广西区西南桦天然居群遗传多样性的研究

 以采自广西区11个西南桦(Betula alnoides)天然居群的种子培育出的幼苗为材料,取其嫩叶开展21种酶系统的水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳实验,运用作者改进的Tris-马来酸提取缓冲液 (含30%PVP 40 000和1%2-巯基乙醇),筛选出AMP(氨基肽酶Aminopeptidase)、FBA(果糖二磷酸酶Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase)、GDH(谷氨酸脱氢酶Glutamate dehydrogenase)、G6PD(6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase)、IDH(异柠檬酸脱氢酶Isocitrate dehydrogenase)、MDH(苹果酸脱氢酶Malate dehydrogenase)、PGD(6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase)、PGI(磷酸葡萄糖异构酶Phosphoglucoisomerase)、PGM(磷酸葡萄糖变位酶Phosphoglucomutase)和SKD(莽草酸脱氢酶Shikimate dehydrogenase)等10种酶,获得了清晰且可重复的酶谱。通过谱带遗传分析确定了15个位点,其中有6个单态位点,9个多态位点 (0.95标准),具40个等位基因。在居群水平上,西南桦的多态位点百分数 (P) 为55.2%,平均每个位点的等位基因数 (A) 为2.00,平均预期杂合度 (He) 为0.204。均超过Hamrick (1992)等提出的远交风媒木本植物的平均值(53.0%,184%和0154),表明西南桦的遗传变异水平高。在11个西南桦居群内,实际杂合度 (Ho)均高于预期杂合度,出现杂合子过量,可能存在利于杂合子的自然选择。西南桦遗传多样性与地理位置相关不显著。居群2 (靖西地州)、5 (平果海城)、9 (田林者苗) 包含绝大部分的等位基因,而且具较高的遗传多样性,应加以保护和管理,作为其基因资源就地保存的基地。本研究解决了以西南桦嫩叶为材料进行等位酶分析的关键技术,为进一步开展西南桦乃至桦木属树种的遗传结构和遗传多样性等提供了技术基础;同时掌握了西南桦天然居群的遗传多样性现状,为其有效保护和合理经营以及西南桦的遗传改良提供了理论依据。     

四川省凉山彝族自治州南部三县苦荞麦栽培居群的遗传多样性研究

采用等位酶电泳 技术测定了四川省凉山彝族自治州南部金阳、雷波和米易３县的苦荞麦「Ｆａｇｏｐｙｒｕｍ ｔａｔａｒｉｃｕｍ（Ｌ．）Ｇａｅｒｔｎ．」８个栽培居群的遗传多样性和分化,结合农业生物学性状进行了分析。苦荞麦居群的遗传多样性水平较高,每个位点的等位基因平均数为１．８,多态位点比率为４６．６％,平均实际杂合度和预期杂合度分别为０．１８７和０．２１８,ＦＳＴ值为０．２２,居群间存在较明显的遗传分化,     

青岛耐冬山茶的多样性 (Ⅱ)——居群的遗传多样性分析

采用等位酶电泳技术,检测了青岛近海岛屿--长门岩岛、大管岛和浙江普陀山的天然山茶居群的遗传状况,并与青岛植物园和杭州植物园的栽培山茶居群作了比较。分析结果表明：青岛近海岛屿山茶居群内的遗传多样性水平较高,每个位点的等位基因平均数为2.3,多态位点比率为83.3%,平均观察杂合度与期望杂合度分别为0.245及0.320,这个结果可以为青岛耐冬山茶的保护提供依据。为了探讨形态分化与等位酶变异之间的关系,对山茶居群内一些形态特殊类型的酶谱作了比较。     

遗传多样性概述

遗传多样性作为生物多样性的重要组成部分,是物种多样性、生态系统多样性和景观多样性的基础。随着研究方法和实验技术的发展,遗传多样性研究从形态学水平、细胞学（染色体）水平、生理生化水平逐渐发展到分子水平。形态标记、细胞学标记、等位酶分析、DNA多态性分析等方法,为我们研究遗传多样性提供了有效的工具。特别是DNA多态性分析是一种更为直接而有效的方法。     

四个不同地理区域的库蚊复合组居群的遗传多样性研究

库蚊种群在农药强选择压下的生存及抗性进化是与其种群的遗传多样性密切相关的。本文主要从居群的遗传多样性角度出发 ,研究其抗性遗传行为。分别对采自 4个不同地理区域的库蚊复合组样群 ,采用水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳的方法 ,分析了 3个酶系统 (苹果酸酶Me、苹果酸脱氢酶Mdh、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶Gpd) ,获得了 5个位点共 2 7个等位基因的资料。并计算了 4个库蚊居群的遗传多样性指标为 (A ,P ,He,Ho) ,同时分析了 5种居群间的遗传距离。分析结果表明 :遗传多样性主要存在于各居群之内 (FIS=0 .5 4 37) ,但居群之间的遗传分化程度也相对较大 (Gst =0 .4 498)。     

西藏特有植物砂生槐天然居群遗传多样性研究

采用等位酶淀粉凝胶电泳技术对西藏雅鲁藏布江中游砂生槐 (Sophoramoorcroftiana) 10个天然居群的遗传多样性进行了研究。 13个酶系统 2 4个酶位点 ( 46个等位基因 )的检测结果表明 ,砂生槐具较低的遗传变异水平。居群水平上的遗传多样性指标分别为 :多态位点百分率Pp =2 5 .0 %～ 37.5 % ,等位基因平均数Ap=1.3～ 1.7,平均期望杂合度Hep=0 .112～ 0 .16 9;种水平上的遗传多样性 (Ps=37.5 % ,As=1.9,Hes=0 .171)低于长寿命木本被子植物的平均值 (Ps=5 9.5 % ,As=2 .10 ,Hes=0 .183)。居群遗传结构的分析显示 ,10个居群中随机交配的偏差为FIS=- 0 .0 0 71,表明砂生槐在居群水平上存在轻微的杂合子过量现象 ,偏离了Hardy Weinberg平衡 ;FST=0 .1748,表明砂生槐是居群间分化较大的一类多年生木本植物 ,主要原因是环境恶化和人类活动干扰 (过度砍伐、放牧等 )导致其生境片断化 ,从而影响了居群间基因交流而造成基因流水平较低 (Nm =1.180 2 )。砂生槐高海拔居群H2 (谢通门 )、H31(江当 1)、H32 (江当 2 )、H5 (朗塞岭 )包含着绝大部分等位基因 ,显示了相对较高的遗传多样性水平 ,应加以保护和管理 ,作为砂生槐种质资源就地保存的基地。     

四川省凉山州北部栽培苦荞麦的遗传多样性研究

用等位酶电泳技术测定了四川省凉山彝族自治州北部越西和甘洛２县的苦荞麦「Ｆａｇｏｐｙｒｕｍ ｔａｔａｑｒｉｃｕｍ（Ｌ．）Ｇａｅｒｔｎ．」１７个栽培居群的遗传多样性和分化,结合农业生物学性状进行了分析。对７个酶系统的１５个位点的检测表明,苦荞麦居群内的遗传多样性水平高于该州南部的苦荞麦和其他地区甜荞麦,每个位点的等位基因平均数为１．９,多态位点比率为５２．１％,平均实际杂合度和预期杂合度分别为０．１９     

小慈姑的遗传多样性和居群分化

小慈姑是中国南部狭域分布的易危水生植物。采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和等位酶分析方法,研究了该种江西东乡、湖南茶陵、广西桂林和福建武夷山4个地点的8个自然居群的遗传分化及其与地理位置的相关性。9个酶系统18个等位酶位点的检测结果表明,小慈姑有较高水平的遗传多样性:多态位点百分率P=16.67%—38.89%,平均每位点等位基因数A=1.278—1.833,平均预期杂合度He=0.0941—0.1928,平均观察杂合度Ho=0.1461—0.2127。居群之间有较高的遗传一致度I=0.7161—0.9965。根据Nei s遗传距离所作出的聚类分析显示,同地居群之间有较紧密的遗传关系,居群间的遗传分化与空间距离呈正相关。     

遗传多样性研究进展

１遗传多样性的含义遗传多样性作为生物多样性的重要组成部分,是生态系统多样性和物种多样性的基础一方面,任何物种都具有其独特的基因库和遗传组织形式,物种的多样性也就显示了基因的多样性［１６］;另一方面,物种是构成生物群落进而组成生态系统的基本单元,生态系...     

苔藓植物遗传多样性研究现状

苔藓植物具有丰富的遗传多样性 ,本文分别从形态学、细胞学、生化水平和分子水平阐述其遗传多样性的研究现状。     

Allozymic variability in Centaurea tenorei Guss. ex Lacaita and in other species of C. parlatoris Heldr. group (Asteraceae)

ABSTRACT

The genetic diversity in Centaurea tenorei Guss. ex Lacaita, an endemic species of the “Penisola Sorrentina” (Campania region, Italy), was assessed by comparing the allozymic polymorphisms of its populations, hitherto considered as different formae of this taxon. These forms are discontinuously distributed along the coasts (C. tenorei fo. maritima) and on the internal reliefs (fo. tenorei and fo. montaltensis). Based on unpublished data, C. tenorei fo. tenorei is diploid while the others are tetraploid. In order to compare C. tenorei with the Italian congeneric, strictly related species, this analysis was extended to at least one population of all the other species enclosed in the C. parlatoris Heldr. group, in particular C. parlatoris, C. scannensis and C. ambigua, all known to be diploid. Our results point to a very low genetic diversity (He=0.08; 0.14) in fo. tenorei and fo. montaltensis, while fo. maritima (He=0.26) exhibits levels of allozymic variability similar to those observed in the other populations examined. Moreover, Wright's F statistics suggest a high inbreeding level (F_is=0.42) and a low genetic flow (F_st=0.34) among C. tenorei populations. We propose that the differences among the three forms of C. tenorei may depend upon their population size, mating system and different ploidy level. However, since they fail to form a unique group in the cluster analysis, it is suggested that a probable reticulate evolution obscures the relationships among the examined taxa, which, in any case, started to diverge only in recent times.     

Population genetics of Dioon edule Lindl. (Zamiaceae, Cycadales): biogeographical and evolutionary implications

Dioon edule Lindl. (Zamiaceae) is a cycad endemic to Mexico, that occurs as one species D. edule and the geographical variety D. edule var. angustifolium (Miq.) Miq. Dioon edule has a north to south distribution in eastern Mexico. In this study, we analysed 14 allozymic loci in eight populations of D. edule from its total distribution range by sampling all known populations. Patterns of diversity and genetic variability, within and among populations, were obtained. The mean number of alleles per locus ( A ) was 1.44 and the percentage of polymorphic loci was relatively high ( P  = 54.78). The mean observed ( H _O ) and expected heterozygosity ( H _E ) were 0.27 and 0.24, respectively. F -statistics revealed an excess of heterozygous genotypes, locally and globally ( F  = −0.17 and f  = −0.27, respectively). The genetic variation explained by differences among populations was only 7.5%. We also detected a negative relationship between genetic diversity and latitude. On average, the gene flow between population pairs was relatively high ( Nm  = 2.98); furthermore, gene flow between population pairs was significantly correlated with geographical distances ( r  = −0.38, P  = 0.025). Therefore, patterns of genetic diversity in D. edule appear to be associated with the post-Pleistocene spread of the species, from its southerly (origin) to its northerly range (derived populations, including its central distribution). The biogeographical and evolutionary aspects of the results of this study are discussed. We recognize Dioon angustifolium Miq. for the northernmost disjunct populations.  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 80 , 457–467     

Analysis of founder representation in pedigrees: Founder equivalents and founder genome equivalents

The concepts of “founder equivalent” and “founder genome equivalent” are introduced to facilitate analysis of the founding stocks of captive or other populations for which pedigrees are available. The founder equivalents of a population are the number of equally contributing founders that would be expected to produce the same genetic diversity as in the population under study. Unequal genetic contributions by founders decrease the founder equivalents, portend greater inbreeding in future generations than would be necessary, and reflect a greater loss of the genetic diversity initially present in the founders. The number of founder genome equivalents of a population is that number of equally contributing founders with no random loss of founder alleles in descendants that would be expected to produce the same genetic diversity as in the population under study. The number of founder genome equivalents is approximately that number of wild-caught animals that would be needed to obtain the same amount of genetic diversity as is in the descendant captive population. Founder equivalents and founder genome equivalents allow comparison of the genetic merits of adding new wild-caught stock vs. further equalizing founder representations in a captive population.     

Differentiation of Xanthomonas species by PCR-RFLP of rpfB and atpD genes

The genetic characterization of Xanthomonas species remains a challenge. Several DNA-based techniques have been previously employed, including the analysis of the 16S rRNA and 16S-23S rRNA genes in order to differentiate and classify the Xanthomonas species. However, several species could not be distinguished in these studies, due to the high degree of conservation of these molecular markers. In order to obtain more efficient markers, and to better understand the phylogenetic relationships between the Xanthomonas species, two genes commonly found in the different species have been analyzed. The genes rpfB and atpD involved in the regulation of pathogenicity factors and in the synthesis of ATP, respectively, were amplified in Xanthomonas species and further analyzed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Dendrograms with the data sets of the rpfB and atpD analyzed separately and combined were constructed. The results obtained revealed that several Xanthomonas species, previously grouped together, could be successfully distinguished using these markers. The results obtained herein provide an alternative method for the distinction of the Xanthomonas species and contribute to a better understanding of the genetic and phylogenetic relationships of Xanthomonas.     

Measurement and classification of genetic diversity in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)

Eighteen accessions of okra of diverse ecological background were evaluated for genetic variability through the techniques of coefficient of racial likeness (CRL) and principal coordinate analysis (PCO). The variation patterns among the accessions were classified by using the techniques of metroglyph analysis and single-linkage cluster analysis. CRL and PCO produced similar results on the diversity of the accessions but the grouping of the accessions by metroglyph analysis and SLCA produced different results. The usefulness of metroglyph analysis depends on the amount of variation accounted for by the two principal characters on which the two co-ordinate axes are constructed. The techniques are compared.     

悬钩子皮下盘菌种内遗传多样性的RAPD分子标记

对悬钩子皮下盘菌(Hypoderma rubi)15个菌株进行RAPD分析,从RAPD-PCR扩增结果得知此菌种内遗传多样性丰富。利用DPS软件,根据类平均法(UPGMA)对各菌株构建遗传距离聚类图。结果是15个菌株在遗传距离4．84水平上被分为3大类:第一类包括8个菌株,寄主相同的菌株和采集地相同的菌株分别优先聚在一起;第二类包含3个菌株,它们均采自同一地点,亲缘关系相近的菌株被优先聚类;第三类包括4个菌株,也是寄主相同的菌株优先聚在一起。该结果表明,寄主和采集地对悬钩子皮下盘菌种内亲缘关系均产生影响,且寄主的影响较大。另外,菌株间差异与寄生部位无明显相关性。