哺乳动物受精过程中精子和透明带的初级及次级结合

在哺乳动物的受精过程中,获能的精子穿过卵丘细胞层到达卵子透明带后,精子头部便结合在透明带的表面上.精子和透明带的结合可以分为初级结合和次级结合两个阶段,初级结合是指二者在顶体反应之前的结合,次级结合是指二者在顶体反应之后的结合.精子和透明带的结合是精子顶体反应和精子入卵的先决条件,是哺乳动物受精过程中非常重要的环节,涉及到精子以及透明带的多种蛋白质分子之间的相互作用.这方面的研究工作主要是以小鼠为实验对象进行的,在其他哺乳动物中也有很多报道.本文将主要以小鼠为例,概述哺乳动物受精过程中精子和透明带结合的分子机制,并兼述在二者的结合过程中透明带糖蛋白ZP3对精子顶体反应的诱导作用.     

大熊猫与金黄地鼠体外异种受精的研究

在大熊猫精子与地鼠卵的体外异种受精中,发现大熊猫精子穿入地鼠卵后可以激活受精卵产生极区,释放第二极体,受精卵内雌性原核形成。与此同时,地鼠卵的胞质也能促使大熊猫精子头发育成雄性原核,异种精卵间的相互作用与同种受精的相似。 细胞松弛素B能阻抑大熊猫雄性原核从地鼠卵皮层迁移到卵的中央,实验表明大熊猫雄性原核的迁移也受异种卵的微丝的控制。     

皱纹盘鲍受精过程的电镜观察

本文用透射电镜观察了皱纹盘鲍的受精过程。鲍卵子的胶膜使精子活化,并诱发了顶体反应,卵黄膜使顶体反应达到高潮。精子入卵后,卵发生皮层反应并形成受精膜开 减数分裂。此外,还观察到鲍的多精入卵现象。     

中华绒螯蟹的受精生物学（一）

中华绒螯蟹的精子无尾部,不能运动;其成熟卵为初级卵母细胞,无受精孔,精子可在卵的任何部位穿入卵内,精子入卵主要借顶体反应。虽多精着卵,但仅数精入卵,且单精受精。     

TELEOGRYLUS EMMA精子体外顶体反应的超微结构比较研究

采用相同种类卵水诱导的方法对直翅目,蟋蟀科,黄脸油葫芦的受精囊精子的顶体反应过程进行系统观察.发现黄脸油葫芦精子顶体反应可划分为3个阶段,第1阶段,精子质膜膨胀、断裂或丢失;第2阶段,顶体复合体的顶体外层与顶体本体外膜发生融合,囊泡化;第3阶段,顶体复合体大部分脱落,只留有短锥状的顶体位于核前端.据观察,蟋蟀精子质膜不参与囊泡形成,此结果与家蝇及哺乳类的猪、牛、绵羊、猕猴精子的顶体反应结果很相似.经过比较发现卵水对受精囊内精子的诱导率明显高于精巢内,据分析,可能与精子的生理成熟有关,即便受精囊内精子比精巢内精子更趋于成熟.与其他学者的实验结果相比,蟋蟀精子顶体反应率与家蝇的相似,但明显低于其他动物.这可能与动物的授精方式有关.     

小鼠精子注入兔卵母细胞受精研究

利用显微操作仪将小鼠精子注入家兔卵母细胞的胞质内和透明带下,对鼠兔异种精卵互作和异种受精胚胎的发育进行了研究,并对注射精子的数量及卵的体外成熟时间等影响鼠兔异种显微受精的因素进行了探讨,结果如下:(1)将小鼠精子分别注入兔卵胞质内和透明带下,均能激活兔卵母细胞,导致精核解聚和原核形成;(2)小鼠精子注入兔卵胞质内和透明带下受精,杂种胚胎体外培养能发育到8-细胞期;(3)鼠兔异种受精4-细胞胚胎染色体标本制备观察结果表明,它们为正常二倍体;(4)鼠兔异种受精4-细胞胚胎的超微结构观察结果表明,它们极近似兔正常4-细胞胚胎的超微结构;(5)将小鼠精子注入兔卵透明带下,注射5—10个精子组卵的受精率(32.4%)和卵裂率(16.2%)均高于注射单个精子组的,但二组间差异不显著(P>0.05);DM 15%NCS液中体外成熟培养11—12h兔卵透明带下注入1—2个小鼠精子后的受精率(42.3%)和卵裂率(30.8%)均高于体外成熟培养24—25h组的,但二组间差异未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。     

α-D-甘露糖残基在猪透明带中的分布及其在受精中的作用

为证明α-D-甘露糖残基在猪透明带中的分布及其在受精中的作用,用异硫氰酸荧光素络合小扁豆凝集素(fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled Lens culinaris,FITC-LCA,一种D-甘露糖特异结合植物凝集素)标记去除卵丘细胞的体外成熟猪卵母细胞,用于观察LCA的标记情况及体外受精,并用甘露聚糖进行体外受精的竞争抑制实验及检测对精子顶体反应的影响.结果显示,LCA均匀标记于整个透明带且呈强荧光反应;LCA标记能够显著减少透明带表面精子结合数量并几乎完全阻断卵母细胞的受精能力;甘露聚糖能够显著降低透明带精子结合数量和卵母细胞的受精率;甘露聚糖在精子培养的不同时间段上都能明显增加顶体反应的精子数量.这些结果表明,猪透明带糖蛋白上的α-D-甘露糖残基是精子受体的重要组成部分,它能够诱导精子发生顶体反应,促进精子侵入透明带.     

α-D-甘露糖残基在猪透明带中的分布及其

为证明α-D-甘露糖残基在猪透明带中的分布及其在受精中的作用, 用异硫氰酸荧光素络合小扁豆凝集素(fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled Lens culinaris, FITC-LCA,一种D-甘露糖特异结合植物凝集素)标记去除卵丘细胞的体外成熟猪卵母细胞, 用于观察LCA的标记情况及体外受精, 并用甘露聚糖进行体外受精的竞争抑制实验及检测对精子顶体反应的影响. 结果显示, LCA均匀标记于整个透明带且呈强荧光反应; LCA标记能够显著减少透明带表面精子结合数量并几乎完全阻断卵母细胞的受精能力; 甘露聚糖能够显著降低透明带精子结合数量和卵母细胞的受精率; 甘露聚糖在精子培养的不同时间段上都能明显增加顶体反应的精子数量. 这些结果表明, 猪透明带糖蛋白上的α-D-甘露糖残基是精子受体的重要组成部分, 它能够诱导精子发生顶体反应, 促进精子侵入透明带.     

透明带的精子受体在ZP3的O—糖链上

哺乳动物的受精过程主要包括几个步骤 ,精子与卵子相遇后 ,精子结合到卵透明带上 ,引起精子的顶体反应 ,随后精子穿透透明带与卵细胞融合受精。精卵结合具有种属特异性 ,这种特异性结合是由精子表面的特异蛋白和卵透明带糖蛋白通过受体配体模式进行的。但是 ,卵透明带上的什么物质与精子识别和结合呢 ?近 30年来 ,这一领域的研究很活跃 ,也取得了很大的进展。1 .小鼠透明带糖蛋白ＺＰ3作为精子受体透明带是卵细胞膜外的一层特殊的非细胞结构 ,是精子与卵细胞识别和结合的部位。小鼠和其它研究过的哺乳类的透明带都是由少数几种糖蛋白组成 ,…     

三疣梭子蟹精卵相互作用的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜技术观察了三疣梭子蟹的精卵相互作用。未受精成熟卵表面较光滑、无受精孔,但有许多微孔。成熟卵外被卵膜,内为卵母细胞。在卵自然产出后,精子迅速发生顶体反应使顶体囊外翻并压入卵膜,而核仍留于卵膜外,核辐射臂不收缩且仍附着于卵膜上。三疣梭子蟹为多精着卵和多精入卵膜。精子外翻顶体囊压入卵膜后,核辐射臂陆续回缩直至消失。作用于顶体丝上的卵母细胞主动拖精作用对入卵膜精子的进一步入卵、受精至关重要,环状卵膜突起的向心伸展也有一定的协助作用。探讨了着卵精子的顶体反应、精子入卵膜的机制及卵子在精子入卵过程中的作用     

Effect of the cumulus on in vitro fertilization of bovine matured oocytes

The effect of the cumulus on in vitro fertilization in bovines was examined. Follicular oocytes were cultured in medium 199 plus OCS and extra granulosa cells. Frozen-thawed bovine spermatozoa was separated by the swim-up technique, suspended in Talp medium and capacitated with heparin. Fresh sheep and goat semen was incubated for 4 h at room temperature, washed and spermatozoa were then suspended in Talp medium and capacitated by incubation at 38.5 °C and 5% CO₂ in air and heparin.

In experiment 1, cumulus-enclosed oocytes, denuded oocytes and denuded oocytes plus additional cumulus cells were incubated with a reduced concentration of bovine spermatozoa for 8 or 18 h. In Experiment 2, cumulus enclosed and denuded oocytes were incubated with bovine spermatozoa for 4, 6, 8 and 18 h using a sperm concentration adjusted to secure high fertilization rates. In Experiment 3, cumulus-enclosed and denuded bovine oocytes were incubated with either sheep or goat spermatozoa for 18 h. Fertilization rates were then calculated and compared statistically. The results showed that 1) the cumulus improved the fertilization rate only when cumulus cells were associated with the oocytes 2) the timing of sperm penetration was not modified by the cumulus and started at 4 h after sperm incubation and 3) the presence of the cumulus improved the heterologous fertilization rate only when sheep spermatozoa were used. The results suggest that the cumulus improves fertilization rate by providing a capacitation-inducing mechanism and by facilitating the interaction between capacitated spermatozoa and the zona pellucida surface.     

Cleavage development of bovine oocytes fertilized by sperm injection

Whole in vitro capacitated bovine spermatozoa were microinjected directly into the ooplasm of in vitro matured bovine oocytes in order to determine whether oocytes fertilized by sperm injection could undergo normal pronuclear formation and cleavage development. Immature oocytes recovered from follicles (2-5 mm) of unstimulated ovaries were cultured for 24-25 h in modified TCM 199 medium supplemented with heat-treated day 20 cow serum, luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol 17-B. In vitro capacitated, frozen-thawed spermatozoa were injected into the ooplasm, and the injected oocytes were cultured for an additional 24-28 h. Twenty-one percent (21/101) of the sperm-injected oocytes contained a sperm within the ooplasm; however, only 2% (2/101) cleaved. The remaining oocytes either did not contain a sperm or had degenerated. After oocyte activation induced by a 5 min incubation in 1 microM A23187, sperm nuclear decondensation occurred in the A23187-activated, injected oocytes but not in the unactivated, injected controls (37% vs. 0% after 3 h). Those injected, activated oocytes that contained a male pronucleus also exhibited a female pronucleus and second polar body. Furthermore, a significantly higher number (28%, 6/21) of the injected, activated oocytes cleaved to a two- to four-cell stage after 48 h than did the injected, unactivated oocytes (4%). These results indicate that, unlike hamster and rabbit oocytes, bovine oocytes are not sufficiently stimulated by the injection procedure to complete meiosis, but, upon activation by calcium ionophore, they will undergo normal-appearing cleavage development following fertilization by sperm injection.     

Activation of bovine oocytes matured in vitro by injection of bovine and human spermatozoa or their cytosolic fractions

The aim of this study was to investigate whether bovine spermatozoa possess so-called sperm factor in the cytosolic fraction (CF) which activates bovine oocytes, and whether bovine oocytes matured in vitro are activated by microinjection of CF extracted from spermatozoa of other species. In the first experiment, bovine and human spermatozoa were microinjected into ooplasm of bovine oocytes matured in vitro. Secondly, CF from bovine and human spermatozoa were injected into bovine oocytes. In the third, CF from human spermatozoa was injected into human unfertilised oocytes obtained 18-20 h after clinical intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). We found that microinjection of bovine spermatozoa into bovine oocytes induced oocyte activation, as shown by resumption of meiosis and formation of a female pronucleus, at a significantly higher rate than the bovine sham injection (63.0% vs 43.0%; p < 0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in activation rate between the human sperm injection (35.9%) and the human sham injection (22.9%). Furthermore, microinjection of bovine sperm CF into bovine oocytes induced oocyte activation at a significantly higher rate than the human CF injection or sham injection (75.9% vs 14.8%, 20.4%; p < 0.01). Formation of a single female pronucleus and second polar body extrusion was observed in 95.1% of activated oocytes after bovine sperm CF injection. When human sperm CF was injected into human unfertilised oocytes, the activation rate was significantly higher than following sham injection (76.9% vs 44.0%; p < 0.05). These results indicate the presence of sperm factor in bovine sperm CF which activate bovine oocytes, and suggest the possibility that sperm factor has species-specificity at least between bovine and human.     

精卵相互作用：诱发仓鼠精子顶体反应的部位

65只成年仓鼠经超排卵后,于排卵前人工授精。授精后6一7小时,收集输卵管壶腹部液(AF)、活动精子和卵子包括卵丘细胞(CM)基质和透明带(ZP),以相差显微镜检查精子顶体帽状态。在AF中有65.3％精子顶体帽发生改变;顶体反应(AR)率随着精子穿过CM而增加(73.7％);当精子到达ZP后,97.1％精子完成AR。25只仓鼠体外授精表明,获能精子在CM内游动或穿过CM时,顶体帽发生改变,可达到71.4％,但AR百分率甚低。当精子到达ZP后约30分钟完成AR。虽然单独的CM不能诱发体外仓鼠精子发生AR,但它可引起精子AR的早期阶段发生改变,并协同ZP促进获能精子完成AR。同样地,可溶性CM和ZP及其复合物可明显地激发体外仓鼠精子AR。但豚鼠ZP则无此作用。这些结果提示:AF是AR早期阶段的发生部位,而CM和ZP是体内仓鼠精子AR的主要部位;CM和ZP复合物是体外精子AR的诱导者。     

Ultrastructural studies of developing goat oocytes in vitro

The structure and distribution of organelles within developing goat oocytes at various stages of incubation were studied. In oocytes with 5 or more layers of cumulus cells, at 0 h of incubation, the zona pellucida had developed although zonation was not evident. Lipid bodies were present but no mitochondria were observed. At 20 h, the zona pellucida had differentiated into thicker and thinner regions. Clusters of membrane-bound electron-transparent bodies were present in the perivitelline space. The mitochondria were fully developed, distributed evenly and usually in close proximity with dilated endoplasmic reticula. Cortical granules were distributed at the periphery. At 40 h of incubation, a number of mitochondria was hooded. In oocytes of 2 to 4 layers of cumulus cells at 0 h, the zona pellucida was penetrated by cumulus cell processes, and the mitochondria were not well developed. However, in 20-h incubated oocytes, fully developed mitochondria, many of which were hooded, could be observed. Clusters of membrane-bound electron-transparent bodies were also observed, while cortical granules were at the periphery. In cumulus-free oocytes, zonation within the zona pellucida was indistinct. Very few vesicles and lipid bodies were observed. At 20 h, mitochondria were sparsely distributed and were not well developed and lacked cristae. At 40 h, the zona pellucida was less compact, and the membrane-bound electron-transparent bodies were less numerous compared with those of the other groups. Endoplasmic reticula were not dilated, and cortical granules were few and had no definite pattern of distribution.     

Effect of oviductal and cumulus cells on zona pellucida and cortical granules of porcine oocytes fertilized in vitro with epididymal spermatozoa

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of porcine oviductal epithelial cell (POEC) monolayers and cumulus cells on the zona pellucida (ZP) and cortical granules (CG) of in vitro matured porcine oocytes. Denuded and cumulus-enclosed oocytes were exposed to POEC before or during in vitro fertilization (IVF). The functional effects of the co-culture system were the tested on the ZP resistance, measured by the time necessary to dissolve the ZP with 0.1% pronase, and the distribution and density of the cortical granules. CG density in the equator and cortex of each oocyte was evaluated by confocal microscopy after staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled peanut agglutinin (FITC-PNA). Both variables were assessed immediately after an in vitro maturation period (IVM group), 3 and 6h after culture with or without (Control) oviductal cells (Experiment 1) and 3h after insemination with frozen-thawed epididymal spermatozoa in the presence or absence (Control) of oviductal cells (Experiment 2). The time to dissolve the ZP of oocytes from IVM group was 440.4 +/- 61.7 s and no difference was observed among groups in Experiment 1. In contrast, the density of CG was affected; oocytes pre-incubated for 6h had a higher density than those pre-incubated for 3 h (P <0.001). Oocytes fertilized in vitro in the presence of POEC (Experiment 2) had a similar ZP digestion time as control oocytes 3 h after insemination. The presence of POEC during IVF as well as the presence of cumulus cells had no effect on the density and distribution of CG. However, a significant decrease in the density of CG was observed in the fertilized oocytes compared to in vitro matured oocytes (P <0.001). It is concluded that under the conditions employed the oviductal and cumulus cells in the perifertilization period had no effect on ZP hardening and CG density. However, an increase in CG density was observed when oocytes were maintained in culture. In addition, no hardening of ZP was observed after IVF, and denuded and cumulus-enclosed oocytes showed similar cortical reactions after insemination with epididymal spermatozoa regardless of the presence of POEC.     

Structural changes in bovine oocytes during final maturation in vivo

On the basis of structural observations bovine oocytes were grouped into four successive classed: 0, those before the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge; 1, those up to 8 h following the LH peak level; 2, those between 8 and 19 h after the LH peak level; and 3, those between 19 h after the LH peak level and ovulation. Oocytes in class 0 had mitochondria located in a generally peripheral position. Interior to the mitochondria were elements of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and numerous membrane-bound vesicles which bore ribosome-like particles on their outer surface. The first visible changesater the LH peak level as seen in class 1 were the formation of the periviteline space with loss of contact between the cumulus cells and the oocyte, and ruffing of the nuclear envelope. These changes were followed b the resumption of meiosis as defined by germinal-vesicle breakdown (GVBD), the disappearance of RER, and the formation fo clusters of mitochondria in association with lipid droplets and elementrs of smooth endolasmic reticulum (SER). The period between 8 and 19 h following LH peak level (class 2) was characterized by intensive clustering of mitochoncria in association with lipid droplets and elements of SER, conversion of lipid, fusion of vesicles, and the appearance of ribosomes in the cytoplasm. During the final stage (class 3), the polar body was extruded, the mitochondria dispersed, and the majority of the organelles became located toward the center of the cell. The relatively organelle-free cortical region contained cortical granules immediately adjacent to the plasma membrane together with aggregates of tubular SER. The structural changes are discussed in the context of follicular steroidogenesis and oocyte developmental competence.     

Glucose requirement at different developmental stages of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos cultured in semi-defined medium

Three experiments were conducted in which 2-cell bovine embryos were prepared from oocytes, obtained from abattoir ovaries, by in-vitro maturation for 22 to 24 hours, followed by exposure to spermatozoa for 8 hours and culture for 40 hours within the cumulus. The cumulus cells were then removed, and the cleaved embryos were cultured for a further 120 hours or longer, in the presence or absence of glucose, pyruvate and lactate. Very few embryos developed in the complete absence of energy substrates. Lactate and pyruvate, alone or combined, supported development to the 8-cell stage, but pyruvate was required to support development to the morula stage (Experiment 1). When present throughout culture or when added at 48 or 96 hours postinsemination, 5.56 mM glucose was detrimental to development (Experiments 1 and 2). However, when added at 120 hours postinsemination, 5.56 mM glucose improved development to the blastocyst and expanded blastocyst stages, compared with no glucose or 11.12 mM glucose (Experiment 3).     

The effect of in-situ nerve growth factor from different biological sources on the reinitiation of mouse oocyte meiotic maturation in culture and on parthenogenetic activation

We studied the capacity of mouse oocytes to complete meiotic maturation in vitro and form the female pronucleus upon parthenogenetic activation by cycloheximide, in response to a single injection into the mouse ovaries in situ of a purified fraction of 2.5 S NGF from mouse submaxillary glands and beta-NGF from bovine sperm. Injection of NGF from both sources at 10 ng/ml with subsequent incubation of the ovaries for 1 h increased the capacity of matured oocytes for parthenogenetic formation of the pronucleus. The frequency of pronucleus formation in both "naked oocyte" and oocytes surrounded by the cumulus cells was four times that in the control.     

Penetration of bovine follicular oocytes by frozen-thawed spermatozoa in the presence of caffeine and heparin

Bovine follicular oocytes matured in culture were inseminated with frozen-thawed spermatozoa which were either preincubated for 5-5.5 h or not preincubated in a medium with caffeine (5 mM) and heparin (10 micrograms/ml). When the oocytes with cumulus and corona cells were inseminated, spermatozoa started to penetrate oocytes 3 h later regardless of whether spermatozoa were preincubated or not. However, a significantly higher proportion of oocytes was penetrated by preincubated than non-preincubated spermatozoa. When the oocytes were freed from cumulus and corona cells, penetration was observed to start 1 h after insemination and there were no differences in penetration rates 1-5 h after insemination between preincubated and non-preincubated spermatozoa. This study demonstrates that capacitation and the acrosome reaction of bovine spermatozoa can be induced within 1 h in a medium containing both caffeine and heparin when denuded oocytes are inseminated.