The effect of timing of laparoscopic insemination in superovulated ewes, with or without sedation, on the recovery of embryos, their stage of development and subsequent viability

Twenty ewes were used as donors in a 2x2 factorial design experiment to investigate the effects of two different insemination times (48 vs 60 h after pessary withdrawal), with or without sedation, on the ovum recovery rate 5 d after insemination, the proportion of transferable embryos recovered, and the subsequent survival rate of embryos transferred to recipients. The ovum recovery rate following intauterine insemination at 48 h after progestagen pessary withdrawal was 63.8 and 53.4% for sedated and nonsedated control ewes, respectively. Following intrauterine insemination at 60 h the corresponding values for sedated and control ewes were 72.6 and 73.9%, respectively. The proportion of transferable quality embryos recovered was not affected by sedation but was improved by insemination at 48 h rather than 60 h after pessary withdrawal (100 vs 35.4%). Embryo survival following laparoscopic transfer to recipients from donor ewes inseminated at 48 h, with or without sedation was 38.8% (7 18 ) and 50% (7 14 ), respectively. Following intrauterine insemination of the donors at 60 h, the survival rate in recipients was reduced for embryos transferred from both the sedated and control ewes to 6.25% (1 16 ) and 36.3% (4 11 ). It is concluded that delaying the timing of intrauterine insemination relative to pessary withdrawal and the use of acepromazine maleate as a sedative at the time of insemination are deleterious to embryo development and subsequent viability.     

Embryo recovery rate and recipients’ pregnancy rate after nonsurgical embryo transfer in donkeys

Sixty-three embryos were recovered out of 83 estrous cycles (75.9%) and 98 ovulations (64.3%) of five Pantesca jennies, 2 to 5 yr old, naturally mated or artificially inseminated with fresh semen. Embryo recovery rate was influenced by number of ovulations per cycle (133% and 63% for double and single ovulations, respectively), by the day of embryo recovery attempt (12%, 83%, and 75% at Days 7, 8, and 9 after ovulation, respectively), and by the repetition of the embryo recovery attempt on successive cycles (60%, 79%, and 100% for cycles 1 to 7, 8 to 14, and 15 to 24, respectively). All recovered embryos but three were classified as good or excellent. Of 58 nonsurgical embryo transfers to Ragusana jenny recipients, 13 (22.4%), 10 (17.2%), and 9 (15.5%) resulted in a pregnancy at Days 14, 25, and 50, respectively. Recipients’ pregnancy rate was not influenced by the evaluated parameters: embryo quality and age, media employed to wash embryos, days after ovulation of the recipient, experience of the operator. Between 14 and 50 d of pregnancy, 4 of 13 (30.7%) embryos were lost with an influence of the days from ovulation of the recipient: recipients at Days 5 or 6 kept all pregnancies (N = 7), whereas recipients at Days 7 or 8 lost 3 of 4 pregnancies, as one of the two recipients at Day 3. More studies are needed before embryo transfer could be considered a reliable tool to preserve endangered donkey breeds.     

Fertilization and embryo recovery rates in superovulated chios ewes after laparoscopic intrauterine insemination.

Forty superovulated dairy ewes of the Greek Chios breed were used in an experiment to evaluate the efficiency of laparoscopic intrauterine insemination on fertilization and embryo recovery rates as well as embryo quality. Estrus was synchronized by intravaginal progestagen impregnated sponges and superovulation was induced by administration of 8.8 mg o-FSH i.m. following a standard 8 dose protocol. A small volume (0.3 mL) of diluted fresh ram semen was deposited in each uterine horn 24 to 28 h after onset of the estrus by a laparoscopic technique. The animals were allocated randomly into two groups (Group A and B) of 20 animals each. In Group A, embryos were recovered 18 to 24 h after the intrauterine insemination and in Group B on Day 6. The average number of corpora lutea was 12.8 +/- 1.2 and 11.5 +/- 1.1 (+/- SEM); the overall embryo recovery was 66.4% and 57% and the percentage of recovered fertilized ova was 81% and 82.8% in Groups A and B, respectively. More fertilized ova were collected per ewe from Group A (P < or = 0.1). Results indicated that in Chios breed, superovulation using homologous FSH combined with laparoscopic AI leads to good ovarian response with satisfactory results in fertilization, embryo recovery and quality of embryos. This could lead to improved and more efficient methods for obtaining large numbers of high quality oocytes and embryos for embryo transfer programs which could contribute to genetic improvement and increase of the population size.     

Retrospective study of factors affecting multiple ovulations,embryo recovery,quality, and diameter in a commercial equine embryo transfer program

In this study, 198 donor mares of different breeds, ages, and reproductive category were inseminated with fresh, cooled and frozen or frozen and cooled semen at the embryo transfer station or in private artificial insemination centers during 10 breeding seasons. The results of this activity were retrospectively analyzed by Pearson Chi-square test and logistic regression to evaluate factors affecting multiple ovulations, embryo recovery, embryo quality, and embryo diameter. Out of the 661 cycles, 937 ovulations were recorded (mean ovulations/cycle: 1.42 ± 0.58). Ovulation rate and incidence of multiple ovulations were significantly affected by age, breed, and reproductive category. Uterine flushings for embryo recovery were performed between 7 and 10 days after ovulation and resulted in the recovery of 338 embryos (51.1% embryos/cycle and 36.1% embryos/ovulation, respectively). At least one embryo was recovered in 298 flushings (45.1%). The factors affecting embryo recovery were age, breed, reproductive category, type of semen, number of ovulations, and location of artificial insemination. Flushing protocol and day of flushing had no effect on embryo recovery. Age, type of semen, number of ovulations, and day of flushing had a significant influence on embryo diameter (N = 215). None of the factors included in the model had an effect on embryo quality distribution.     

The repeatability of superovulatory response and embryo recovery in sheep

Over an 8-year period, a total of 328 Scottish Blackface donor ewes were involved in a MOET program. They were synchronized with fluorogestone acetate sponges and superovulated with ovine FSH. After the onset of estrus, ewes were hand-mated and laparoscopic artificial insemination was performed with fresh semen 44-46 h after sponge removal. Embryos were recovered semi-laparoscopically on either Day 5 or Day 6 after insemination. Of the 328 donor ewes used, 222 ewes were supervoulated only once, while the remaining ewes were superovulated either twice (73 ewes), 3 times (26 ewes) or 4 times (7 ewes) at yearly intervals to generate a maximum of 474 records for subsequent analysis. There was no significant change in either mean ovulation rate or the mean number of embryos recovered per donor ewe at successive treatments. However, significant (P < 0.05 at least) effects of both year and donor ewe age existed for superovulatory response and number of embryos recovered, though only the effect of year was significant (P < 0.001) for percentage embryo recovery. Repeatability was significant (P < 0.05 at least) for both superovulatory response (r = 0.55, s.e. 0.055) and number of embryos recovered (r = 0.38, SE 0.074), but not for percentage embryo recovery (r = 0.04, SE 0.102).     

Ovulation, fertilization and lambing rates, and peripheral progesterone concentrations, in ewes inseminated at a natural oestrus during November or February.

The objective of this study was to determine the relative importance of seasonal changes in ovulation rate, fertilization rate and embryo survival as the cause of reduced lambing rates in ewes mated in February compared with those mated in November. The study was conducted at 57 degrees N using mature Mule ewes and Suffolk rams. Sixty ewes were allocated equally to five groups: unbred (UB) or mated at a natural oestrus during November (N) or February (F) by natural (N) or cervical artificial (A) insemination. Groups were maintained separately at pasture supplemented with hay. A raddled vasectomized or non-vasectomized ram was present with UB, NN and NA groups from 26 October 1995 to 1 January 1996 and with UB, FN and FA groups from 25 January 1996 to 31 March 1996. Ewes marked by the ram were recorded twice a day, and those in groups NN, NA, FN and FA were inseminated at their second behavioural oestrus. For all ewes, blood samples were obtained once a day from introduction of the vasectomized rams until 30 days after mating (groups NN, NA, FN and FA) or 20 days after the first oestrus (group UB), and ovulation rate was measured by laparoscopy 7 days after the first oestrus. For ewes in groups NN, NA, FN and FA, ovulation rate was measured again after the second oestrus and ova were recovered from six ewes per group for assessment of fertilization before autotransfer. Pregnancy and lambing rates were recorded at term. Mean (+/- SE) dates of the first recorded oestrus for ewes in groups NN, NA and UB, and FN, FA and UB were 4 +/- 1.1 November and 4 +/- 0.9 February, respectively, and intervals between the first and second oestrus were 16 +/- 0.2 and 17 +/- 0.3 days (P < 0.01), respectively. Ovulation rates were 2.6 +/- 0.08 and 2.0 +/- 0.05 (P < 0.001), and peripheral progesterone concentrations during the luteal phase were 8.5 +/- 0.25 and 7.6 +/- 0.31 ng ml-1 (P < 0.05), for November and February, respectively. The difference in peripheral progesterone concentration was not solely attributable to the difference in ovulation rate. There was no significant effect of month or method of insemination, or of embryo recovery and autotransfer procedures on pregnancy rates and the proportion of ewes that became pregnant were NN 0.92, NA 0.83, FN 0.67 and FA 0.75. For ewes undergoing embryo recovery and autotransfer, ova recovered per corpus luteum were 1.00, 0.93, 1.00 and 0.92, fertilized ova per ovum recovered were 0.69, 0.92, 1.00 and 0.83, and lambs born per corpus luteum were 0.62, 0.79, 0.78 and 0.58 for NN, NA, FN and FA groups, respectively. There were no significant seasonal effects on fertilization rate or embryo survival. It is concluded that a seasonal decline in ovulation rate is the primary cause of reduced lambing rates in ewes mated in February compared with those mated in November. Pregnancy rates were high after mating in both periods and were not enhanced by the use of cervical insemination.     

Fertilization and embryo loss in Booroola Merino x South Australian Merino ewes: Effect of the F gene

The effects of Booroola genotype (F+, ++); the number of ovulations per ewe (one, two or three); and the age of a ewe (2.5 yr vs 3.5 to 6.5 yr) on the percentage of ova fertilized, embryo loss and fetal loss were examined in Booroola x South Australian Merino ewes slaughtered on Days 4, 21 and 90 after insemination. Ewes slaughtered on Day 90 were examined by real-time ultrasound imaging (RUI) on Day 45. Fertilization failure was independent of ewe genotype, ovulation rate and age of ewe, and it was not an important source of wastage (F+, 9.4%; ++, 6.7%). Most embryo loss occurred during the first 21 d (F+, 54.7%; ++, 40.3%). Interpretation of the effects of genotype and ovulation rate on embryo wastage measured on Days 21, 45 and 90 was obscured by significant (P < 0.05) genotype and ovulation rate interactions with the day of slaughter/RUI. The effect of age on embryo loss was not significant (P > 0.05). Reasons for the high rate of wastage observed in this experiment require further study.     

Effect of mating system, flushing procedure, progesterone dose and donor ewe age on the yield and quality of embryos within a MOET program in sheep

Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) has the potential to increase the rates of genetic improvement in sheep. However, better realization of this potential requires a higher yield of transferable embryos. Thus we investigated some factors that may contribute to high embryo yield and quality under field conditions, as part of an ongoing MOET program. Comparison of the effects of 2 breeding systems (natural service plus laparoscopic intrauterine AI vs natural service only) on embryo yield and quality indicated that while AI did not affect embryo recovery, it significantly (P < 0.05) improved fertilization rate and embryo quality, and increased (P < 0.05) embryo survival rate after transfer to recipients. Two flushing procedures (the original semi-laparoscopic and a modified version) were compared for effects on embryo recovery. The modifications made to the original collection method increased (P < 0.001) embryo recovery from 69.0 +/- 2.4 to 83.2 +/- 0.6%. The effects of the progestagen priming dosage during superovulatory treatment and ewe age on MOET outcome were also investigated. Donor ewes primed with 30-mg progestagen sponges came into estrus 1.9 h earlier (P < 0.05) than those primed with 45-mg sponges, but there was no difference in ovulation rate or embryo recovery, or in embryo survival after transfer between the 2 regimens. However, Chi-square analysis indicated a significant benefit in favor of the higher progesterone dose on both fertilization (P < 0.01) and embryo quality (P < 0.001). Age of donor ewe did not significantly affect the timing of estrus, fertilization rate or embryo survival after transfer. While adult ewes had higher (P < 0.05) ovulation rates and embryo yields, shearling ewes produced a much higher proportion of Grade 1 embryos (P < 0.05).     

Embryo transfer in cattle experience of twenty-four completed cases

Thirty-nine potential embryo transfer and 13 ovum collection experiments were initiated within a small experimental herd of mainly nulliparous cattle. Donors for 50 of the experiments were treated with pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) with or without human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) to induce superovulation. Optimal responses (3–20 ovulations) occurred in 56.4 % of treated animals; there was some evidence of reduced responsiveness to repeated treatment. Overall ovum and embryo recovery rate at slaughter or laparotomy was 46.3 % but in some experiments exceeded 80 % on Days 4 and 5 after estrus. Recovery rates were adversely affected by previous surgery and by excessive ovulation rates. 73% of recovered ova were fertilized. Only 20 of the 39 potential transfer experiments were completed, 15 of the 19 incomplete experiments being due to donor failures (lack of superovulation in 11 cases, no fertilization in four). Transfers of three embryos (one case), two embryos (19 cases) or one embryo (four cases) were made surgically to 24 recipients. Of the first 10 recipients, one conceived; of the last 14, ten (71.4%) did so. Best, results were obtained by collecting ova on Day 5 or 6 and using recipients within one day of being synchronous with the donor. Embryos collected at slaughter gave results as good as did those collected surgically. Ten of the pregnant recipients had received more than one embryo but only four gave birth to more than one calf. Some problems associated with the practical application of this technique are discussed.     

Ovulation and embryo recovery rates following immunization of mares against an inhibin alpha-subunit fragment

Six normally cycling mares were immunized 5 times at 3-week intervals with a synthetic porcine inhibin alpha-subunit fragment which had been conjugated to bovine serum albumin and emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Immunized mares ovulated a significantly larger (P < 0.01) number of follicles per estrous cycle (2.8 +/- 1.1; range 1 to 8 ovulations) than 14 nonimmunized control mares (1.1 +/- 0.1; range 1 to 2 ovulations). Day-7 embryo recovery rates tended to be higher (P < 0.1) in immunized mares (1.6 +/- 0.5 embryos per flush) than in control mares (0.7 +/- 0.2 embryos per flush). No differences in interovulatory intervals were found between the 2 groups. These results indicate that immunization against inhibin may be useful in inducing development and ovulation of multiple follicles for embryo transfer in the mare.     

The effect of pre-ovulatory anaesthesia on ovulation in laparoscopically inseminated domestic cats.

Laparoscopic intrauterine artificial insemination (AI) of electroejaculated spermatozoa was used to compare embryo development and conception rates in domestic cats inseminated either before or after ovulation. Females were given a single (100 iu) injection of pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) followed by either 75 or 100 iu human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) 80 h later. Cats were anaesthetized (injectable ketamine HCl/acepromazine plus gaseous halothane) 25-50 h after administration of hCG for laparoscopic assessment of ovarian activity and for transabdominal AI into the proximal aspect of the uterine lumen. At the time of AI, 23 cats were pre-ovulatory (25-33 h after hCG injection) and 30 were post-ovulatory (31-50 h after hCG injection). Pre-ovulatory females produced 10.5 +/- 1.1 follicles and no corpora lutea compared with 1.9 +/- 0.5 follicles and 7.5 +/- 0.9 corpora lutea for the post-ovulatory group (P < 0.05). Six days later, the ovaries of nine pre-ovulatory and 12 post-ovulatory females were re-examined and the reproductive tracts flushed. On this day, pre-ovulatory cats produced fewer corpora lutea (2.8 +/- 1.5; P < 0.05) and embryos (0.4 +/- 0.3; P < 0.05) than post-ovulatory females (18.9 +/- 3.3 corpora lutea; 4.6 +/- 1.2 embryos). Two of the 14 cats (14.3%) inseminated before ovulation and not flushed became pregnant compared with 9 of 18 cats (50.0%) inseminated after ovulation and up to 41 h after hCG injection (P < 0.05). These results indicate that ovulation in cats is compromised by pre-ovulatory ketamine HCl/acepromazine/halothane or laparoscopy or by both and that electroejaculated spermatozoa deposited by laparoscopy in utero, after ovulation, result in a relatively high incidence of pregnancy. Because ovulation usually occurs 25-27 h after injection of hCG, the lifespan for fertilization of the ovulated ovum appears to be at least 14 h in vivo in cats.     

Cervical versus intrauterine insemination of ewes using fresh or frozen semen diluted with aloe vera gel

This study was conducted at Belen de Escobar, Argentina, in March and April 1987. Experimental work on synchronization of estrus, deep-freeze conservation of ram semen and small fertility trials involving cervical and intrauterine (i.u.) insemination methods was undertaken. A total of 80 Corriedale ewes were used in seven insemination trials. Insemination trials were grouped into two experimental groups for comparison of 1) frozen semen diluted with an experimental extender and a control diluent inseminated cervically or i.u. in synchronized/superovulated ewes and 2) cervical insemination of fresh diluted or frozen semen in ewes inseminated at natural estrus or in ewes that were synchronized/superovulated. An overall ovulation rate of 8.7 +/- 0.5 was obtained by using a superovulatory regimen consisting of 3 mg Norgestomet implants and a total dose of 18 mg follicle stimulating hormone-pituitary (FSH-P). Numbers of ova recovered per ewe following superovulation ranged from 4.3 to 5.4. In experimental Group I, fertilization rates improved when laparoscopic intrauterine AI was used compared with cervical insemination (P<0.05). Fertility rates of i.u. and cervical insemination of frozen semen diluted with the experimental extender showed satisfactory fertilizing capacity. In experimental Group II, a lower number of fertilized ova were recovered from ewes inseminated with frozen semen (P<0.02), irrespective of their estrus manipulation.     

The effect of time of intrauterine insemination on the development and viability of embryos collected from superovulated ewes

Eighteen Border Leicester x Scottish Blackface ewes, primed with 300 mg progesterone (12 d) and superovulated with decreasing doses (6, 5, 3 and 2 mg) of porcine FSH, were inseminated with fresh semen, using laparoscopic intrauterine procedures at 48 (Group E) or 60 h (Group L) after exogenous progesterone removal. Five days after insemination, embryos were collected and classified on the basis of their morphological development. During the subsequent 3 d of in vitro culture (38.5 degrees C; 5% CO2) the embryos were evaluated at 24-h intervals. After 72 h, the embryos were individually fixed (24 h) and stained with aceto-orcein and the nuclei were then counted to provide an objective index of cell proliferation and development. Mean (+/-SEM) ovulation rates for the 2 groups (9.2+/-1.5 and 7.1+/-1.2, respectively) and the corresponding percentages (53 vs 59) of embryos collected by laparoscopy were unaffected by insemination time. All donors yielded fertilized ova, but whereas all Group-E donors yielded 1 or more viable embryos (i.e., >32 cells), only 5 Group-L ewes yielded viable embryos (P<0.10). At collection, the percentages of embryos at the morula stage of development were 98 (Group E n = 44) and 39 (Group L n = 38; P<0.001). Few of the remaining ova (Group E = 0% Group L = 8%) were at the 1-cell stage of development when collected, indicating that retarded development post fertilization, not fertilization failure, was the principal consequence of delayed insemination. The percentages of embryos that continued to develop during in vitro culture were 91 and 37 for Groups E and L, respectively (P<0.001), and all of these reached the blastocyst stage. Of these blastocysts, 75 and 50% in Groups E and L hatched in vitro (P<0.10), with mean (+/-SEM) nuclei counts of 148+/-22.7 and 76+/-13.8 (P<0.02), respectively. In conclusion, while delayed intrauterine insemination did not affect the efficiency of ovum collection, it caused a major reduction in the yield of embryos that were capable of developing during in vitro culture. However, fertilization failure accounted for only 13% of the loss in viability following late insemination.     

The effect of two different levels of progesterone priming on the response of ewes to superovulation

The use of either 1 or 3 controlled internal drug release (CIDR) devices for progesterone priming in ewes (n=11) superovulated with 1500 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) at 28 hours prior to CIDR device withdrawal was investigated in relation to the stages of development and viability of the ova produced. Progesterone levels in the ewes (n=6) treated with 3 CIDR devices were significantly higher (P<0.01) during the 11 days of insertion than in those (n=5) treated with 1 CIDR device (7.3 vs 3.3 ng/ml) over the same period. However, following superovulation, the mean (+/-SEM) ovulation rates were similar for both groups (8.2 +/- 1.7 vs 10.2 +/- 1.5). The number of ova (M+/-SEM) recovered by laparoscopy 5 days after insemination was 4.2 +/- 1.0 for ewes treated with 3 CIDR devices and 7.0 +/- 1.1 for those treated with 1 CIDR device (P<0.10). The respective ovum recovery rates (M+/-SEM) were 55+/-9.8 and 74+/-13.2%. There was no effect of progesterone concentration in the priming phase on either the stages of development of the recovered ova or on their ability to develop during in vitro culture. It was concluded, therefore, that progesterone concentrations within the range 3.3 +/- 0.1 to 7.3 +/- 0.3 ng/ml during the priming phase and 2.4 +/- 0.3 to 6.5 +/- 0.2 ng/ml at the time of PMSG administration did not affect the ovulation rate or the viability of ova recovered from superovulated ewes.     

The use of embryo collection techniques in Holstein heifers: A model to study early embryonic death

Twenty-three cyclic Holstein heifers were purchased for use as embryo donors to study the effect of intrauterine exposure to Haemophilus somnus on the number, quality, and viability of embryos produced. Few problems were encountered using standard superovulation and nonsurgical embryo collection techniques on virgin heifers. Based on three or more ovulations, as determined by palpation per rectum of the ovaries at the time of embryo recovery, 28 of 30 heifers responded to the superovulation regimen. Of 29 nonsurgical recoveries, 27 produced one or more embryos. One hundred and seventy-six embryos and ova were collected from heifers synchronized, superovulated, and flushed 7 to 8 d after insemination.     

The number of spermatozoa, the number of ovulations per ewe, and immunization against androstenedione affect fertility and prolificacy of sheep

Ewes that were untreated, fed lupins or fed lupins and immunized against androstenedione were artificially inseminated. The percentage of ewes pregnant at 36-45 days after insemination (fertility) was 8% higher in ewes that had more than one ovulation than in those that had only one ovulation. Maximum fertility was achieved with 50 x 10(6) spermatozoa and this did not vary with the number of ovulations that ewes had. Among the pregnant, twin-ovulating ewes, embryo survival increased as the number of spermatozoa inseminated increased from 25 x 10(6) to 400 x 10(6). Immunization of ewes against androstenedione increased ovulation rate but reduced fertility, and reduced embryo survival among twin-ovulation ewes.     

Recovery rate and quality of embryos from mares inseminated after ovulation

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of embryos and their recovery rate from mares inseminated at different intervals after ovulation. Finnhorse and warmblood mares were inseminated with fresh semen 8 to 16 h, 16 to 24 h, or 24 to 32 h after ovulation. Control mares were inseminated before ovulation. Sixty-seven embryo flushings were performed between Days 7 and 9 after ovulation/insemination. Thirteen mares were not flushed, but their uteri were scanned for pregnancy on Days 14 to 16. Embryo recovery rates decreased as time from ovulation to insemination increased, although embryo quality remained normal as evaluated by morphological criteria and mitotic index. However, postovulatory insemination in this trial appeared to delay embryo development, since the embryos recovered from mares inseminated after ovulation were appreciably smaller and at an earlier stage of development than control embryos recovered from mares inseminated prior to ovulation. Part of this delay in embryo development in the postovulation group could be due to the time needed for sperm capacitation. In addition, as the time from ovulation to insemination increased, embryo development might have been further delayed by defects in the aging oocyte.     

Spontaneous multiple ovulation in the mare and its effect on the incidence of twin embryo collections

Records from 183 nonlactating mares that experienced spontaneous multiple ovulation were examined to determine if: 1) double ovulations are as likely to be unilateral as bilateral; 2) the interval between two ovulations is shorter when the ovulations are unilateral than when they are bilateral; 3) the mean diameter of the two follicles on the day prior to ovulation is less when the ovulations are synchronous and unilateral; 4) for both unilateral and bilateral ovulation, twin embryos are more likely to be detected when double ovulations are asynchronous; and 5) for both synchronous and asynchronous ovulations, twin embryos are more likely to be detected when the ovulations are bilateral. Mares were teased daily with a stallion and follicular development was assessed daily during estrus by ultrasonography. Mares were inseminated daily during estrus and embryo recovery attempts were performed 6 to 7 d post ovulation. Double ovulations occurred as frequently from the same, as from opposite ovaries. The interval between the double ovulations was not shorter (P > 0.05) in unilateral versus bilateral ovulations. In addition, size of the largest and second largest preovulatory follicles was not altered (P > 0.05) by type of ovulation (bilateral vs unilateral) or synchrony of ovulation. Synchrony of ovulations had no affect (P > 0.05) on the incidence of twin embryos recovered. However, more (P < 0.05) twin embryos were recovered from bilateral ovulators compared to unilateral ovulators.     

Superovulation treatments and embryo transfer in Angora goats

A high incidence of early luteal regression after PMSG superovulation was associated with low recovery of embryos from reproductive tracts of Angora goats flushed later than Day 5 after onset of oestrus. Embryos were successfully recovered (mean 7.9/female) by flushing on Days 2-5. Mean ovulation rate after an FSH regimen (16.1 +/- 0.8) was significantly higher than that after a single injection of PMSG (10.8 +/- 1.2). Fertilization rate and survival of embryos following transfer to naturally synchronized recipient feral goats did not differ between the two gonadotrophin regimens: the mean number of kids born to 47 donors treated with FSH (7.5 +/- 0.6) was significantly greater than that to 28 donors treated with PMSG (4.8 +/- 0.6). Irrespective of hormonal treatment, the numbers of embryos recovered and of kids born were correlated with ovulation rate (r = 0.82, P less than 0.001 for both). Embryo survival was influenced by ovulation rate in recipients, with 52%, 63% and 75% of transferred embryos being carried to term by recipients with 1,2 and 3 CL, respectively (P less than 0.01). More embryos survived (65%) when 2 embryos were transferred to each recipient than when 1 (51%) or 3 (48%) were transferred. In recipients receiving 2 embryos, survival was significantly improved by transfer of both embryos to the same oviduct (70%) than when one was transferred to each oviduct (62%). The percentage survival of embryos was optimal when oestrus of recipients was synchronized within +/- 1 day of oestrus in donors.     

Rate of transport and development of preimplantation embryo in the superovulated buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

This study was designed to ascertain the rate of transport and development of preimplantation embryo in the superovulated buffalo in order to determine the optimum time for their nonsurgical collection. Eighteen Murrah-type buffalo were superovulated with 600 mg NIH-FSH-P1. Luteolysis was induced by administration of PGF2 alpha at 72 (PG + 72) and 84 h (PG + 84) after initiating gonadotrophin treatment and fixed-time AI was done beginning at 36 h post PG + 72 administration and at 12-h intervals thereafter, upto 72 h. Six control buffalo received treatment similar to experimental group except that in place of FSH they received normal saline. For embryo collection, experimental animals were humanely killed at 6-h intervals corresponding to 156 (n = 2), 162 (n = 2), 168 (n = 2), 174 (n = 3), 180 (n = 3), 186 (n = 3) and 192 h(n = 3) after PG + 72 treatment, whereas the control animals were humanely killed at 156 (n = 2), 174 (n = 2) and 192 h (n = 2). Superovulated buffalo had higher number of ovulations than untreated controls (8.78 +/- 5.00 vs 0.67 +/- 0.51) and total ova/embryos recovered was 4.11 +/- 2.46 and 0.67 +/- 0.51, respectively. The high estradiol-17 beta (E2) levels with its prolonged rise may, by leading to reverse peristalsis in the oviduct with a consequent loss of some embryos in the peritoneal cavity, be one of the reasons for our inability to recover nearly 84/158 ova/embryos in the superovulated buffalo. In superovulated animals, nearly all the ova/embryos reached the uterus between 168 and 174 h post PG + 72 treatment or about 134 h (circa 5.5 d) after the onset of superovulatory estrus, suggesting that the ideal time for non-surgical embryo collection in the buffalo is between Days 7 to 8 after PG + 72 treatment or Days 5.5 to 6.0 of the superovulated cycle (estrus = Day 0). Embryo development of superovulated buffalo showed considerable variation as various stages of embryos (8 cell to expanded blastocyst) were recovered from the same donor buffalo, and the rate of development appeared to be 24 to 36 h faster than in cattle.