基于全外显子组数据的ABO血型的基因判定

全外显子组测序研究已经应用在疾病、药物等方面,是临床研究中一种辅助分子诊断方法。该方法也逐步应用在临床ABO血型的判定中,由于目前临床血型判定的主要方法是血清学,疑难样本判定等问题无法解决,因此分子水平的基因测序方法提高了血型判定的准确性,比如PCR方法和基因芯片方法。为进一步提高ABO血型精细分型的准确性,通过分析全外显子组测序数据,开发了相关的VBA程序,能够快速自动化判定ABO精细分型,并且初步判定结果与临床判定结果一致,可以作为临床血型精确判定的辅助手段。     

RNAi技术靶向HBV相关宿主因子治疗慢性乙肝的研究进展

乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)是一种嗜肝性DNA病毒.HBV慢性感染是导致肝炎、肝硬化以及肝癌的一个重要原因.早期抗HBV研究策略一般是靶向HBV自身进行干预,包括核酸药物、干扰素药物等.然而,由于病毒易突变,且易发生耐药,近年研究者将治疗靶点逐渐转向与HBV入侵、复制及组装等相关的宿主蛋白,这为抗慢性HBV感染治疗带来了新的视野和思路.因此,基于RNAi技术并靶向宿主蛋白抗HBV的策略受到研究者的青睐,并且取得良好的治疗效果.本文将对这一研究领域的最新进展作一综述.     

免疫检查点分子在慢性HBV感染中对T细胞功能影响的研究进展

阻断免疫检查点分子的信号通路可以增强免疫系统功能,这在肿瘤治疗中获得了显著效果。乙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis B virus,HBV)慢性感染的原因之一为HBV在体内通过一系列方式来减弱、抑制免疫系统的功能,从而逃避免疫识别和杀伤。HBV可以通过上调病毒特异性T细胞表面的抑制性受体来抑制T细胞活化、增殖和效应。本文总结了HBV导致的人体内T细胞上免疫检查点程序性死亡受体1(Programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)、细胞毒T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4,CTLA-4)、T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白3(T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing molecule-3,Tim-3)、淋巴细胞活化基因3(Lymphocyte-activation gene 3,LAG-3)、T细胞免疫球蛋白和免疫受体酪氨酸抑制基序(T cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain,TIGIT)的异常表达以及它们影响T细胞功能的机制,揭示了免疫检查点在治疗慢性乙肝中的良好应用前景。     

Coding Variants of the FMO3 Gene Are Associated with the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Case-Control Study

Background:Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health concern involving roughly one-tenth of developed countries'' populations. The flavin-containing dimethylaniline monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a toxin in CKD sufferers. This preliminary study aims to evaluate the association between coding region variations of FMO3, rs2266782G/A (E158K), rs2266780A/G (E308G), and rs1736557G/A (V257M), and the susceptibility to CKD.Methods:A total of 356 participants were enrolled, including 157 patients diagnosed with CKD and 199 age-matched healthy individuals. Genotyping of FMO3 gene variations was performed via PCR-RFLP and ARMS-PCR methods.Results:Our findings revealed a significant association between rs2266780A/G and rs1736557G/A and CKD under different genetic models. Compared to the GGG haplotype of rs2266782/rs1736557/rs2266780, the GAG, GAA, AAG, and AAA haplotype combinations conferred an increased risk of CKD in our population. Interaction analysis revealed that some genotype combinations, including GA/AA/AA, AA/AA/AA, GA/AA/GA, and GG/AG/AA, dramatically increased CKD risk in the Iranian population. No correlation was found between FMO3 polymorphisms and CKD stages.DiscussionThese observations highlight the potential impact of coding variants of the FMO3 gene on the onset of CKD. Further investigations into expanded populations and diverse races are needed to confirm our findings.Key Words: Chronic kidney disease, FMO3, Genetic variant, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Trimethylamine N-oxide     

高嗜肝性8型重组腺相关病毒体内转导法制备乙型肝炎病毒持续感染小鼠模型

用高嗜肝性的重组8型腺相关病毒(Recombinant adeno-associated virus type8,rAAV8)载体携带1.3拷贝乙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis B virus,HBV)基因组(ayw亚型)体内转导法,建立持续表达HBV抗原的C57BL/6小鼠模型。首先,制备并纯化了携带1.3拷贝HBV基因组(ayw亚型)的重组8型腺相关病毒(rAAV8-1.3HBV);将rAAV8-1.3HBV以剂量2×10e11vg/只注射C57BL/6小鼠(Viralgenome,vg);在不同时间点实施尾静脉采血,采用ELISA方法监测血清中HBsAg和HBeAg的水平及动力学变化;10周后处死小鼠,取血液、肝组织样本,提取基因组DNA,荧光定量PCR检测HBVDNA拷贝数;利用鉴定HBVDNA环化形式的特异性引物进行PCR扩增以检测肝组织中环化的HBVDNA,并检测HBV抗原特异性的免疫组化和肝脏病理变化。结果显示,注射rAAV8-1.3HBV的3只C57BL/6小鼠第1周开始在血液中检测到HBsAg和HBeAg的表达,并持续至第10周均为阳性,其中HBsAg的表达水平经历了一个上升-下降-再上升的过程(注射后第4周时最低,第6周后维持较高水平),而HBeAg表达水平则持续阳性且比较稳定。荧光定量PCR结果显示,3只小鼠10周后血清中HBV DNA的拷贝数分别为4.2×103、3.6×103、2.5×103copies/mL,肝脏中则分别为8.0×106、5.7×106、2.6×106copies/g肝组织。在3只小鼠肝组织中均检测到环化HBV DNA,提示AAV8载体携带的线性HBV DNA成功回复成环化HB VDNA。免疫组化分析显示3只小鼠肝脏中均存在HBsAg和HBcAg表达;体内转染10周后肝脏组织切片的HE染色分析显示未见明显的炎性细胞浸润及组织结构异常。结果表明,本研究利用高嗜肝性重组8型腺相关病毒载体携带1.3拷贝乙型肝炎病毒基因组(ayw亚型)体内转导C57BL/6小鼠,成功地建立了HBV病毒在肝内稳定复制并持续表达HBV抗原的小鼠模型,为进一步研究HBV慢性持续感染的机制与应用于药物以及疫苗评价打下了基础。     

青海地区献血者HBV感染隐匿风险与基因型分析

目的:探讨青海地区献血者乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis b virus,HBV)感染隐匿风险与基因型的相关性。方法:采用回顾性研究方法,选择2014年2月-2018年1月在我院进行无偿献血的青海地区人群750例,采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性内切酶片段法(PCR-RFLP)检测HBV DNA基因的多态性,并进行HBV感染隐匿风险分析。结果:在750例人群中,检出HBV隐匿性感染8例,检出率为1.1%,其中窗口期感染3例,一过性感染5例;基因C型6例,基因B型2例,基因B型患者的都为窗口期感染,核酸定量都≤20 IU/m L,与基因C型患者对比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示基因C型、核酸定量、家属病史、吸烟为导致HBV隐匿性感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:青海地区献血者HBV感染隐匿风险相对比较低,多为基因C型,基因C型为导致HBV隐匿性感染的独立危险因素。     

综述:乙型肝炎病毒所致非可控性炎症恶性转化的可能机制

肝细胞癌(HCC)占我国大陆地区恶性肿瘤死亡原因的第二位,主要由乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)慢性感染所致.人类白细胞Ⅱ类抗原遗传多态性与HBV感染的慢性化有关.HBV与免疫系统相互作用导致的非可控性炎症是HBV进化和HCC发生的必要因素.持续的、非充分的抗病毒免疫对HBV变异有选择作用.在炎症促癌过程中病毒和肝细胞基因组均经历了"变异-选择-适应"的进化过程.HBV变异不但能预测HCC的发生,而且具有促癌功能.HBV在肝细胞基因组中整合,尤其是羧基端截短型X基因的整合不但促进HCC的发生和转移,而且抵抗抗病毒治疗.明确HBV致癌机制可为降低和推迟HCC的发生和转移奠定基础.     

宫内感染中HBV前S/S区基因种系进化树及变异特点的研究

目的:通过HBV前S/S区基因变异研究探讨HBV宫内感染的机制。方法:将HBsAg阳性母亲按照随访其新生儿是否发生宫内感染,分为病例组和对照组,经PCR扩增HBV DNA,基因克隆、测序,构建种系进化树分析前S/S基因的突变。结果:共得到60株HBV序列,来源于同一组的序列较为集中在树中的某枝,而且进化距离从病例组母亲、病例组患儿到对照组母亲存在由近及远的特征。结论:各组病毒株在基因序列进化上存在差异,某些突变位点在非宫内感染组母亲中的发生率较高,突变的发生可能使其所在的编码区功能发生变化而影响宫内感染的发生。     

Genetic Risk Score of NOS Gene Variants Associated with Myocardial Infarction Correlates with Coronary Incidence across Europe

Coronary artery disease (CAD) mortality and morbidity is present in the European continent in a four-fold gradient across populations, from the South (Spain and France) with the lowest CAD mortality, towards the North (Finland and UK). This observed gradient has not been fully explained by classical or single genetic risk factors, resulting in some cases in the so called Southern European or Mediterranean paradox. Here we approached population genetic risk estimates using genetic risk scores (GRS) constructed with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from nitric oxide synthases (NOS) genes. These SNPs appeared to be associated with myocardial infarction (MI) in 2165 cases and 2153 controls. The GRSs were computed in 34 general European populations. Although the contribution of these GRS was lower than 1% between cases and controls, the mean GRS per population was positively correlated with coronary incidence explaining 65–85% of the variation among populations (67% in women and 86% in men). This large contribution to CAD incidence variation among populations might be a result of colinearity with several other common genetic and environmental factors. These results are not consistent with the cardiovascular Mediterranean paradox for genetics and support a CAD genetic architecture mainly based on combinations of common genetic polymorphisms. Population genetic risk scores is a promising approach in public health interventions to develop lifestyle programs and prevent intermediate risk factors in certain subpopulations with specific genetic predisposition.     

Two Variants of the C-Reactive Protein Gene Are Associated with Risk of Pre-Eclampsia in an American Indian Population

Background

The etiology of pre-eclampsia (PE) is unknown; but it is accepted that normal pregnancy represents a distinctive challenge to the maternal immune system. C-reactive protein is a prominent component of the innate immune system; and we previously reported an association between PE and the CRP polymorphism, rs1205. Our aim was to explore the effects of additional CRP variants. The IBC (Cardiochip) genotyping microarray focuses on candidate genes and pathways related to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease.

Methods

This study recruited 140 cases of PE and 270 matched controls, of which 95 cases met criteria as severe PE, from an American Indian community. IBC array genotypes from 10 suitable CRP SNPs were analyzed. A replication sample of 178 cases and 427 controls of European ancestry was also genotyped.

Results

A nominally significant difference (p value <0.05) was seen in the distribution of discordant matched pairs for rs3093068; and Bonferroni corrected differences (P<0.005) were seen for rs876538, rs2794521, and rs3091244. Univariate conditional logistic regression odds ratios (OR) were nominally significant for rs3093068 and rs876538 models only. Multivariate logistic models with adjustment for mother''s age, nulliparity and BMI attenuated the effect (OR 1.58, P = 0.066, 95% CI 0.97–2.58) for rs876538 and (OR 2.59, P = 0.050, 95% CI 1.00–6.68) for rs3093068. An additive risk score of the above two risk genotypes shows a multivariate adjusted OR of 2.04 (P = 0.013, 95% CI 1.16–3.56). The replication sample also demonstrated significant association between PE and the rs876538 allele (OR = 1.55, P = 0.01, 95% CI 2.16–1.10). We also show putative functionality for the rs876538 and rs3093068 CRP variants.

Conclusion

The CRP variants, rs876538 and rs3093068, previously associated with other cardiovascular disease phenotypes, show suggestive association with PE in this American Indian population, further supporting a possible role for CRP in PE.     

基因芯片技术检测拉美夫定相关的HBV变异

In order to study the feasibility of gene chips technology in the detection of HBV mutation associated with lamivudine, we detected the mutation of HBV in peripheral blood of 30 patients treated with lamivudine for at least half a year by gene chips. The result was compared with that from direct sequencing. Both results are highly coincident. The rate reaches 100% while detecting single strain of virus infection, and 85% in multi-strains virus infection. Gene chip technology is quite valuable and practical in future clinic.     

基因芯片技术检测拉美夫定相关的HBV变异

美夫定(Lamivudine)是新一代核苷类似物,能够迅速降低慢性乙型肝炎病人的血清HBV DNA水平,但是Lamivudine治疗12个月后,14%～39%的患者都会出现抗药性[1～3],病情会有反复,用药不再有效.已有的研究表明,通过检测患者血液中的病毒突变情况,轮流使用干扰素,Lamivedine,FamcicLovir丙种球蛋白等,可以得到很好的治疗效果[4].本研究中,我们采用拉美夫定耐药位点基因芯片,对44例慢性乙型肝炎病人进行了HBV突变检测,并应用传统的DNA测序的方法进行验证,结果报告如下.     

Hepatitis B Virus with X Gene Mutation Is Associated with the Majority of Serologically “Silent” Non-B,Non-C Chronic Hepatitis

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) with X gene mutations has been a putative pathogen of chronic hepatitis without serological markers of known hepatitis viruses. The aim of this study was to reconfirm whether the HBV with the X gene mutation is associated with these serologically “silent” non-B, non-C (NBNC) chronic hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). HBV DNA was amplified from serum and sequenced in 30 patients with NBNC chronic hepatitis in comparison with 20 patients with ALD and 5 patients with AIH. HBV DNA was identified in 21 patients (70%) in NBNC chronic hepatitis by nested polymerase chain reaction while only one patient (5%) in ALD and none in AIH showed HBV DNA. Eighteen (85.7%) of the 21 identified HBV DNAs had an identical 8-nucleotide deletion mutation at the distal part of the X region. This mutation affected the core promoter and the enhancer II sequence of HBV DNA and created a translational stop codon which truncated the X protein by 20 amino acids from the C-terminal end. All the HBV DNAs had a precore mutation at the 83rd nucleotide resulting in disruption of HBe antigen synthesis. These results indicate that HBV mutants are closely associated with the majority of serologically “silent” NBNC chronic hepatitis cases and the population of such mutant HBV DNAs is not uniform.     

Genetic Variants in the Fat and Obesity Associated (FTO) Gene and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease

Background

Recent studies showed that polymorphisms in the Fat and Obesity-Associated (FTO) gene have robust effects on obesity, obesity-related traits and endophenotypes associated with Alzheimer''s disease (AD).

Methods

We used 1,877 Caucasian cases and controls from the NIA-LOAD study and 1,093 Caribbean Hispanics to further explore the association of FTO with AD. Using logistic regression, we assessed 42 SNPs in introns 1 and 2, the region previously reported to be associated with AD endophenotypes, which had been derived by genome-wide screenings. In addition, we performed gene expression analyses of neuropathologically confirmed AD cases and controls of two independent datasets (19 AD cases, 10 controls; 176 AD cases, 188 controls) using within- and between-group factors ANOVA of log₁₀ transformed rank invariant normalized expression data.

Results

In the NIALOAD study, one SNP was significantly associated with AD and three additional markers were close to significance (rs6499640, rs10852521, rs16945088, rs8044769, FDR p-value: 0.05<p<0.09). Two of the SNPs are in strong LD (D′>0.9) with the previously reported SNPs. In the Caribbean Hispanic dataset, we identified three SNPs (rs17219084, rs11075996, rs11075997, FDR p-value: 0.009<p<0.01) that were associated with AD. These results were confirmed by haplotype analyses and in a metaanalysis in which we included the ADNI dataset. FTO had a significantly lower expresssion in AD cases compared to controls in two independent datasets derived from human cortex and amygdala tissue, respectively (p = 2.18×10−5 and p<0.0001).

Conclusions

Our data support the notion that genetic variation in Introns 1 and 2 of the FTO gene may contribute to AD risk.     

乙型肝炎病毒全S基因疫苗诱导小鼠的特异性免疫应答

乙型肝炎病毒 (ＨＢＶ)感染是我国常见病及多发病。ＨＢＶ难以清除的原因之一就是机体的免疫功能障碍。目前虽然基因重组ＨＢＶ表面抗原 (ＨＢｓＡｇ)疫苗预防ＨＢＶ感染取得了较好的效果 ,但基因重组ＨＢｓＡｇ疫苗主要能诱导特异性体液免疫 ,不能刺激机体的细胞免疫应答。近年来发现基因疫苗可诱导机体产生细胞及体液免疫反应 ,特别是诱导细胞免疫反应的能力优于蛋白、多肽类疫苗 ,更适应于慢性病毒感染的预防与治疗[1,2 ] 。为了探讨应用ＨＢＶ基因疫苗预防ＨＢＶ感染的可能性 ,本文构建了ＨＢＶ全Ｓ基因和ＨＢｓＡｇ基因疫苗 ,观察和比…     

自噬在HBV感染发病机制中的作用

自噬是一种新陈代谢过程,通过溶酶体降解受损蛋白质和细胞器来维持细胞内环境的稳态.乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)能利用自噬功能增强其复制的能力,引起肝炎、肝硬化以及肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC).本文将从HBV相关蛋白、内质网应激、信号通路、细胞因子、微小...     

乙肝PreS_2抗原决定簇和霍乱毒素B亚基基因的融合与表达

通过全化学法按大肠杆菌密码偏性合成了乙肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）前Ｓ２抗原（ＰｒｅＳ２）抗原决定簇基因,与霍乱毒素Ｂ亚基基因的３’端融合。重组质粒转化大肠杆菌后融合基因得到高效表达,表达量达３０μｇ／ｍＬ,表达产物９５％以上分泌到胞外。表达的融合蛋白能与神经节苷脂ＧＭ１结合,说明融合蛋白保持了霍乱毒素Ｂ亚基（ＣＴＢ）的基本高级结构和生物学功能;酶联免疫吸附实验证明融合蛋白具有ＣＴＢ和ＨＢＶＰｒｅＳ２的抗原性;应用亲和层析纯化后得到了电泳纯融合蛋白制品,为研究融合蛋白免疫原性并进一步构建基因工程肽苗奠定了基础。