药用植物绶草(兰科)的菌根真菌群落组成分析

兰科菌根真菌(OMF)被认为是影响兰科植物物种丰度和分布的一个重要因素.对广域分布兰科植物的菌根区系进行研究有助于人们更深入地了解兰科植物分布格局的形成机制.本研究以我国广域分布的兰科药用植物绶草Spiranthes sinensis为材料,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对北京、上海、江西、广西、云南、...     

Dynamics of the microfauna community in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant experiencing sludge bulking

We investigated the dynamics of the microfauna community in activated sludge, with special reference to sludge bulking, in two parallel municipal wastewater treatment systems in Beijing, China over a period of 14 months. Annual cyclic changes in microfauna community structures occurred in both systems. RELATE analysis based on Spearman's Rank correlation indicated that microfauna community structures were highly correlated with the sludge volume index (SVI) (p < 0.001), which indicates sludge settleability. Nutrient conditions of raw sewage (p < 0.01) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) (p < 0.05) were also related to microfauna community structures. Abundances of the species Epistylis plicatilis and Vorticella striata increased significantly with an increase in SVI (p < 0.001) and decrease in water temperature (p < 0.001), suggesting that sludge bulking may have created favorable conditions for the two species, even under unfavorable temperature conditions. Sludge de-flocculation primarily due to the excessive growth of Microthrix parvicella-like filaments could be an important driving force for the microfauna community changes. The release of flocculated non-filamentous bacteria may represent a suitable food source for these species. The two species may be considered as potential bioindicators for sludge bulking.     

青藏东缘若尔盖高寒草甸中小型土壤动物群落特征及季节变化

中小型土壤动物是生态系统的重要组成部分。为了查明高寒草甸生态系统的中小型土壤动物群落特征及其变化动态,2008至2009年间,利用定位观测方法对青藏东缘若尔盖高寒草甸的中小型土壤动物进行了5次调查。结果为:(1)捕获中小型土壤动物9318只,隶属于3门7纲88类;平均密度为39941.67 个/m²;大类群中,线虫纲(Nematoda)的个体数占总个体数的91.50%,蛛形纲(Arachnida)(主要为蜱螨目)、弹尾纲(Collembola)、寡毛纲(Oligochaeta)和昆虫纲(Insecta)分别占3.73%、2.55%、1.12%和1.07%;(2)土壤动物的群落密度、类群数、密度-类群指数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数均有显著的季节差异(P<0.01或P<0.05),表明高寒草甸生态系统的中小型土壤动物群落多样性对季节变化具有高度敏感性;(3)线虫纲、蛛形纲、弹尾纲、寡毛纲和昆虫纲的密度变化趋势基本一致,并均有显著的季节差异(P<0.05);(4)各季节间的Sorensen群落相似性系数低于Morisita-Horn相似性系数,表明季节变化对群落物种组成的影响相对较强,对优势类群个体密度的影响相对较弱;(5)中小型土壤动物群落的类群数和密度,以及弹尾纲、寡毛纲和昆虫纲的密度均与温度有显著的负相关(P<0.01或P<0.05),线虫和蛛形纲的密度与温度和降水均有不显著的负相关(P>0.05)。研究结果表明若尔盖高寒草甸的中小型土壤动物群落组成和多样性具有明显的季节特征,而温度是影响其季节变化的最主要气候因素;另外,从温度、降水及其年间变化对中小型土壤动物的影响可知全球气候变暖在短期内将会对高寒草甸土壤动物群落产生不利的影响。     

Diversity of dark septate endophyte in the roots of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and its companion plants

Aims Dark septate endophytes (DSE) extensively colonize in plant root tissues in different ecosystems. However, our understanding of the ecological significance of DSE in semiarid and arid lands is limited. The main objective of this study was to compare the community composition and species diversity of DSE in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and its companion plants in desert habitats. Methods Healthy root samples of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus’s companion plants, Artemisia desertorum, Caragana rosea, Nitraria tangutorum and Caragana korshinskii, were collected separately from four main locations of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus plantation in Dengkou of Nei Mongol, Minqin of Gansu, Yinchuan and Shapotou of Ningxia in July 2013. Important findings A total of 103 strains belonging to seven species (i.e Alternaria, Curvularia, Embellisia, Phialocephala, Phoma, Podospora and Pleosporales) of DSE were isolated from the four types of companion plants by means of morphological identification and molecular identification. Among the seven genera, Alternaria, Embellisia, Curvularia and Podospora are found for the first time in desert ecosystems. Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and its companion plants at the same site had significantly different community composition of DSE. Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and its companion plants at different sites had significantly different DSE diversity index. The colonization and species richness of DSE, especially the species and the quantity of spores were higher in roots of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus than in its companion plants. This study supports the results that DSE can form a better symbiotic relationship with the roots of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus than with its companion plants, and can enhance the ecological adaptability of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus to the extreme desert environment.     

中国野生杜鹃花属植物名录与地理分布数据集

杜鹃花属(Rhododendron)植物分布广泛, 生存环境多样, 类群结构复杂, 深入分析其地理分布格局与特征, 可为种质资源保育和利用等提供依据。本文基于大量基础数据及文献资料, 更新了中国陆域分布的野生杜鹃花属植物物种名录, 统计了其物种多样性、组成成分等信息, 建立了中国野生杜鹃花属植物地理分布数据库, 旨在为种质资源调查及引种应用研究提供参考。截至2021年7月, 共记载7亚属720种(包括114变种、45亚种和2变型), 其中中国特有种450种。除宁夏和新疆干旱荒漠地带外, 中国其他各省区均有野生杜鹃花属分布, 其中云南省分布393种, 是省级尺度物种丰富度及特有性最高的区域; 其次为四川省(278种)及西藏自治区(271种)。县级尺度贡山独龙族怒族自治县与察隅县以134种并列物种丰富度第一, 其次是德钦县128种。     

Relationship between protozoan and metazoan communities and operation and performance parameters in a textile sewage activated sludge system

The present study aims at investigating the possibility of assessing performance and depuration conditions of an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant through an exploration of the microfauna. The plant, receiving textile industrial (70%) and domestic (30%) sewage, consists of a two-step biological depurating plant, with activated sludge followed by a percolating system. A total of 35 samples were analyzed during five months, and 30 taxa of protozoa and small metazoa were found. Epistylis rotans, Vorticella microstoma, Aspidisca cicada and Arcella sp. were the most frequent protozoa identified. Several significant correlations between biological, physical–chemical and operational parameters were determined, but no significant correlations could be established between biological parameters and removal efficiencies. The Sludge Biotic Index (SBI) reflected the overall state of the community but only presented statistically significant correlations with the influent total suspended solids (TSS), total suspended solids in mixed-liquor (MLTSS) and dissolved oxygen (DO). The determination of key groups and taxa along with general community parameters showed to have potential value as indicators of the depuration conditions. Despite the impossibility of correlating biological parameters and the removal efficiencies, the present study attests the value of the microfauna to assess the operation of the activated sludge systems even in the case of non-conventional plants and/or plants receiving industrial sewage.     

Pyrosequencing analysis of bacterial community and assembly in activated sludge samples from different geographic regions in China

In order to investigate if there are geographic differences of bacterial community in the activated sludge collected from different geographic regions (eastern, northwestern, and northern parts) of China and to determine the co-occurrence patterns of bacterial community, activated sludge samples were collected from 10 municipal wastewater treatment plants located in 8 cities in China. High-throughput pyrosequencing combined with the bioinformatics analysis were used to examine the bacterial community compositions in the activated sludge samples. The result of taxonomy classifier indicated that a total of 76 genera were commonly shared by more than 7 samples, which accounted for 62 to 96 % of the classified sequences in each sample. Even though some core genera existed in all examined activated sludge samples regardless of the sampling geographic location and treatment process, significant geographic differences of bacterial community compositions among the activated sludge samples were revealed by the nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and analyses of similarity (ANOSIM) analysis. A total of 165 pairs of significant and robust correlations (positive and negative) were identified from 61 bacterial genera based on the network analysis. The data obtained in this study could provide useful information to understand the bacterial community composition in geographically distributed wastewater treatment plants and discern the co-occurrence patterns of bacterial community.     

孑遗植物桫椤内生真菌的多样性与群落组成

桫椤为木本蕨类,在世界范围内属于濒危的孑遗植物,关于桫椤内生真菌的研究还未见报道。本文基于形态学特征和DNA序列分析技术,探讨了桫椤内生真菌多样性和群落组成。研究发现,桫椤组织中蕴藏着丰富的真菌资源,内生真菌定殖率达到87.6%;从桫椤的234个生活组织块中,分离到内生真菌291株,被鉴定为64个分类单元;桫椤组织中常见真菌种类大约占内生真菌的60%,其中铺散内曼菌Nemania diffusa表现出明显的分布优势;内生真菌总体多样性指数达到3.53的较高水平,并且表现出叶轴>根部>羽片>叶柄>茎皮的分布规律;分析不同组织中内生真菌的相似性系数和聚类结果,发现桫椤的组织性质影响内生真菌的组成和分布;根据物种累积曲线,现有的研究样本中超过80%的内生真菌已经被分离到,研究结果能够反映桫椤内生真菌的多样性和群落组成。通过分析桫椤的叶柄凋落物中真菌定殖率、丰度、多样性、相似性和真菌种类等特征性数值,表明凋落的桫椤组织中真菌的分布特征已经发生了明显改变。     

半干旱区锦鸡儿属植物根际土壤真菌群落多样性及驱动因素

为探究半干旱区锦鸡儿属植物根际土壤真菌群落多样性及其与生态因子的互作机制,本研究以不同生境下的中间锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿为对象,采用高通量测序技术分析了2种锦鸡儿根际土壤真菌多样性和群落结构组成及其驱动因素。结果表明: 2种锦鸡儿根际土壤真菌隶属于7门20纲43目66科78属。优势真菌门为子囊菌(37.7%)、担子菌(13.7%)和接合菌(4.3%)。在属水平上,青霉菌、地丝霉菌和被孢霉菌为优势属,且土壤中存在根内球囊霉菌和球囊霉菌。小叶锦鸡儿根际土壤真菌群落的Chao1、ACE和Simpson多样性指数显著高于中间锦鸡儿,且2种植物的根际土壤真菌群落结构差异显著。冗余分析结果表明,土壤有机碳、全氮、电导率、速效钾、海拔、全磷和干旱指数是影响土壤真菌多样性的主要生态因子。研究结果丰富了锦鸡儿属植物根际土壤微生物群落多样与生态因子的关系,可为深入理解半干旱区荒漠植物的生态适应机制提供参考。     

Naturally occurring populations of Bemisia tabaci, biotype B and associated natural enemies in agro-ecosystem in northern China

The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B was first found in southern China in 1994 and has since then become a pest of increasing importance throughout the nation. The population dynamics of this invasive species and the effect of natural enemies on its population dynamics were studied in commercial cotton fields during the summers of 2003 through 2005 in Langfang, Hebei (northern China). The abundance of Bemisia tabaci was found to increase rapidly in late July, and reached its first peak in mid-August, then followed by the second peak in early September. Whitefly populations subsequently declined slowly to attain a plateau after mid-September. A total of 13 natural enemy species were discovered in association with B. tabaci in cotton fields, including dominant species such as Chrysopa sinica Tjeder, Leis axyridis Pallas, Propylaea japonica Thunberg, Orius similis Zheng, and Eretmocerus sp. Caged experiments on velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medic, one of the preferred host plants of the insect, indicated higher B. tabaci population densities in small-mesh cages with exclusion of all natural enemies versus those in medium- and large-mesh cages, and the uncaged plants retained the lowest population densities of B. tabaci. While no natural enemies were observed in the small-mesh cages, natural enemies like Misumenopos tricuspiaata, Eretmocerus sp., Encarsia formosa Orius similis, Deraeocoris punctulatus and Scolothrips takahashii were found in medium- and/or large-mesh cages. Findings from this study suggest that under open-field conditions, various indigenous natural enemies of different sizes may act in concert in the suppression of B. tabaci populations.     

广西大青山次生林的群落特征及主要乔木种群的空间分布格局

本文依托广西友谊关森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站在大青山设置的1 ha长期监测样地, 分析了森林群落的物种组成、区系特征及乔木种群的径级结构, 并用点格局分析方法的O-ring统计对主要乔木植物种群的空间分布格局及其空间关联性进行了研究, 旨在深入探讨该区域次生林的物种多样性特点及其维持机制, 分析影响优势树种空间分布格局的可能因素。大青山次生林共调查到植物109种, 其中乔木58种、灌木29种、草本22种, 樟科为样地内物种最丰富的科, 区系组成以泛热带成分为主; 乔木树种的径级结构接近倒“J”形, 主要种群的个体集中分布于中小径级范围(1-5 cm), 林分结构合理, 更新良好。从物种多度、胸高断面积和重要值来看, 大叶栎(Quercus griffithii)和锈毛梭子果(Eberhardtia aurata)是群落中的共优种, 其个体数占总个体数的30.8%, 鸭公树(Neolitsea chuii)、广东琼楠(Beilschmiedia fordii)和尖连蕊茶(Camellia cuspidata)为群落的主要伴生树种。用完全随机模型不排除生境异质性的条件下, 主要种群多数呈聚集分布; 用异质性随机模型排除生境异质性的条件下, 主要种群的聚集程度显著下降, 仅在小尺度上呈聚集分布; 主要树种均在一定尺度上表现为两两间正相关, 且在0-50 m的大部分尺度上显示出相互独立的特点, 没有表现出负相关。     

齐云山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶群落多样性

为研究齐云山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶群落多样性, 2016年4月至2018年10月, 作者在江西齐云山国家级自然保护区不同生境选取5条长2,000 m的固定样线进行了每年6次、累计18次的蝶类多样性调查。共记录到蝴蝶6,946只, 隶属5科106属189种, 其中东洋界种类是优势类群(183种, 占总种数的96.8%)。蛱蝶科的种类最多(81种, 占42.9%), 其物种丰富度指数(R = 8.42)、多样性指数(H′= 3.21)和优势度指数(D = 0.60)较高, 属于优势类群。齐云山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶个体数从4月开始逐渐增加, 到6-7月基本稳定并维持到10月;物种数在4-10月基本稳定, 具有较高的多样性指数。保护区内不同生境观测样线的蝴蝶种类和数目有较大的差异: 针阔混交林的桐江样线蝴蝶种类(126种, 占66.7%)及数目(1,945只, 占28.2%)最多, 其物种丰富度指数(R = 16.51)最高; 常绿阔叶林的上十八垒样线蝴蝶数目相对较少(905只, 占13.0%), 但是蝴蝶种类相对较多(103种, 占54.5%), 所以多样性指数(H′= 3.93)和优势度指数(D = 0.85)较高; 农田和果园生境的三角潭样线由于生境简单且人为干扰强度较大, 蝴蝶物种数相对较少(97种, 占51.3%)。研究表明: 江西省齐云山国家级自然保护区的蝴蝶区系组成以东洋区为绝对主导的分布类型, 蝴蝶群落多样性与生境类型有明显的相关性, 季节性的农耕活动、除草剂农药的大量使用、寄主植物的大量砍伐等人类活动威胁到蝴蝶的多样性及蝶类群落结构的稳定性。     

罗霄山脉珍稀濒危重点保护野生植物的生存状况及保护策略

为加强对罗霄山脉地区珍稀濒危植物的保护和管理, 作者在对该区域的植被和植物区系全面调查的基础上, 针对珍稀濒危植物的组成、种群数量、生存状态等进行了深入调查和评估。结果表明: (1)整体上, 罗霄山脉各类珍稀濒危植物共59科142属279种, 其中: 被IUCN红色名录收录17种, 包括极危种(CR) 2种, 濒危种(EN) 3种, 易危种(VU) 12种; 被《中国生物多样性红色名录: 高等植物卷》收录的共105种, 包括极危种9种, 濒危种33种, 易危种63种; 被《国家重点保护野生植物名录》收录的共257种, 包括Ⅰ级8种, 即银杏(Ginkgo biloba)、资源冷杉(Abies beshanensis var. ziyuanensis)、南方红豆杉(Taxus wallichiana var. mairei)、莼菜(Brasenia schreberi)、伯乐树(Bretschneidera sinensis)、细叶石斛(Dendrobium hancockii)、铁皮石斛(D. officinale)、细茎石斛(D. moniliforme)等, II级249种; 被CITES收录的有71种。(2)在局部区域, 罗霄山脉自北至南由5条中型山脉组成, 其珍稀濒危植物的数量分布由北向南呈现梯级变化, 显示出与该地区植被和植物区系的丰富度和保存状况密切相关, 其中幕阜山脉147种、九岭山脉138种、武功山脉133种、万洋山脉207种、诸广山脉192种。(3)从珍稀濒危植物属种组成看, 保存有大量古老、孑遗和特有的类群, 并且受到气候和地理环境的影响, 其中有单型属19属, 中国特有种129种。本文针对各珍稀濒危植物的生存现状, 提出了按分布区域和濒危性质进行群落监测或适度进行人工干预等保护措施。     

分子检测技术对活性污泥中氨氧化细菌的比较研究

采用PCR扩增、随机克隆测序等技术,分析处理含高浓度氨氮的废水处理系统不同驯化时期的4个活性污泥样品,对样品中氨氧化细菌（AOB）的种类和氨单加氧酶（AMO）的活性进行分析比较,并在国内首次采用PCR变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）相结合的技术对样品中总的细菌类群的差异进行研究。结果表明所检测到的氨氧化细菌优势菌群均属于变形细菌的β亚类,与Nitrosomonas sp.具有较高的相似性。活性污泥驯化成熟后,废水处理系统中AMO的活性有明显提高,活性污泥中的细菌类群更加集中,优势菌群相对稳定,系统对废水的处理效率也相应提高。结果表明采用分子检测技术有利于更全面地了解AOB的类群和功能,进而改善废水处理系统的处理效果。     

华北地区主要灌丛群落物种组成及系统发育结构特征

灌丛在中国北方广泛分布, 研究其物种组成特征及构建机制对植被恢复有重要意义。群落系统发育结构能有效反映群落组成的生态过程, 对揭示群落构建机制具有重要作用。该研究利用华北地区自然植物群落资源综合考察数据库的灌丛数据, 分析了中国华北地区主要灌丛群落的分布情况、物种组成及其系统发育结构特征。同时, 结合WorldClim数据库中的气候因子利用逐步回归和一般线性模型分析了气温和降水对灌丛不同垂直结构层物种系统发育结构特征的影响。经统计, 共调查木本植物75科207属570种; 草本植物99科491属1 221种。按植被型和群系类型分类后, 共有5种植被型, 195个群系, 其中分布最多的群系类型为虎榛子(Ostryopsis davidiana)灌丛、荆条(Vitex negundo var. heterophylla)灌丛、荆条+酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba)灌丛和沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)灌丛。整体上, 草本层的物种丰富度高于灌木层。草本层的系统发育结构表现为发散模式, 而灌木层的系统发育结构表现为聚集模式, 且不同植被型灌丛的系统发育结构不同。气候因子的变化对灌木层和草本层系统发育结构都表现出了明显的影响, 但对灌木层的影响要强于对草本层的影响, 且气候因子和植被型、群系类型都有明显的交互作用。分析结果表明, 区域尺度上气温和降水的变化会影响灌丛群落不同结构层的系统发育结构特征, 且对不同的植被型和群系类型的影响不同。     

西南亚高山针叶林主要树种互作及增温对根区土壤微生物群落的影响

温度与植物种类是生态系统土壤微生物群落组成与结构的重要影响因子。气候变暖背景下, 不同树种及树种互作对土壤微生物群落产生的影响仍不清楚。该文以西南亚高山针叶林主要建群种粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)和岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)为研究对象, 采用红外加热器模拟增温, 通过不同种植方式(云杉、冷杉单种和二者混种, 以及裸地对照), 研究不同物种及增温对土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)含量与群落结构的影响。结果表明: (1)无论增温与否, 与裸地相比, 云杉与冷杉单种均显著增加了土壤微生物群落主要类群及总PLFAs含量, 而混种仅在非增温条件下增加了微生物群落PLFAs含量; 另一方面, 增温显著促进了裸地真菌(F)和云杉根区革兰氏阴性菌(GN)的生长, 但对冷杉与冷杉-云杉混种小区微生物群落具有显著的抑制作用。(2)主成分分析(PCA)表明, 非增温条件下, 植物种植对土壤微生物群落组成的影响更为明显。非增温情况下云杉、冷杉单种和混种均对微生物群落结构有显著影响, 显著降低了土壤革兰氏阳性菌/阴性菌(GP/GN), 增加了土壤真菌细菌比(F/B)(64.29%-35.71%), 而增温时, 仅冷杉单种对GP/GN和F/B有显著影响。(3) PLFAs含量与土壤碳含量显著正相关, 微生物群落结构(F/B)则与土壤pH及无机氮含量有显著相关关系。以上结果说明, 在非增温情况下, 无论单种还是混种均有利于土壤微生物生长, 但在增温情况下混种对微生物群落PLFAs含量无显著影响, 两个物种对微生物群落结构的影响在增温条件下也有减弱的趋势。     

The influence of hydrological regime and grazing management on the plant communities of a karst wetland (Skealoghan turlough) in Ireland

Question: What is the influence of hydrological regime, soils and management on the plant community composition and species richness of Skealoghan turlough (groundwater dependent calcareous wetland). Location: Skealoghan turlough, County Mayo, Ireland. Methods: Percentage cover of vascular plants and bryophytes were recorded, and data on hydrological regimes, soils and management were collected. Data were analysed using multivariate statistical techniques. Results: A total of 69 species of vascular plants and mosses were recorded. Cluster analysis grouped the samples into two separate communities, the Cirsio‐Molinietum and the Ranunculo‐Potentilletum anserinae plant communities. The plant community composition and species richness followed a main gradient down into the turlough basin, but also varied with microtopography, resulting in a mosaic of vegetation types. Conclusions: The biodiversity and conservation value of the site is linked to the heterogeneity in its physical environment in which hydrology, soils and grazing management all play critical roles.     

西北旱区甘草深色有隔内生真菌物种多样性及空间分布

为探明西北旱区甘草Glycyrrhiza uralensis根系深色有隔内生真菌（dark septate endophytes,DSE）生态分布和定殖状况,于2018年7月分别从甘肃安西、民勤和宁夏沙坡头地区采集甘草不同灌丛范围0-10cm和20-30cm土壤和根系样品,系统研究不同样地甘草灌丛内外DSE生态分布及其与土壤因子的相关性。结果表明,不同样地甘草均能被DSE高度侵染,形成典型深色有隔菌丝和微菌核结构。不同样地DSE定殖率差异显著,安西DSE总定殖率（43.34%）显著低于民勤（90%）和沙坡头（88.34%）样地。相关性分析表明,DSE定殖率主要与土壤速效磷、有机碳和碱性磷酸酶显著相关。共分离鉴定11属13种DSE,即Acrocalymma vagum、Alternaria longissima、Alternaria chlamydospora、Alternaria chlamydosporigena、Paraphoma chrysanthemicola、Darksidea alpha、Niesslia aemula、Tricharina ochroleuca、Acremonium nepalense、Fusarium solani、Preussia sp.、Leptosphaeria oraemaris和Ulocladium sp.。其中Acrocalymma vagum是甘草根系DSE优势菌种,为民勤和沙坡头共有种,而安西样地DSE物种多样性最高,共7种。主成分分析表明,安西DSE物种组成在0-10cm和20-30cm不同灌丛范围存在显著差异;单因素方差分析显示,安西和沙坡头DSE菌丝定殖率在距主干0-10cm显著高于20-30cm,说明荒漠环境灌丛覆盖对DSE真菌群落存在显著影响。方差分解结果表明,DSE定殖受样地空间分布、灌丛覆盖和土壤因子共同影响（74.91%）,而DSE种类组成更多依赖于样地异质性（84.46%）和土壤养分（87.82%）的作用。研究不同荒漠环境DSE定殖和群落组成差异,有助于充分理解DSE在旱区植物生长和植被恢复中的功能和意义。     

甘肃小陇山暖温带针阔混交林物种组成和群落结构

处于暖温带与亚热带过渡区的甘肃小陇山是我国重要的生物多样性保护区域之一。以甘肃小陇山建立的6 hm²暖温带针阔混交林森林动态样地为基础,以样地中所有胸径(DBH)≥1 cm的木本植物为对象,分析群落结构和物种组成,探讨物种对不同生境的选择偏好。结果表明: 样地内共有木本植物41735株,除去分枝和萌生的独立个体有29251株,共计124种,包含33科65属,其中重要值≥1的树种有28个,占总多度的82.9%。样地中重要值最大的前4个种依次是锐齿槲栎、白桦、小叶乌药和榛,也是该群落乔木层与灌木层的优势树种。样地内所有植株的径级分布整体表现为倒“J”型,群落自我更新良好。指示种分析发现,样地中有11个物种对不同生境表现出一定的偏好,其中2个物种(铁木和四蕊枫)表现出明显的生境偏好。冗余分析和偏分析表明,样地内的物种多度分布主要受地形影响。     

Effects of plant interspecific interaction and warming on soil microbial community in root zone soil of two dominant tree species in the subalpine coniferous forest in southwestern China

温度与植物种类是生态系统土壤微生物群落组成与结构的重要影响因子。气候变暖背景下, 不同树种及树种互作对土壤微生物群落产生的影响仍不清楚。该文以西南亚高山针叶林主要建群种粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)和岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)为研究对象, 采用红外加热器模拟增温, 通过不同种植方式(云杉、冷杉单种和二者混种, 以及裸地对照), 研究不同物种及增温对土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)含量与群落结构的影响。结果表明: (1)无论增温与否, 与裸地相比, 云杉与冷杉单种均显著增加了土壤微生物群落主要类群及总PLFAs含量, 而混种仅在非增温条件下增加了微生物群落PLFAs含量; 另一方面, 增温显著促进了裸地真菌(F)和云杉根区革兰氏阴性菌(GN)的生长, 但对冷杉与冷杉-云杉混种小区微生物群落具有显著的抑制作用。(2)主成分分析(PCA)表明, 非增温条件下, 植物种植对土壤微生物群落组成的影响更为明显。非增温情况下云杉、冷杉单种和混种均对微生物群落结构有显著影响, 显著降低了土壤革兰氏阳性菌/阴性菌(GP/GN), 增加了土壤真菌细菌比(F/B)(64.29%-35.71%), 而增温时, 仅冷杉单种对GP/GN和F/B有显著影响。(3) PLFAs含量与土壤碳含量显著正相关, 微生物群落结构(F/B)则与土壤pH及无机氮含量有显著相关关系。以上结果说明, 在非增温情况下, 无论单种还是混种均有利于土壤微生物生长, 但在增温情况下混种对微生物群落PLFAs含量无显著影响, 两个物种对微生物群落结构的影响在增温条件下也有减弱的趋势。