伸展蛋白的结构、功能、交联和生物合成

伸展蛋白是细胞壁中一类富含羟脯氨酸、具有Ser-Hyp-Hyp-(X)-Hyp-Hyp特征性结构单位的糖蛋白。它们不仅是初生壁的重要结构成分,而且在细胞的防御及抗病抗逆性中起作用。伸展蛋白过氧化物酶能在体外将伸展蛋白单体交联成多聚体。酪氨酸残基参与交联并形成异二酪氨酸(IDT)。伸展蛋白的合成和翻译后修饰分别在细胞质和内质网等膜系统中进行。     

天然维生素E的生物合成途径

概述了近些年来维生素E生物合成途径及其调控的研究进展.     

乳链菌肽的生物合成及其分子结构与功能的关系

乳链菌肽 (Ｎｉｓｉｎ)是乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种 (Ｌａｃｔｏｃｏｃｃｕｓｌａｃｔｉｓｓｕｂｓｐ.ｌａｃｔｉｓ)某些菌株产生的一种小肽 ,亦称之为乳酸链球菌肽或乳酸链球菌素。由于它对许多革兰氏阳性菌 ,包括葡萄球菌 (Ｓｔａｐｈｙｌｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ)、梭菌 (Ｃｌｏｓｔｒｉｄｉｕｍ)、芽孢杆菌 (Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ)、利斯特氏菌 (Ｌｉｓｔｅｒｉａ)等造成食品严重危害的腐败菌有强烈抑制作用 ,并对人体安全无毒 ,是人们广为应用的一种天然食品防腐剂 ,已被全世界 5 0多个国家和地区用于乳制品、罐头食品、植物蛋白食品、肉制品的防腐保鲜。…     

三烯生育酚生物学功能及合成调控研究进展

介绍了三烯生育酚的生物合成途径,重点综述了三烯生育酚在神经保护、抗癌、降低胆固醇以及抗氧化等方面的优越生物学功能,以及利用关键酶的高效表达和前体物质水平的提高等植物代谢工程手段提高植物体内三烯生育酚生物合成水平的研究进展。     

原花青素的生物合成途径、功能基因和代谢工程

原花青素（PA）广泛分布于高等植物中,与农作物的多种品质性状密切相关。虽长期受到关注,但其生物合成途径和主要功能基因的解析则是近年来随着拟南芥等植物突变体研究的深入才取得突破的。PA经公共苯丙烷。核心类黄酮一原花青素复合途径而合成,先后涉及12个关键酶（PAL、C4H、4CL、CHS、CHI、F3H、F3’H、DFR、LDOX／ANS、LAR、ANR、LAC）的催化反应和3种转运蛋白（GST、MATE、ATPase）的胞内转运,并有6种转录因子（WhD-ZF、MYB、bHLH、WD40、WRKY、MADS）参与调控PA的合成与积累。这些基因在拷贝数、表达特征、蛋白亚细胞定位、蛋白互作、突变体表型等方面具有显著特点。PA的代谢工程在牧草品质改良、农产品脱涩、油菜黄籽材料创新、葡萄和葡萄酒品质改良、茶多酚分子育种、作物抗病虫性提高、新型作物拓展等方向具有重要的应用前景,目前仅在少数方向有所启动,更待广泛关注和深入研究。     

植物抗坏血酸的生物合成、转运及其生物学功能

抗坏血酸是高等植物中普遍存在的小分子物质,在植物细胞对氧化胁迫的抵抗、细胞分裂和伸长中发挥着重要作用。它在线粒体中合成,然后被转运到其他细胞区间以发挥生理作用。在不同生物膜上可能存在不同的ASC转运体,这些转运体的存在可使ASC及其不同氧化还原态形式根据细胞生理状况的需要而在不同细胞区间转运。ASC的重要生理功能是与其氧化还原状态以及生物合成、代谢、再生和转运的相关酶类活性的变化密切相关的。本文简要综述了近年来人们在植物抗坏血酸生物合成、代谢、转运、逆境响应与植物生长发育中的研究进展。     

甘蓝型油菜γ-生育酚甲基转移酶基因的克隆和功能验证

采用RACE技术,从甘蓝型油菜中克隆出一含1044个碱基的开放阅读框架的γ-生育酚甲基转移酶(γ-TMT)基因全长cDNA。将其成熟蛋白编码区克隆进pET21b( )多克隆位点,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)CodonPlus中表达出一个分子量为36kDa的融合蛋白。酶学分析显示,重组酶具有γ-TMT活性。     

脂多糖:生物合成、跨膜转运及生物学功能

革兰阴性菌外膜外叶的脂多糖通常由类脂A、核心多糖、O-特异多糖三部分组成。最新的不同革兰阴性细菌的基因组数据方便了脂多糖生物合成的研究。大肠杆菌中与脂多糖生物合成及转运相关的基因及其编码的蛋白大多数已被鉴定出来,在大多数革兰阴性菌中都有这些基因信息。     

Structure and function of enzymes in heme biosynthesis

Tetrapyrroles like hemes, chlorophylls, and cobalamin are complex macrocycles which play essential roles in almost all living organisms. Heme serves as prosthetic group of many proteins involved in fundamental biological processes like respiration, photosynthesis, and the metabolism and transport of oxygen. Further, enzymes such as catalases, peroxidases, or cytochromes P450 rely on heme as essential cofactors. Heme is synthesized in most organisms via a highly conserved biosynthetic route. In humans, defects in heme biosynthesis lead to severe metabolic disorders called porphyrias. The elucidation of the 3D structures for all heme biosynthetic enzymes over the last decade provided new insights into their function and elucidated the structural basis of many known diseases. In terms of structure and function several rather unique proteins were revealed such as the V‐shaped glutamyl‐tRNA reductase, the dipyrromethane cofactor containing porphobilinogen deaminase, or the “Radical SAM enzyme” coproporphyrinogen III dehydrogenase. This review summarizes the current understanding of the structure–function relationship for all heme biosynthetic enzymes and their potential interactions in the cell.     

Biosynthesis of tocopherols: A re-examination of the biosynthesis and metabolism of 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinol

A number of previous studies of the involvement of 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinol in the biosynthesis of α-tocopherol have failed to take account of the fact that this quinol and its quinone have very similar chromatographic properties to those of 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinol and 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone respectively. It has now been shown that the two quinones can be separated from each other either by multidevelopment TLC or by HPLC and that the claims made earlier with regard to the biosynthesis and metabolism of 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinol in chloroplasts are correct. In particular, it has been established that this quinol is the only methyl phytylbenzoquinol formed from homogentisate and phytyl pyrophosphate in chloroplast preparations. It has also been shown for the first time that lettuce chloroplasts are able to synthesize ³H-labelled α- and γ-tocopherols from [methylene-³H] homogentisate.     

Structure and function of glutamyl-tRNA reductase,the first enzyme of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in plants and prokaryotes

Glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) catalyzes the first step of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in plants, archaea and most bacteria. The catalytic mechanism of the enzyme was elucidated both by biochemical data and the determination of the high-resolution crystal structure of the enzyme from the archaeon Methanopyrus kandleri in complex with a competitive inhibitor. The dimeric enzyme has an unusual V-shaped architecture where each monomer consists of three domains linked by a long `spinal' α-helix. The central catalytic domain specifically recognizes the glutamate moiety of the substrate. It bears a conserved cysteine poised to nucleophilically attack the activated aminoacyl bond of glutamyl-tRNA. Subsequently, the thioester intermediate is reduced to the product glutamate-1-semialdehyde via hydride transfer from NADPH supplied by the second domain. A structure-based sequence alignment indicates that catalytically essential amino acids are conserved throughout all GluTRs. Thus the catalytic mechanism derived for M. kandleri is common to all including plant GluTRs. Mutations described to influence the catalytic efficiency of the barley enzyme can therefore be explained. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Structure and biosynthesis of malloprenols from Mallotus japonicus

The mallo prenol isolated from the leaves of Mallotus japonicus was elucidated to be a mixture of (2Z,6Z, 10Z, 14Z, 18Z, 22Z, 26E, 30E, 34E)-3,7,11,15,19,23,27,31,35,39-decamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34,38-tetracontadecaen-1-ol and its C₄₅- and C₅₅-homologues and not the previously reported structure. The malloprenols were demonstrated to be biosynthesized by successive cis condensation of isoprene residues with (2E, 6E, 10E)-geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate.     

Hydrocarbons,sterols and tocopherols in the seeds of six Adansonia species

The composition of the unsaponifiable matter of the lipids of six Adansonia species (A. grandidieri, A. za, A. fony, A. madagascariensis, A. digitata and A. suarezensis) was investigated. The total unsaponifiable content, its general composition and the identity of the components of the hydrocarbon, sterol and tocopherol fractions are presented. The unsaponifiable content in oil ranges from 0.4 to 1.1% (hexane method) and from 0.6 to 2.2% (diethyl ether method). In two species (A. grandidieri and A. suarezensis) the major components are 4-demethylsterols (23–42%) tocopherols (37-10%) and hydrocarbons (15–17%). In both species examined, eight 4-demethylsterols occur in the sterol fraction with sitosterol (81–88%) being predominant. Among the four tocopherols present, γ-tocopherol (68–98%) is the major compound. Each Adansonia species shows a characteristic gas liquid chromatography pattern for the hydrocarbon fraction. Squalene is the major component for five species (40–75%). Iso-, anteiso- and other branched hydrocarbons were not identified but were present in small amounts in comparison with n-alkanes. The dominance of odd- over even-carbon number chain length of n-alkanes was not observed in any species. The results show that C₂₂, C₂₅, C₂₆, C₂₇, C₂₈ and C₂₉ are the most frequent major constituents.     

Structure and Functions of the Prokaryotic Elongation Factor G

Structural and functional data on elongation factor G (EF-G) are reviewed with regard to nucleotide exchange, GTP hydrolysis, mechanism of action of fusidic acid, and functional roles of the EF-G structural domains in translocation. Biochemical data are correlated with structural dynamics of the EF-G molecule on interaction with various ligands. Data on EF-Tu are also considered, as EF-G and EF-Tu share certain structural and functional features.     

Electron spin resonance studies of chromanoxyl radicals derived from tocopherols

Electron spin resonance measurements were performed for the chromanoxyl radicals obtained from -, β-, γ-, δ-tocopherol, tocol and their model compounds by oxidizing the phenol precursors with PbO₂ in toluene. The proton hyperfine coupling constants were determined, and the ‘experimental’ spin densities were evaluated from the hyperfine coupling constants. From the results, the methyl-substitution effects on the unpaired spin distribution and molecular structure of the chromanoxyl radicals have been studied.     

The intracellular distribution of tocopherols in Calendula officinalis leaves

From Calendula officinalis leaves, five cellular subtractions (chloroplasts, mitochondria, Golgi membranes, microsomes and cytosol) were obtained and their purity was checked. The contents of α-,γ- and δ-tocopherols were determined in these fractions. There were no tocopherols in Golgi membranes and cytosol. γ-Tocopherol and δ-tocopherol were found in the chloroplasts, mitochondria and microsomes, whereas α-tocopherol was present only in the chloroplasts.     

戊二酰亚胺类天然产物生物合成研究进展

微生物天然产物是天然药物的重要组成部分,而天然产物的良好生物活性很大程度上取决于发挥药效的结构基团.这些特殊药效基团的生物合成,通常是利用小分子羧酸、氨基酸等结构简单的初级代谢产物,经过复杂的生物化学过程,最终合成结构复杂活性多样的天然产物.戊二酰亚胺类天然产物是一类重要的细菌来源天然产物,它们具有良好的生物活性,是潜...