyl ethers (PBDEs) in farmed and wild salmon have had significant impacts on public opinion and consumer behavior, influencing the sales of farmed salmon in North America and Europe. The assessment of contaminants in fatty fish, an important source of omega-3 fatty acids, is therefore an exercise in balancing risks and benefits. Human health risk assessors and risk managers will benefit from an understanding of the level of uncertainty that is integrated into all aspects of evaluating risk in this context. Significant variability exists in the way in which analyses are conducted, how data are reported, and how they are used in risk assessments. We conducted an analytical review of PCB and PBDE data in farmed and wild salmon, and identified critical issues having implications on human health risk assessment from fish consumption. These issues include: analytical methodologies used, quantification issues, reporting of QA/QC information, tissue sampling, nature of tissue analyzed, and laboratory competence. This article reviews and outlines these issues, discusses their implications for human health risk assessment, and recommends the consistent application of analytical fish tissue data in human health risk assessment.