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1.
A Bezkorovainy 《Clinical physiology and biochemistry》1984,2(6):291-297
A system was designed to investigate ferrous iron transport into Bifidobacterium bifidum var. pennsylvanicus. It involved the incubation of the organisms with labeled ferrous iron in the Norris medium at pH 5, in which the bacteria had grown. Iron uptakes were similar under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Ferrous but not ferric iron was taken up by the organisms. Iron uptake showed saturation kinetics and a marked temperature dependence. 2,4-Dinitrophenol and thenoltrifluoroacetate but not azide or trypsin treatment inhibited iron uptake. Zinc inhibited iron uptake competitively. Iron uptake from used medium was much greater than that from fresh medium at the same pH. It is concluded that ferrous iron uptake by the microorganisms is a carrier-mediated active phenomenon, inhibited by zinc, which may involve a substance elaborated into the medium by the organism. 相似文献
2.
Ferrochelatase from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides: substrate specificity and role of sulfhydryl and arginyl residues. 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
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Purified ferrochelatase (protoheme ferrolyase; EC 4.99.1.1) from the bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides was examined to determine the roles of cationic and sulfhydryl residues in substrate binding. Reaction of the enzyme sulfhydryl residues with N-ethylmaleimide or monobromobimane resulted in a rapid loss of enzyme activity. Ferrous iron, but not porphyrin substrate, had a protective effect against inactivation by these two reagents. Quantitation with 3H-labeled N-ethylmaleimide revealed that inactivation required one to two sulfhydryl groups to be modified. Modification of arginyl residues with either 2,3-butanedione or camphorquinone 10-sulfonate resulted in a loss of ferrochelatase activity. A kinetic analysis of the modified enzyme showed that the Km for ferrous iron was not altered but that the Km for the porphyrin substrate was increased. These data suggested that arginyl residues may be involved in porphyrin binding, possibly via charge pair interactions between the arginyl residue and the anionic porphyrin propionate side chain. Modification of lysyl residues had no effect on enzyme activity. We also examined the ability of bacterial ferrochelatase to use various 2,4-disubstituted porphyrins as substrates. We found that 2,4-bis-acetal- and 2,4-disulfonate deuteroporphyrins were effective substrates for the purified bacterial enzyme and that N-methylprotoporphyrin was an effective inhibitor of the enzyme. Our data for the ferrochelatase of R. sphaeroides are compared with previously published data for the eucaryotic enzyme. 相似文献
3.
Growth of mastitis pathogenic bacteria was measured in bovine whey samples by a turbidometric microtechnique. Whey from mastitis cows supported growth as compared with whey prepared from normal milk. Blood proteins leak into milk during mastitis. A study was undertaken to analyze which molecules from blood would promote bacterial growth in whey Fractions containing hemoglobin showed a distinct growth-promoting effect. An inadequate iron supply is one of the restricting growth factors for bacteria in milk. By utilizing heme-compounds the pathogens can by-pass the effect of antimicrobial iron-binding present in milk in the form of lactoferrin. 相似文献
4.
Studies on batch production of bacterial concentrates from mixed species lactic starters 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
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Pettersson HE 《Applied microbiology》1975,29(2):133-140
Optimum growth conditions for mixed species starter FDs 0172 at constant pH in skim milk, whey, and tryptone medium were investigated. Growth rate and maximum population were optimal at 30 C. pH values between 5.5 and 7.0 did not influence the growth rate and maximum population obtainable. Lactic acid-producing activity declined rapidly after reaching the end of the exponential growth phase. The bacterial balance was found to be influenced by the growth parameters: media, pH, temperature, and neutralizer. Skim milk or whey medium at 25 C, pH 6.5, and neutralized with 20% (vol/vol) NH4OH kept the bacterial balance almost constant throughout the cultivation. Grown in tryptone medium at constant pH, the changes in bacterial balance and other metabolic activities were striking compared to the other two media tested. The effect of lactate as an inhibitor was found to be complex, changing with the growth conditions. Concentrates made from mixed species starters FDs 0172, FD 0570, CH 0170, CHs 0170, and T 27 were comparable to controls when cultivated at the optimum conditions found and thereafter centrifuged. Aroma production, proteolytic activity, and CO2 production did not change significantly compared to controls when cultivated at optimum conditions in skim milk or whey medium. 相似文献
5.
Fifty mesophilic and five moderately thermophilic strains of acidophilic heterotrophic bacteria were tested for the ability to reduce ferric iron in liquid and solid media under aerobic conditions; about 40% of the mesophiles (but none of the moderate thermophiles) displayed at least some capacity to reduce iron. Both rates and extents of ferric iron reduction were highly strain dependent. No acidophilic heterotroph reduced nitrate or sulfate, and (limited) reduction of manganese(IV) was noted in only one strain (Acidiphilium facilis), an acidophile which did not reduce iron. Insoluble forms of ferric iron, both amorphous and crystalline, were reduced, as well as soluble iron. There was evidence that, in at least some acidophilic heterotrophs, iron reduction was enzymically mediated and that ferric iron could act as a terminal electron acceptor. In anaerobically incubated cultures, bacterial biomass increased with increasing concentrations of ferric but not ferrous iron. Mixed cultures of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans or Leptospirillum ferrooxidans and an acidophilic heterotroph (SJH) produced sequences of iron cycling in ferrous iron-glucose media. 相似文献
6.
Claude P. Champagne Henri Detournay Marie-Josée Hardy 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1991,7(2):147-149
Summary Growth ofLactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.bulgaricus, grown at a constant pH (5.7) in papain-or pepsin-treated whey was superior to that in whey or whey permeate, but inferior to growth in milk; it was not significantly different from that found in a 1:1 whey: milk medium. When 2% sodium citrate was added to the fermented medium, the cell recovery levels (59–75%) upon centrifugation were not significantly different in papain-treated media compared to untreated substrates. Cultures obtained from papain-treated milk or whey showed similar mortality levels following freeze-drying (99%) to those grown on untreated milk or whey. Addition of Tween 80 to the growth medium improved survival rate by a factor of ten. 相似文献
7.
Ferric iron acted as a non-competitive inhibitor for the biological oxidation of ferrous iron and decreased the inhibitory effects of high concentrations of ferrous iron as well as the auto-inhibitive effect the bacterial cells. A previously developed kinetic model for this reaction was modified to incorporate the inhibition effects of ferric iron. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998 相似文献
8.
Bacterial populations in samples of bioleached copper ore as revealed by analysis of DNA obtained before and after cultivation. 总被引:8,自引:4,他引:4
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The composition of bacterial populations in copper bioleaching systems was investigated by analysis of DNA obtained either directly from ores or leaching solutions or after laboratory cultures. This analysis consisted of the characterization of the spacer regions between the 16 and 23S genes in the bacterial rRNA genetic loci after PCR amplification. The sizes of the spacer regions, amplified from DNAs obtained from samples, were compared with the sizes of those obtained from cultures of the main bacterial species isolated from bioleaching systems. This allowed a preliminary assessment of the bacterial species present in the samples. Identification of the bacteria was achieved by partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes adjacent to the spacer regions. The spacer regions observed in DNA from columns leached at different iron concentrations indicated the presence of a mixture of different bacteria. The spacer region corresponding to Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was the main product observed at high ferrous iron concentration. At low ferrous iron concentration, spacer regions of different lengths, corresponding to Thiobacillus thiooxidans and "Leptospirillum ferrooxidans" were observed. However, T. ferrooxidans appeared to predominate after culture of these samples in medium containing ferrous iron as energy source. Although some of these strains contained singular spacer regions, they belonged within previously described groups of T. ferrooxidans according to the nucleotide sequence of the neighbor 16S rRNA. These results illustrate the bacterial diversity in bioleaching systems and the selective pressure generated by different growth conditions. 相似文献
9.
Oxidation of Ferrous Iron and Elemental Sulfur by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
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Romilio T. Espejo Blanca Escobar Eugenia Jedlicki Paulina Uribe Ricardo Badilla-Ohlbaum 《Applied microbiology》1988,54(7):1694-1699
The oxidation of ferrous iron and elemental sulfur by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans that was absorbed and unabsorbed onto the surface of sulfur prills was studied. Unadsorbed sulfur-grown cells oxidized ferrous iron at a rate that was 3 to 7 times slower than that of ferrous iron-grown cells, but sulfur-grown cells were able to reach the oxidation rate of the ferrous iron-adapted cells after only 1.5 generations in a medium containing ferrous iron. Bacteria that were adsorbed to sulfur prills oxidized ferrous iron at a rate similar to that of unadsorbed sulfur-grown bacteria. They also showed the enhancement of ferrous iron oxidation activity in the presence of ferrous iron, even though sulfur continued to be available to the bacteria in this case. An increase in the level of rusticyanin together with the enhancement of the ferrous iron oxidation rate were observed in both sulfur-adsorbed and unadsorbed cells. On the other hand, sulfur oxidation by the adsorbed bacteria was not affected by the presence of ferrous iron in the medium. When bacteria that were adsorbed to sulfur prills were grown at a higher pH (ca. 2.5) in the presence of ferrous iron, they rapidly lost both ferrous iron and sulfur oxidation capacities and became inactive, apparently because of the deposition of a jarosite-like precipitate onto the surface to which they were attached. 相似文献
10.
R R Campbell B Hasinoff G Chernenko J Barrowman N R Campbell 《Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology》1990,68(5):603-607
Ferrous sulfate decreases L-dopa bioavailability in humans probably as a result of binding of L-dopa by iron in the gastrointestinal tract. This study was conducted to determine if iron by binding L-dopa decreases L-dopa absorption and to investigate the effect of different pH buffers on intestinal absorption of L-dopa in the presence and absence of ferrous sulfate. A rat model developed to examine drug absorption was used. Control animals had buffered [14C]L-dopa solutions injected into two in vivo closed segments of intestine; a 5-cm duodenal and a 5-cm proximal jejunal segment. These studies were conducted using solutions buffered at pH 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5. An identical procedure was followed for experimental animals except ferrous sulfate was injected with the buffered L-dopa solutions. Ferrous sulfate resulted in a reduction in L-dopa absorption in the buffers at all pHs in both the duodenum and jejunum. The average reduction in L-dopa absorption in the presence of iron was 22.6% in the duodenum and 23.9% in the jejunum. There was a tendency for ferrous sulfate to cause a greater reduction in L-dopa absorption as the buffer pH increased. There was also a decrease in L-dopa absorption in the higher pH buffers in the absence of iron. Despite this latter result, in the jejunum there was an increase in the percent reduction in L-dopa absorption associated with ferrous sulfate as pH increased. Although this tendency was not as consistent in the duodenum as the jejunum, the combined results are compatible with the chemical model of increased L-dopa--iron binding as pH increases. 相似文献
11.
A novel iron-oxidizing, moderately thermophilic, acidophilic bacterium (strain “GSM”) was isolated from mineral spoil taken
from a gold mine in Montana. Biomolecular analysis showed that it was most closely related to Alicyclobacillus tolerans, although the two bacteria differed in some key respects, including the absence (in strain GSM) of ϖ-alicyclic fatty acids
and in their chromosomal base compositions. Isolate GSM was able to grow in oxygen-free media using ferric iron as terminal
electron acceptor confirming that it was a facultative anaerobe, a trait not previously described in Alicyclobacillus spp.. The acidophile used both organic and inorganic sources of energy and carbon, although growth and iron oxidation by
isolate GSM was uncoupled in media that contained both fructose and ferrous iron. Fructose utilization suppressed iron oxidation,
and oxidation of ferrous iron occurred only when fructose was depleted. In contrast, fructose catabolism was suppressed when
bacteria were harvested while actively oxidizing iron, suggesting that both ferrous iron- and fructose-oxidation are inducible
in this acidophile. Isolate GSM accelerated the oxidative dissolution of pyrite in liquid media either free of, or amended
with, organic carbon, although redox potentials were significantly different in these media. The potential of this isolate
for commercial mineral processing is discussed. 相似文献
12.
A putative operon encoding an uncharacterized ferrous iron transport (FtrABCD) system was previously identified in cDNA microarray studies. In growth studies using buffered medium at pH values ranging from pH 6.0 to 7.6, Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica FtrABCD system mutants showed dramatic reductions in growth yields under iron‐restricted conditions at pH 6.0, but had no growth defects at pH 7.6. Supplementation of culture medium with 2 mM ascorbate reductant was inhibitory to alcaligin siderophore‐dependent growth at pH 7.6, but had a neglible effect on FtrABCD system‐dependent iron assimilation at pH 6.0 consistent with its predicted specificity for ferrous iron. Unlike Bordetella siderophore‐dependent and haem iron transport systems, and in agreement with its hypothesized role in transport of inorganic iron from periplasm to cytoplasm, FtrABCD system function did not require the TonB energy transduction complex. Gene fusion analysis revealed that ftrABCD promoter activity was maximal under iron‐restricted growth conditions at acidic pH. The pH of human airway surface fluids ranges from pH 5.5 to 7.9, and the FtrABCD system may supply ferrous iron necessary for Bordetella growth in acidic host microenvironments in which siderophores are ineffective for iron retrieval. 相似文献
13.
Summary Iron-free RITC 80-7 defined medium was used to examine effects of ferrous iron and transferrin on cell proliferation of human
diploid fibroblasts. Both ferrous iron and holotransferrin stimulated cell proliferation in the medium, but apotransferrin
did not. When 5 g/l human serum albumin (HSA) was added to the defined medium, excellent growth was obtained under hypoxic
conditions, whereas a reduction of cellular growth during the culture periods was observed under aerobic conditions. When
ferrous iron was added to the HSA medium alone, the reduction in growth increased in proportion to the concentrations, whereas
the addition of transferrin prevented this reduction in a concentration-dependent manner. This suggests that the ferrous iron
concentration in media causes a reduction in growth under aerobic conditions and transferrin prevents this reduction because
it decreases the ferrous iron concentration. Further, serum albumin seems to be a source of iron in media. 相似文献
14.
Reduction of ferric iron by acidophilic heterotrophic bacteria: evidence for constitutive and inducible enzyme systems in Acidiphilium spp 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
AIMS: To compare the abilities of two obligately acidophilic heterotrophic bacteria, Acidiphilium acidophilum and Acidiphilium SJH, to reduce ferric iron to ferrous when grown under different culture conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bacteria were grown in batch culture, under different aeration status, and in the presence of either ferrous or ferric iron. The specific rates of ferric iron reduction by fermenter-grown Acidiphilium SJH were unaffected by dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations, while iron reduction by A. acidophilum was highly dependent on DO concentrations in the growth media. The ionic form of iron present (ferrous or ferric) had a minimal effect on the abilities of harvested cells to reduce ferric iron. Whole cell protein profiles of Acidiphilium SJH were very similar, regardless of the DO status of the growth medium, while additional proteins were present in A. acidophilum grown microaerobically compared with aerobically-grown cells. CONCLUSIONS: The dissimilatory reduction of ferric iron is constitutive in Acidiphilium SJH while it is inducible in A. acidophilum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Ferric iron reduction by Acidiphilium spp. may occur in oxygen-containing as well as anoxic acidic environments. This will detract from the effectiveness of bioremediation systems where removal of iron from polluted waters is mediated via oxidation and precipitation of the metal. 相似文献
15.
The effect of electrolyte concentration on attachment of Vibrio alginolyticus to hydroxyapatite was determined. Bacterial affinity for attachment to the surface and surface capacity were derived from linearization of bacterial adsorption isotherms. At low concentrations (<0.1 M) the affinity of the bacteria for the surface increased with increasing ionic strength, in agreement with the D.L.V.O. theory of colloid interaction. At higher concentrations, bacterial affinity for the surface decreased with increasing concentration of cations and was not related to ionic strength changes in the medium. These results demonstrate a change in the mechanism by which salts affect bacterial attachment at salt concentrations above 0.1 M. The results are consistent with the relationship between the proportion of attached bacteria and salinity observed in previously published field studies. The results may also resolve differences between various attachment studies carried out in different ionic strength media, utilizing different bacteria, surfaces, and experimental methods. 相似文献
16.
Haem is the major iron source for bacteria that develop in higher organisms. In these hosts, bacteria have to cope with nutritional immunity imposed by the host, since haem and iron are tightly bound to carrier and storage proteins. Siderophores were the first recognized fighters in the battle for iron between bacteria and host. They are non-proteinaceus organic molecules having an extremely high affinity for Fe(3+) and able to extract it from host proteins. Haemophores, that display functional analogy with siderophores, were more recently discovered. They are a class of secreted proteins with a high affinity for haem; they are able to extract haem from host haemoproteins and deliver it to specific receptors that internalize haem. In the past few years, a wealth of data has accumulated on haem acquisition systems that are dependent on surface exposed/secreted bacterial proteins. They promote haem transfer from its initial source (in most cases, a eukaryotic haem binding protein) to the transporter that carries out the membrane crossing step. Here we review recent discoveries in this field, with particular emphasis on similar and dissimilar mechanisms in haemophores and siderophores, from the initial host source to the binding protein/receptor at the cell surface. 相似文献
17.
Extracellular iron has been implicated in the pathogenesis of post-injury organ failure. However, the source(s) and biochemical
species of this iron have not been identified. Based upon evidence that distant organ injury results from an increase in intestinal
permeability, we looked for ferrous iron in mesenteric lymph in anesthetized rats undergoing hemorrhage and fluid resuscitation
(H/R). Ferrous iron increased in lymph from 4.7 nmol/mg of protein prior to hemorrhage to 86.6 nmol/mg during resuscitation.
Utilizing immuno-spin trapping in protein fractions that were rich in iron, we tentatively indentified protein carrier(s)
of ferrous iron by MALDI-TOF MS. One of the identified proteins was the metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, TIMP-2. Antibody
to TIMP-2 immunoprecipitated 74% of the ferrozine detectable iron in its protein fraction. TIMP-2 binds iron in vitro at pH
6.3, which is typical of conditions in the mesentery during hemorrhage, but it retains the ability to inhibit the metalloproteases
MMP-2 and MMP-9. In summary, there is a large increase in extracellular ferrous iron in the gut in H/R demonstrating dysregulation
of iron homeostasis. We have identified, for the first time, the binding of extracellular iron to TIMP-2. 相似文献
18.
Anatoly Bezkorovainy Leslie Solberg Robin Miller-Catchpole Mark Poch 《Biological trace element research》1988,17(1):123-137
Initial rates of ferrous iron transport intoBifidobacterium bifidum var.pennsylvanicus were measured at low and high iron concentrations. The low affinity system (LAFIUS) had an apparent Km of 167 μM, the high affinity system (HAFIUS) had a Km of 50 μM.
Iron removal from preloaded bifidobacteria revealed the existence of a labile and an inert iron pool in the bacterial cells.
Iron uptake by the bifidobacteria was associated with lactate production, though lactate production could continue without
iron uptake. Cessation of iron uptake and lactate production was not because of an exhaustion of any nutrient nor the accumulation
of fermentation end products in the medium. It was apparently the result of an inactivation of the cellular enzyme machinery
without replacing it through normal biosynthetic processes. 相似文献
19.
A Bezkorovainy N Topouzian R Miller-Catchpole 《Clinical physiology and biochemistry》1986,4(2):150-158
Iron uptake studies in Bifidobacterium bifidum var. pennsylvanicus were carried out using ferric citrate at iron concentrations above 0.01 mM and pH 7, ferrous iron at concentrations less than 0.01 mM at pH 5. Two ferric iron transport systems were distinguished: the temperature-insensitive polymer, and the temperature-sensitive monomer uptake. Both showed a saturation phenomenon. The transport of ferrous iron at concentrations below 0.01 mM was temperature-dependent, and its affinity for iron was higher than that of a system operating at iron concentrations higher than 0.01 mM. The use of various metabolic inhibitors indicated that ferrous iron transport at pH 5 at both high and low iron concentrations was mediated by transport-type ATPase. Proton gradient dissipators abolished ferrous iron uptakes as well as the ferric monomer uptake. Uptake of the ferric polymer was insensitive to metabolic inhibitors. The functional significance of the various types of iron transport systems may be related to the nutritional immunity phenomenon. 相似文献
20.
Chi-Sun Wang 《Analytical biochemistry》1980,105(1):398-402
Sequential chromatography of human milk whey on concanavalin A—Sepharose 4B followed by cholate—Sepharose 4B yielded a bile salt-activated lipase with 150-fold purification. The lipase was not retained by concanavalin A—Sepharose 4B but was retained by the cholate—Sepharose 4B, from which it was eluted with 2% sodium cholate. The affinity chromatography procedure on cholate—Sepharose 4B was based on the specific structural requirement of the enzyme for a 7-hydroxyl group of bile salt. Sodium deoxycholate, which lacks the 7-hydroxyl group, was effective in removing the nonspecifically bound proteins without affecting the binding of the enzyme. Bile salt-activated lipase showed a single band on urea-sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an apparent molecular weight of 125,000, and based on densitometric measurement accounted for 0.5–1.0% of the protein mass of human whole milk. A rabbit antiserum to the purified bile salt-activated lipase caused no inhibition of human milk lipoprotein lipase activity but completely inhibited bile salt-activated lipase activity. 相似文献