洞庭湖区社鼠脏器重量的比较

对洞庭湖区社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)野外自然种群脏器的重量指标进行了测定,并比较了其在年龄组、性别、季节及生境间的差异。结果表明,社鼠内脏(心、肺、肝、脾、肾脏)随着年龄组的增加,重量有明显的增加,其重量与体重有极其显著的相关性。两性间的脏器重量指标没有显著性差异。脏器季节变化的共同特征是夏季脏器重量较低,四季间比较,仅有心脏重量有显著的季节变化。生境间心脏和肾脏重量的变化相对较大,达显著水平。参与繁殖与未参与繁殖的雌鼠相比,心、肺、肝、肾脏的各项指标均较高,脾脏则相反,但均未有显著性差异。总的来看,洞庭湖社鼠种群的脏器指标相对稳定,尽管重量指标随着年龄组而增加,受性别、季节、生境及繁殖行为的影响相对较小。     

草地螟雄蛾生殖系统的形态和结构

针对目前关于草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.雄成虫生殖系统结构和功能的研究相对缺乏的状况,本文利用光镜和扫描电镜系统研究了草地螟雄蛾的内外生殖器官及相关结构。草地螟雄蛾内外生殖器官集中于腹部第5¹0腹节;内生殖器官位于510腹节;内生殖器官位于5⁸腹节内腔中,由睾丸(testes)、贮精囊(seminal vesicle)、输精管(vas deferens)、附腺(accessory gland)和射精管(ejaculatory ducts)组成;外生殖器官为腹部第9、10腹节的特化结构,包括抱握器(harpes)、背兜(tegumen)、基腹弧(vinculum)、钩形突(uncus)、颚形突(gnathos)、阳茎囊(aedeagal caecum)和阳茎(phallus)。外生殖器中抱握器的端刺(furcella)方向为雄蛾区别于其它种类的一个重要形态学特征。该研究首次明确了草地螟雄蛾的生殖系统结构,并为锥额野螟蛾属中种间分类提供更多的科学依据。     

On the role of the engrailed+ gene in the internal organs of Drosophila.

Our purpose is to assess the effects of lethal alleles of engrailed on cells of the internal organs of Drosophila. Using nuclear transplantation we make mosaic flies that contain regions made by engrailed-lethal cells that are genetically labelled. We find that engrailed-lethal cells cause defects in some parts of the epidermis and central nervous system. Most of the internal organs of the fly are assessed and of those, all organs and tissues derived from the endoderm or the splanchnic and somatic mesoderm are normal; flies carrying engrailed-lethal cells in large areas of these organs are viable. We postulate that segments of the mesoderm are single units of cell lineage and that, unlike the ectoderm, they are not subdivided into anterior and posterior compartments.     

Variation of organ position in snakes

The complex and successful evolutionary history of snakes produced variation in the position and structure of internal organs. Gravity strongly influences hemodynamics, and the impact on structure and function of the cardiovascular system, including pulmonary circulation, is well established. Therefore, we hypothesized that interspecific variation in the position of the heart and vascular (faveolar) lung should exceed that of other internal organs that are less sensitive to gravity. We examined the position of selected internal organs in 72 snakes representing 5 families and 13 species including fully aquatic and scansorial/arboreal species, representing the extremes of gravitational influence. Tests for differences of variance and coefficients of variation largely confirm that interspecific variation in position of the heart and vascular lung generally exceed those of other organs that we measured, particularly posterior organs. The variance of heart position generally exceeded that of more posterior organs, was similar to that of the anterior margin of the vascular lung, and was exceeded by that of the posterior margin of the vascular lung (variance ratio = 0.23). The gravity-sensitive vascular lung exhibited the greatest variation of any organ. Importantly, these findings corroborate previous research demonstrating the influence of gravity on cardiopulmonary morphology. Snakes offer useful model systems to help understand the adaptation of organs to a spectrum of conditions related to diversity of behavior and habitat across a broad range of related taxa.     

种群密度效应对成年东方田鼠内脏器官的影响

为了研究种群密度对东方田鼠(Microtus fortis)内脏器官(心、肺、肝、脾、肾、肾上腺)的影响,随机选取稳定的同性别饲养群的成年东方田鼠258只,雌雄各半,分A组30笼:2只/笼,B组15笼:4只/笼,C组11笼:6只/笼和D组9笼:8只/笼共4个密度组,饲养90d后解剖,取内脏器官,称重以及测定血浆皮质醇浓度并进行比较。结果表明:在相同密度内,除B组孕鼠的肝脏重较未孕鼠有极显著差异外,其它各组(A、C、D)怀孕鼠和未孕鼠的各内脏器官重均无显著差异。在不同密度间,怀孕鼠的肝脏重有极显著差异,孕鼠与未孕鼠的其余各内脏器官均无显著差异;雄鼠的肺重、脾脏重和雌鼠的脾脏重、肾上腺重差异显著,其余各器官重在不同密度间虽未表现出显著差异,但均具有随着密度增加而器官重量逐渐增大的趋势。各个密度组中的雄性个体血浆皮质醇浓度分别显著高于雌性,且差异显著;同一性别比较,不同密度间的雌性个体血浆皮质醇浓度差异不显著,而雄性个体血浆皮质醇浓度差异则显著,随密度增大而明显增加。可见高密度压力导致内脏器官重量上有所调节,但不同脏器受密度因素影响程度不同。     

Evaluation of two assays, MSRV and RV, for the isolation of Salmonella spp. from wastewater samples and broiler chickens

The Rappaport Vassiliadis (RV) and the Modified Semi-solid Rappaport Vassiliadis (MSRV) methods were evaluated in 130 municipal wastewater samples and 30 flocks of broilers. Analysis of the results showed that 71 Salmonella serotypes were isolated in wastewater samples. The positivity of the MSRV method was 33% and of the RV method, 45%. The sensitivity was 95% and 83% with the MSRV and RV, respectively. The concordance between the two methods was 89% (k = 0785). One hundred serotypes were isolated from broiler internal organs and 50 from intestinal samples. For internal organs, the positivity of MSRV was 56% and of RV, 45%. For intestinal samples, the respective percentages were 28 and 22. For internal organs, the sensitivity was 100% with MSRV and 81% with RV, whereas for intestinal samples, the sensitivity was 100% with MSRV and 80% with RV. The specificity was 100% in all cases. The concordance between the two methods was 89% (k = 0790) for internal organs and 94% (k = 0851) for intestinal samples.     

Selective suppression of lipid peroxidation in the brain under stress

The time course of lipid peroxidation (LP) products was studied in the heart, liver, and brain of rats exposed to 1, 6 and 12 h stress and compared with the extent of LP induction in these organs in vitro. It was shown that the LP activation in the internal organs with maximum in 1 h stress was accompanied by 2 fold decrease in LP products in the brain. More prolonged stress eliminated differences between tissues in all organs approaching the LP level to the control. The LP induction in vitro also revealed reciprocal relations between the LP intensity in brain and internal organs which remained in control group as well. Possible role of the LP suppression in brain induced by acute stress and significance of the phenomenon are under discussion.     

Study of the nature of toxic factors in burns on sterile guinea pigs]

Experiments were conducted on sterile and contaminated guinea pigs. The toxicity of the serum and the water-salt extracts of the internal organs after the burn was studied by the action on the leukocyte migration in a culture. Despite the complete absence of the microbial flora, the toxic properties of the serum and of the extracts of the internal organs of the sterile animals were the same as in the contaminated organs. The data obtained pointed to the important role of the histiogenic factors in the development of burn intoxication.     

西藏小型猪部分脏器血管铸型标本制作

目的研究西藏小型猪内脏铸型,对西藏小型猪在相关生物医学研究上的应用提供参考。方法应用过氯乙烯和牙托粉单独或混合填充剂灌注方法制作西藏小型猪心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏和脑铸型研究其血管分布规律。结果西藏小型猪内脏铸型外观完整美观,保持正常解剖状态、位置,充分显示和暴露主干的分支分布,各管道饱满,管道粗细适当,标本色泽鲜艳。结论通过单独或混合灌注过氯乙烯和牙托粉填充剂可以成功制作西藏小型猪铸型标本,所做标本显示的脏器血管分布情况对相关生物医学研究具有重要应用价值。     

Evolutionary and biomedical consequences of internal melanins

The adaptive function of melanin located in the integument is well known. Although pigments are also deposited in various internal organs, their function is unclear. A review of the literature revealed that ‘internal melanin’ protects against parasites, pollutants, low temperature, oxidative stress, hypoxemia and UV light, and is involved in the development and function of organs. Importantly, several studies have shown that the amount of melanin deposited on the external body surface is correlated with the amount located inside the body. This finding raises the possibility that internal melanin plays more important physiological roles in dark than light‐colored individuals. Internal melanin and coloration may therefore not evolve independently. This further emphasizes the major role played by indirect selection in evolutionary processes.     

Toward a universal measure of robustness across model organs and systems

The development of an individual must be capable of resisting the harmful effects of internal and external perturbations. This capacity, called robustness, can make the difference between normal variation and disease. Some systems and organs are more resilient in their capacity to correct the effects of internal disturbances such as mutations. Similarly, organs and organisms differ in their capacity to be resilient against external disturbances, such as changes in temperature. Furthermore, all developmental systems must be somewhat flexible to permit evolutionary change, and understanding robustness requires a comparative framework. Over the last decades, most research on developmental robustness has been focusing on specific model systems and organs. Hence, we lack tools that would allow cross-species and cross-organ comparisons. Here, we emphasize the need for a uniform framework to experimentally test and quantify robustness across study systems and suggest that the analysis of fluctuating asymmetry might be a powerful proxy to do so. Such a comparative framework will ultimately help to resolve why and how organs of the same and different species differ in their sensitivity to internal (e.g., mutations) and external (e.g., temperature) perturbations and at what level of biological organization buffering capacities exist and therefore create robustness of the developmental system.     

Environmental correlates of internal coloration in frogs vary throughout space and lineages

Internal organs of ectotherms have melanin‐containing cells that confer different degrees of coloration to them. Previous experimental studies analyzed their developmental origin, role in immunity, and hormonal regulation. For example, melanin increases with ultraviolet radiation (UV) and temperature in frogs and fish. However, little is known about how environmental variables influence the amount of coloration on organs among amphibian species over a large spatial extent. Here, we tested how climatic variables (temperature, UV, and photoperiod) influence the coloration of internal organs of anurans. We recorded the level of melanin pigmentation using four categories on 12 internal organs and structures of 388 specimens from 43 species belonging to six anuran families. Then, we tested which climatic variables had the highest covariation with the pigmentation on each organ after controlling for spatial autocorrelation in climatic variables and phylogenetic signal in organ coloration using the extended version of the RLQ ordination. Coloration in all organs was correlated with the phylogeny. However, the coloration of different organs was affected by different variables. Specifically, the coloration of the heart, kidneys, and rectum of hylids, Rhinella schneideri, some Leptodactylus, and Proceratophrys strongly covaried with temperature and photoperiod, whereas that of the testicle, lumbar parietal peritoneum, lungs, and mesenterium of Leiuperinae, Hylodidae, Adenomera, and most Leptodactylus had highest covariation with UV‐B and temperature. Our results support the notion that melanin pigmentation on the surface of organs of amphibians has an adaptive function conferred by the protective functions of the pigment. But most importantly, internal melanin seems to respond differently to climatic variables depending on the lineage and locality in which species occur.     

The patterns and expression of KDR in normal tissues of human internal organs

KDR has been implicated for playing an important role in the formation of new blood vessels and in solid tumor growth. It was considered as one of the most important regulators of angiogenesis and a key target in anticancer treatment. In the present study, we characterized KDR mRNA and protein expression in normal tissues of perinatal and adult tissues using One-step Real-Time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry with a self-made anti-KDR antibody. The expression of KDR mRNA and protein in perinatal internal organs were all higher than in adult organs including brain, kidney, liver, lung and heart, respectively. KDR protein was presented in the cell plasma membrane of human internal tissues. The expression of KDR protein was raised in macrophage of spleen, and decreased in neurons of brain, myocardium, bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar epithelial cell, proximal and distal tubules cells, and hepatic cells with the maturity process of human organs. Notably, the order of KDR protein expression from highest to lowest is as follows: brain, liver, heart, kidney, and lung in adult tissues with statistically significant. It follows that how to balance the potential therapeutic side effect with human internal organs in targeted therapy of over-expressing KDR tumor.     

Scaling of internal organs during Drosophila embryonic development

Many species show a diverse range of sizes; for example, domestic dogs have large variation in body mass. Yet, the internal structure of the organism remains similar, i.e., the system scales to organism size. Drosophila melanogaster has been a powerful model system for exploring scaling mechanisms. In the early embryo, gene expression boundaries scale very precisely to embryo length. Later in development, the adult wings grow with remarkable symmetry and scale well with animal size. Yet, our knowledge of whether internal organs initially scale to embryo size remains largely unknown. Here, we utilize artificially small Drosophila embryos to explore how three critical internal organs—the heart, hindgut, and ventral nerve cord (VNC)—adapt to changes in embryo morphology. We find that the heart scales precisely with embryo length. Intriguingly, reduction in cardiac cell length, rather than number, appears to be important in controlling heart length. The hindgut, which is the first chiral organ to form, displays scaling with embryo size under large-scale changes in the artificially smaller embryos but shows few hallmarks of scaling within wild-type size variation. Finally, the VNC only displays weak scaling behavior; even large changes in embryo geometry result in only small shifts in VNC length. This suggests that the VNC may have an intrinsic minimal length that is largely independent of embryo length. Overall, our work shows that internal organs can adapt to embryo size changes in Drosophila, but the extent to which they scale varies significantly between organs.     

Digestive, salivary, and reproductive organs of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) B type

A microscopic analysis of the morphology and ultrastructure of the digestive, salivary, and reproductive systems of adult Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) B type was conducted using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The internal anatomy of B. tabaci was found to be similar to that reported for Trialeurodes vaporariorum. In a microscopic analysis of the salivary glands, we have shown that each primary salivary gland is composed of at least 13 cells varying in morphology and staining differentially, while the accessory salivary glands are composed of four morphologically similar cells. We analyzed the course of the alimentary canal in B. tabaci, demonstrated the internal morphology of the organs, and clarified the location of the filter chamber relative to other organs in the whitefly. Our observations confirm that the pair of structures extending from the connecting chamber are caeca that may aid in fluid movement through the midgut and are not Malpighian tubules, as previously suggested. We confirm an earlier finding that the whitefly lacks Malpighian tubules, having instead specialized Malpighian-like cells within the filter chamber at the juncture with the internal ileum. Finally, we provide the first scanning electron microscopic analysis showing the reproductive organs of B. tabaci. Our investigation provides clarified terminology for several components of the digestive and excretory system. We also provide drawings and micrographs that will aid future researchers in localizing the internal organs of B. tabaci. We expect our analysis to provide a valuable tool for studying B. tabaci / plant virus interactions and physiological and biological aspects of this insect.     

EEG spatial organization during intense hyperventilation (cyclic breathing): II. EEG correlates of psychovisceral phenomena

EEG correlates of two main effects of long-term hyperventilation (cyclic breathing similar to rebirthing), namely, psychotic manifestations and sensations in internal organs, are considered. Standard EEGs of 44 subjects were recorded and subsequently treated by multiparametric methods. It was shown that, in the case of psychotic phenomena (hallucinations, visual and auditory images, different scenes, virtual travels, out-of-body experiences, etc.), the changes in the spatial organization of bioelectric potentials as compared with the baseline have different patterns than in the case of sensations in internal organs. The changes are observed in the frontal regions of the cortex: a decrease in spatial synchronization (linear processes) during an increase in spatial disarray (nonlinear processes) of bioelectric potentials and the intensifying of high-frequency β activity. If sensations in internal organs appear, a decrease in the above parameters was observed in the right hemisphere and in posterior cortical areas. The data are discussed from the viewpoint of qualitative specificity of changes in functional states during an altered state of consciousness with manifestations of different psychovisceral phenomena.     

Homology of the internal sac components in the leaf beetle subfamily criocerinae and evolutionary novelties related to the extremely elongated flagellum

Extremely elongated intromittent organs are found in a wide range of taxa, especially among insects. This phenomenon is generally thought to result from sexual selection, but it is predicted that limited storage space in the body cavity and the difficulty of using the elongated organs should have constrained the evolution of extreme elongation, neutralizing any selective advantage. Therefore, in groups with long intromittent organs, features that overcome these constraints may have evolved or coevolved together with intromittent organ elongation. Using a comparative morphological approach and outgroup comparisons, we identified potential constraints and key novelties that may neutralize such constraints in the leaf beetle subfamily Criocerinae. Observations of the internal sac structure throughout Criocerinae were performed. Comparing the results with preceding studies from outgroups, a ground plan of the criocerine internal sac was constructed. Our analysis also identified specific features that are always correlated with extreme elongation: the rotation of whole internal‐sac sclerites and the possession of a pocket in which to store the elongated flagellum. The pocket is thought to be formed by the rotation of the sclerites, markedly altering internal sac shape from the criocerine ground plan. Onlythe clades that have acquired this derived state contain species with an elongated flagellum that distinctly exceeds the median lobe length. It is presumed that these character correlations evolved independently three times. The detected character correlations corroborate the hypothesis that there are latent adaptive constraints for the evolution of extremely elongated intromittent organs. The constraints may have been neutralized by the alteration from the criocerine ground plan resulting in the formation of a storage pocket. In conclusion, deviation from the criocerine ground plan isconsidered to be the evolutionary innovation that neutralized the latent adaptive constraints of flagellum elongation in the subfamily Criocerinae. J. Morphol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The hantaviral load in tissues of naturally infected rodents

Hantaviruses cause a lifelong and asymptomatic infection in naturally infected hosts as well as in experimentally infected rodents. Understanding the ecology and pathogenesis of hantaviruses requires an interdisciplinary research approach, which links laboratory experiments with results gained from field studies. Although several studies report hantavirus persistence and tissue infection patterns for experimentally infected rodents, field data is very limited. For this reason, the aim of our study was to investigate Puumala, Dobrava and Saaremaa virus RNA loads and tissue infection patterns in their natural reservoirs. Hantavirus RNA was demonstrated in all tested internal organs and blood samples of 14 naturally infected rodent hosts. However, the concentration of a specific virus differs depending on the virus, the host and the organ tested. Above all, the Dobrava virus showed a considerably higher viral load in all internal organs and blood samples of infected Apodemus flavicollis hosts. Results obtained in the study support the thesis that virus RNA load reaches its peak in the first month after infection, presumably after the virus has spread throughout all internal organs. This also implies that recently infected rodents are more important for transmission of the virus in the community.     

Proprioceptor distribution and control of a muscle reflex in the tibia of spider legs

In spiders, retrograde cobalt staining was used to clarify the distribution and detailed innervation of the three types of proprioceptors in the tibio-metatarsal leg joint: internal joint receptors, lyriform slit sense organs, and cuticular spines and hairs. The axons of all these receptors run in just two lateral, ascending nerves, which had previously been associated only with the internal receptors. Each nerve contains several hundred axons ranging in diameter from 0.1 micron to ca. 10 micron. Each slit of the four tibial lyriform organs is innervated by two bipolar sensory neurons. The lateral nerves are entirely sensory and run just beneath the cuticle, a convenient site for electrophysiological recording. We demonstrate simultaneous nerve and muscle recordings from intact spiders; these, in combination with selective sensory ablations, show that a resistance reflex in the flexor metatarsi muscles is elicited by internal joint-receptor units.