The effects of protection from fishing on species richness: distinguishing between alternative explanations

Marine reserves that prohibit fishing often result in greater densities of individuals and more species than adjacent fished areas. However, simple conclusions about their effects on species richness are confounded, because more species are expected to occur wherever there are more individuals. Here, there is an important distinction between the number of species per sampling unit (species density), and species richness measured as the number of species per given number of individuals. When conservation of species richness is an important goal, analyses need to discriminate between the alternative explanations for differences in the number of species. We used rarefaction to test whether species richness was higher in two ‘no-take’ marine reserves after controlling for differences in the density of individuals. We surveyed each reserve in three different years. There was a higher density of individuals and species in each reserve than in adjacent fished areas. However, rarefaction analyses indicated that effects on species richness were weak after controlling for the number of individuals: slightly higher species richness was recorded inside each reserve in one of three surveys, but the difference was small, and was apparent only when the maximum number of individuals was approached. Our results therefore indicate that patterns in species density were not reflected by patterns in species richness—the application of rarefaction methods is needed to determine the responses of species richness to protection elsewhere. The distinction between species density and species richness will not be important in all situations, but when it is important, inferences about species richness cannot be reliably deduced from measurements of species density.     

秸秆覆盖免耕土壤真菌群落结构与生态特征研究

不同耕作方法土壤真菌群落结构和生态特征分析表明,翻耕0－10cm土层土壤真菌群落含有29种真菌,其中以Chrysosporium merdarium为优势种;翻耕10－20cm土层含有17种真菌,以Sterile black A为优势种：翻耕20－30cm土层含有10种真菌,其中以Chaetomium bostrychodes为优势种,铁茬0－10cm含16种真菌,其中Sterile black A是优势种;铁茬10－20cm土层含有26种真菌,优势种为Sterile black A;铁茬20－30cm含有14种真菌,其中Chaetomium bostrychodes为优势种,免耕0－10cm土层由23种真菌构成,Trichoderma viride和T.koningii为优势种,免耕10－20cm土层由14个种类构成,Talaromyces trachyspermus为优势种,免耕20－30cm土壤由9种真菌组成,其中Talaromyces trachypermus为优势种,免耕土壤真菌群落的多样性和均匀度指数均较高,主成分分析表明,土壤耕作形成了特征性的真菌区系。     

江西九连山自然保护区栲属群落优势种群的种间联结关系

采用2×2联列表,通过方差分析、χ2检验、联结系数AC值、JI指数对江西九连山栲属Castanopsis群落样地重要值前20的种群种间联结进行定量分析。结果表明,九连山栲属群落20个优势种群总体种间的正关联性不显著;但20个优势种群的种间联结关系中3对具显著正联结,2对具极显著正联结,1对具显著负联结,3对具极显著负联结。190个种对中,大多数种对联结关系未达显著水平,种对间的独立性相对较强。种群间的正联结性与种群重要值的关系分析表明,重要值高的种群间形成明显正联结性的种对数量最多,重要值高的种群与重要值低的种群之间形成明显正联结性的种对数量次之,重要值低种群间形成明显正联结性的种对数量最少。目前,群落正处于向顶级稳定群落演替的状态。     

甘肃中南部原尾虫物种多样性及区系分析

在甘肃中南部设置12个样区,对该地区原尾虫的物种多样性进行了研究。发现原尾虫11种,隶属于2目6科7属。其中包括1个甘肃新记录属、4个甘肃新记录种和1个未定名种。古蚖科Eosentomidae、檗蚖科Berberentulidae为优势类群。华山蚖Huashanentulus huashanensis为广布种;檗蚖科Berberentulidae有2属3种;古蚖科Eosentomidae有3属7种,占甘肃原尾虫总数的44％;始蚖科Protentomidae有1属1种;夕蚖科Hesperentomidae有1属2种;日本蚖科Nipponentomidae有1种,中华雅娃蚖Yavanna sinensis是甘肃的新记录种;蚖科Hesperentomidae有1属2种,包括1个华山蚖属未定名种Huashanentulus sp.,只分布在临夏太子山自然保护区。对甘肃原尾虫区系进行了分析,结果显示：古北界种类占总数的20％,东洋界物种占53.3％,广布种类占总数的26.7％。     

长白山红松阔叶混交林林冠空隙树种更新动态规律的研究

分析了长白山红松阔叶混交林林冠空隙(Gap)内更新树种的数量特征.结果表明, 在34个林冠空隙中, 更新乔木树种出现频度为7.27%, 更新灌木树种出现频度为21.02%, Gap形成后, 阳性先锋树种首先侵入, 出现频度较高, 占据较宽的生态位, 随着Gap年龄的增加, 树种间的竞争逐渐增大, 阳性树种的生长逐渐受到限制, 阴性树种逐渐增多;Gap年龄与Gap郁闭度和Gap面积呈负相关, Gap面积与树种出现频度呈负相关;Gap年龄主要分布在5～15a和46～55a两段期间, 树种出现频度与Gap年龄存在着密切关系, 当Gap年龄小于25a时, 二者呈正相关;当Gap年龄在25～40a时, 二者呈负相关;当Gap年龄大于40a时, 树种出现频度趋于稳定;34个Gap内4种主要乔木更新树种和4种主要灌木更新树种的胸径均基本上呈正态分布, 乔木更新树种的最高点胸径为4～6cm径级, 灌木更新树种的最高点胸径为1.2cm径级.     

Rare species loss alters ecosystem function – invasion resistance

The imminent decline in species diversity coupled with increasing exotic species introductions has provoked investigation into the role of resident diversity in community resistance to exotic species colonization. Here we present the results of a field study using an experimental method in which diversity was altered by removal of less abundant species and the resulting disturbance was controlled for by removal of an equivalent amount of biomass of the most common species from paired plots. Following these manipulations, the exotic grass, Lolium temulentum , was introduced. We found that exotic species establishment was higher in plots in which diversity was successfully reduced by removal treatments and was inversely related to imposed species richness. These results demonstrate that less common species can significantly influence invasion events and highlight the potential role of less common species in the maintenance of ecosystem function.     

南亚热带森林常见种和偶见种的功能多样性特征

群落特征可能取决于物种在功能实体功能特征的独特组合（FE）中的分布。了解这些分布是保护生物多样性和维持生态系统功能的基础。鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林群落物种丰富,根据物种的多度来区分常见种（每hm²超过一个个体）和偶见种（每hm²少于一个个体）。基于功能实体,分别计算功能实体数量、功能冗余度、功能脆弱度和功能过度冗余度来描述每个样方中常见种和偶见种的功能多样性。采用Wilcoxon检验检测常见种和偶见种功能性状的差异,通过线性回归分析常见种和偶见种的功能多样性与物种数量的关系,采用冗余分析（RDA）影响常见种和偶见种的功能多样性的环境因子。研究结果表明：（1）鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林群落中功能性状在常见种和偶见种间差异显著。（2）群落中数量较低的偶见种保持着较高比例的功能实体数量。功能实体数量、功能冗余度与常见种和偶见种数量显著正相关,功能过度冗余度与偶见种数量显著正相关,功能脆弱度与常见种和偶见种的物种数量呈显著负相关。（3）海拔是影响常见种功能多样性最关键的地形因子,凹凸度是影响偶见种功能多样性最关键的地形因子。土壤含水量是影响常见种功能多样性最关键的土壤因子,速效钾是影响偶见种功能多样性最关键的环境因子。研究结果表明,尽管物种丰富的热带森林具有较高的功能冗余,但其提供的保险效应不能抵消生态系统的功能脆弱性。减少具有独特功能实体和偶见种的损失是避免热带森林生态系统功能损失的有效和必要的方法。     

广东丹霞山国家级自然保护区 蝙蝠物种多样性调查

于2017年至2018年对广东丹霞山国家级自然保护区的翼手目动物进行调查,主要采用日栖息地与夜栖息地、捕食区网捕等调查方法,共调查到翼手目5科13属23种,其中蝙蝠科(Vespertilionidae)9属15种,菊头蝠科(Rhinolophidae)1属4种,蹄蝠科(Hipposideridae)1属2种,假吸血蝠科(Megadermatidae)1属1种,犬吻蝠科(Molossidae)1属1种。从区系组成来看,以东洋界为主(19种),其次为广布种(3种),古北界仅1种。从栖息类型上看,分为洞栖型、树栖型及建筑物栖息型,以洞栖型为主(15种),建筑物栖息型其次(12种),树栖型最少(5种),但其中9个物种的栖息地类型同时包含了上述3种栖息类型中的2种。本研究在广东丹霞山发现中国蝙蝠新分布记录1种,为卡氏伏翼(Hypsugo cadornae);而中印鼠耳蝠(Myotis indochinensis)为中国分布的再次确认。     

东灵山辽东栎林木本植物多样性的研究

应用α多样性和β多样性指数对东灵山地区辽东栎林在不同样地环境梯度的物种多样性进行了初步研究。结果表明:不同样地梯度的辽东栎林乔灌木物种α多样性逐步降低,但变化幅度较小,群落物种组成趋于简单。不同样地梯度内辽东栎林乔木物种的β多样性的二元属性测度与数量数据测度结果反映出乔木物种和灌木物种对整个辽东栎林多样性的影响是不同的。数量数据β多样性测度综合地考虑了物种数与物种数量对β多样性变化的影响,适于对单优群落物种多样性进行分析。在中海拔样地梯度,辽东栎林乔灌木物种各样地对之间的β多样性数值较小,表明辽东栎林内物种替代速率较低,物种组成相对稳定,总体上是比较稳定的林型。     

Peptide hormone-like immunoreactivity in the gastrointestinal tract and endocrine pancreas of eleven teleost species

Summary The distribution of peptide hormone-like immunostaining in the gastrointestinal tract of 11 teleost species was investigated by immunofluorescence.Cells immunoreactive for somatostatin were found in the glandular epithelium of the stomach of four species and in the epithelium of the pyloric appendage of one species. The mid-gut epithelium contained cells reactive with antibodies to glucagon (three species), gastrin (five species), pancreatic polypeptide (five species), and substance P (two species). Cells immunoreactive for met-enkephalin were found in the epithelium of both the mid-gut and the stomach of six species.In six species in which the endocrine pancreas was investigated, insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was observed. Pancreatic polypeptide was definitely localised by immunostaining in cells of the endocrine pancreas of only one out of three species examined.Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, neurotensin-, bombesin-, and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was identified in the gastrointestinal nerve fibres in various species.In view of the considerable species variation found, caution should be exercised in generalising about the peptides present in the gastrointestinal tract of fish.     

云南西部实蝇的多样性

2005和2006年,在云南西部瑞丽、潞江坝、六库、保山、大理5个地区,采用信息素引诱法及被害瓜果内实蝇收集法对5个地区实蝇多样性进行分析.结果表明,5个地区实蝇丰富度的发生模式明显分为2种类型:瑞丽和潞江坝实蝇全年发生;六库、保山和大理实蝇季节性发生;瑞丽的实蝇种类丰富度最高,有20种,其次是潞江坝,11种,而保山、大理的实蝇种类丰富度低,分别为4种和3种;该区域实蝇优势种为桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis)和南亚果实蝇(B. tau);2年实蝇多样性指数均以六库最低,以潞江坝最高.各地实蝇种类相似性变化较大, 相似性系数在0.15～1.00 之间.结果为了解云南西部实蝇种类分布以及预防实蝇危害提供了基础数据.     

Local filters limit species diversity,but species pools determine composition

In a series of three experiments, we tested for effects of species pools, resource stress, and species interactions on four aspects of community structure: species richness, evenness, species composition, and functional group composition. We also examined whether the impacts of species interactions on the community varied with resource availability or species pool. Communities of sand dune annuals grew from seed bank samples collected from two sites in three different years, so that the species pool differed at two levels: the source site and the year of seed bank collection. Communities experienced one of three irrigation treatments and a range of sowing densities, which varied resource supply (stress) and the potential for species interactions, respectively.Species richness and evenness were most affected by local factors: higher densities and lower water availability decreased species diversity. In contrast, species composition was influenced most by the species pool. Functional group composition had an intermediate response, and was affected by both species pools and local filters.Resource stress and species interactions strongly filtered species from the community, but the identity of species remaining was variable. Furthermore, the magnitude of species interaction effects on richness and evenness varied with species pools. Thus, the outcome of species sorting among biotic and abiotic environments was dependent on the pool of available species. Contrary to predictions from theory, the effects of species interactions on the community did not vary consistently with resource levels.     

The relationship of ocular morphology to feeding modes and activity periods in shallow marine teleosts from New Zealand

Synopsis Thirty one species of shallow water teleosts were captured from the NE coast of New Zealand. Ocular morphology was assessed in terms of eye size, pupil shape, theoretical sensitivity and acuity based on retinal morphology, and regional distribution of photoreceptors within the retina. Eye size was relatively or absolutely larger in carnivores than herbivores. Diurnal planktivores and nocturnal species of small body size maximise vision by having relatively large eyes. Anterior aphakic spaces were present in most of the species examined, and 25% of the species also had posterior aphakic spaces. Theoretical sensitivity was generally higher among nocturnal than diurnal species, however, a number of benthic and pelagic carnivores showed retinal specialization for enhanced sensitivity. Diurnal species displayed high spatial acuity, with maximum acuity occurring in carnivorous species. Crepuscular species had either high or low acuity, whereas that of nocturnal species was generally lower than in diurnal species. Ten species displayed regional variation in rod density, with crepuscular and nocturnal species showing streaks of high rod density in the retina. Eleven species of carnivores displayed regional variation in cone density, with highest density usually occurring in the caudal part of the retina. In most of the species with areas of high cone density, there was a forward visual axis that coincided with the location of the aphakic space, suggestive of accomodation along that axis.     

树种及多样性组配对南亚热带人工林早期树木生长的影响

为科学筛选提升南亚热带人工林生产力的树种配置模式,选择南亚热带8个乡土树种,采用随机区组的试验设计,建立了树种多样性梯度(1、2、4、6个树种)人工新造林试验平台,研究树种多样性及不同功能特性树种混交对人工林早期树木生长的影响。结果表明: 在树木生长第5年,树木生长并没有随树种多样性增加而增加;速生树种马尾松和米老排纯林生长量是珍贵树种红椎和格木纯林的2.5～4.5倍;2个树种混交和4个树种混交情况下,针阔树种混交、速生树种与固氮树种混交显著提高树木生长量51.5%～132.8%,而当6个树种混交时,不同树种组配对生长量没有显著影响。不同树种配置模式下土壤氮、磷养分是影响树木早期生长的主要因素。针阔树种混交、速生和固氮树种混交能显著提高南亚热带人工林树木的早期生长。     

Distribution and habitat specialization of species affect local extinction in dragonfly Odonata populations

The object of our study was to determine the effect of distribution and habitat specialization of odonate species on local extinction in streams in central Finland. We studied the local extinction of the 20 most abundant dragonfly (Odonata) species in 34 small creeks and brooks in central Finland. The historical presence of each studied species in our research area was confirmed using existing records gathered between 1930 and 1975. A minimum of five records was available for each species. During the summers of 1995 and 1996, we investigated the current persistence of 219 separate populations with historical presence. In total, 98 historical populations were vanished. As predicted, we found that species with a narrow distribution were less persistent than species with a broad distribution. Therefore, the extinction risk of a species was inversely related to the width of its regional distribution. Using reference works, species were categorized into two main breeding habitat types: lotic species or lentic species. The species main habitat type was a significant predictor of local extinction risk after statistical removal of the effect of regional distribution on extinction risk. The lotic species had lower local extinction risk than other species. Altogether, the highest extinction risk was found in habitat-specialist species associated with peatlands, probably due to loss of natural breeding habitat. On the other hand, extinction risk was lower in widely distributed habitat generalist species than true lotic species. The local extinction within species was more common in small dynamic upstream than in larger stable downstream habitats. The results of this study are consistent with meta-population theory.     

洪湖鱼类多样性研究

根据1992～1993年洪湖鱼类资源调查,结合1959年和1982年的历史资料,分析了洪湖鱼类物种多样性和群落结构多样性的变化。结果表明,洪湖鱼类从江湖阻隔初期的湖泊定居性鱼类为主、江湖洄游性鱼类和少数河海洄游性鱼类亦有一定的产量、大型和中型鱼类占较大比例,逐渐演变成以鲫占绝大多数的“众小”局面;鱼类群落的营养结构从草食性种类的比例高达23%～35%、肉食性种类比例波动于10%～20%之间,逐渐演变成以鲫为主的杂食性鱼类占绝大多数,草食性种类基本上从湖内消失;种类组成从阻隔前的推测应不下100种演变成50余种,且实际能在洪湖生息的只有30余种;多样性指数、均匀度指数均有不同程度的降低。     

内蒙古高原锦鸡儿属植物的形态和生理生态适应性

比较研究内蒙古高原锦鸡儿属(Caragana)中生种,旱生种和强旱生种的叶片形态结构、渗透调节、气孔调节和保护酶,目的是揭示锦鸡儿属不同类型植物的生态适应策略。中生种叶片平展,被稀疏绿色短柔毛;旱生种叶片平展或呈瓦状,被灰色柔毛;强旱生种叶片呈瓦状或卷成筒状,被直立或伏帖绢毛。叶片厚度强旱生种>旱生种>中生种,叶片面积、生物量和比叶面积(SLA)强旱生种<旱生种<中生种。叶片长宽比,强旱生种和旱生种大于中生种。这些形态结构导致保水能力强旱生种>旱生种>中生种,光能利用能力中生种>旱生种>强旱生种。渗透调节物质含量、细胞质离子浓度和细胞渗透势强旱生种>旱生种>中生种。渗透调节物质含量的差异主要表现在强旱生种可溶性糖和无机离子含量远高于旱生种,后者又远高于中生种。叶含水量、自由水含量、叶水势和气孔导度中生种>旱生种>强旱生种,束缚水含量、束缚水/自由水比值、POD和SOD活性正好相反,CAT活性旱生种>中生种>强旱生种。这些生理特性导致抗旱能力强旱生种>旱生种>中生种,但代谢速率正好相反。旱生种和中生种表现出较少的日水分亏缺,强旱生种水分亏缺从清晨到傍晚持续大幅增加。细胞膜相对透性和MDA含量强旱生种>旱生种>中生种。自由基含量表现为旱生种>中生种>强旱生种。这些数据说明虽然旱生种和强旱生种形成了多种特点来适应干旱环境,但仍然是不充分的。结论:(1)分布于半湿润至半干旱区的锦鸡儿属中生种依靠活跃的代谢、大量的水分消耗和快速生长使其在生物环境中取得竞争优势;生活在干旱地区和强干旱地区的旱生种和强旱生种依靠低代谢、节水和高抗旱性来抵抗苛刻的非生物环境。(2) 旱生种和强旱生种主要通过可溶性糖和无机离子的积累,调节细胞质渗透势,保持水分平衡,这是一种相对节省能量的适应对策。     

祁连山不同景观类型中苔藓植物物种多样性研究

通过对祁连山不同景观类型中的苔藓植物进行样方调查与物种组成统计,采用物种相似性系数、多样性指数对苔藓植物物种多样性进行了分析。结果表明,30个10 m×10 m的样地内共计苔藓植物19科34属48种,其中优势科(≥3种)有6科,含19属31种,分别占本地区苔藓植物总属数和总种数的55.88%和64.58%。在5种景观类型中,针叶林带和高山灌丛带分布的苔藓植物物种相似性最高(相似性系数为0.5357);河岸带和高山草甸带分布的苔藓植物物种相似性最低(为0),表现出祁连山地区苔藓植物分布的丰富性和复杂性;高山灌丛带分布的苔藓植物物种多样性指数最高,但针叶林带苔藓植物最为丰富,是祁连山苔藓物种多样性保护的关键区域。     

Spatial distributions of tree species in a subtropical forest of China

The spatial dispersion of individuals in a species is an important pattern that is controlled by many mechanisms. In this study we analyzed spatial distributions of tree species in a large-scale (20 ha) stem-mapping plot in a species-rich subtropical forest of China. O-ring statistic was used to measure spatial patterns of species with abundance >10. Ω_0–10, the mean conspecific density within 10 m of a tree, was used as a measure of the intensity of aggregation of a species. Our results showed: (1) aggregated distribution was the dominant pattern in the plot. The percentage of aggregated species decreased with increased spatial scale. (2) The percentages of significantly aggregated species decreased from abundant to intermediate and to rare species. Rare species was more strongly aggregated than common species. Aggregation was weaker in larger diameter classes. (3) Seed traits determined the spatial patterns of trees. Seed dispersal mode can influence spatial patterns of species, with species dispersed by both modes being less clumped than species dispersed by animal or wind, respectively. Considering these results, we concluded that seed dispersal limitation, self-thinning and habitat heterogeneity primarily contributed to spatial patterns and species coexistence in the forest.     

ETHOLOGICAL DIVERGENCE IN ALLOPATRY AND ASYMMETRICAL ISOLATION IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC AEDES SCUTELLARIS SUBGROUP

Ethological isolation among eight species of mosquitoes in the Aedes scutellaris subgroup of the south Pacific was investigated by offering females a simultaneous choice between males of their own species and males of another species. The degree of ethological isolation between these largely allopatric, island-dwelling mosquitoes was associated with time since the species had become geographically isolated by the fragmentation of the Outer Melanesian Arc 2–10 mya. The degree of ethological isolation between species pairs was observed to be significantly correlated with the degree of genetic isolation based on other published studies of allozyme variation and percentage egg hatch from interspecific hybridizations. However, ethological isolation was asymmetrical for some species pairs within the same island region. Asymmetrical isolation was especially prominent in Polynesia, where females of two older species discriminated against males of newer species, while females of the newer species failed to discriminate.