应用抗体捕捉聚合酶链反应(AC/PCR)检测贝类甲型肝炎病毒污染

污染水体中生长的贝类是传播甲型肝炎的重要途径之一。本文介绍了一种抗体捕捉后进行ＰＣＲ扩增来检测贝肉中甲肝病毒（ｈｕｍａｎｈｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓＡｖｉｒｕｓ,ＨＡＶ）的方法。贝肉中ＨＡＶ的浓集回收采用洗脱一沉淀法井加以改进,用脊髓灰质炎病毒作为指示病毒,经二次沉淀后病毒的回收经率为２６％,３０克贝肉中的病毒浓集回收在１．０～１．５ｍｌ上清液中。此方法计算检测限＜３０－３００ＨＡＶ／３ｇ贝肉。从１４份大连海域标本中,用该法检测出阳性标本７份,阳性率为５０％。此浓集病毒的方法还可应用于检测贝肉中污染的脊髓灰质炎病毒、诺瓦克病毒、轮状病毒等其它病毒。     

细胞培养中支原体污染的PCR检测

根据支原体16s rDNA序列,选择RemyTeyssou设计的三条寡核苷酸链,组成两套引物:P_(1-2a)能检测出细胞培养中常见的各种支原体,P_(1-2b)能检出无胆甾原体。反应可检出体系中10CFV的菌体。此法先用于对实验室人为污染支原体Vero细胞的检测,后与DNA 染色法和培养法比较,检测了49份生物样品,其中24份传代细胞,PCR检测的阳性率为58％,DNA染色法为42％,培养法为33％;三者的灵敏性比较,PCR可检出10~(-3)稀释度的阳性样品,高于其他两种方法。此PCR方法快速、灵敏、特异,适用于细胞培养中支原体污染的检测。     

六种检测猪瘟病毒方法的比较

【目的】本研究旨在比较6种检测猪瘟病毒方法的优缺点。【方法】应用病毒分离、胶体金免疫层析试纸条、抗原捕捉ELISA、反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)、TaqMan荧光定量RT-PCR(RT-qPCR)和反转录-环介导等温扩增方法(RT-LAMP)等6种方法,分别对50份疑似猪瘟病料中的猪瘟病毒(Classical swine fevervirus,CSFV)进行检测。【结果】结果表明:RT-qPCR和RT-LAMP方法检出阳性样品数为13份,RT-PCR为11份,病毒分离为10份,抗原捕捉ELISA为9份,胶体金试纸条为8份;6种方法均检测为阳性8份,均为阴性37份。【结论】结果提示,在对猪瘟病毒进行检测时,RT-qPCR、RT-LAMP和RT-PCR由于其灵敏性高,可作为首选检测方法,但操作时需要避免假阳性的出现;病毒分离方法虽然操作繁琐,但结果准确,是确诊猪瘟必不可少的检测方法;抗原捕捉ELISA和胶体金试纸条检测时间较短,由于其敏感性较低所限,主要用于对畜群进行检测,不适合个体检测。     

RT-PCR一步法检测甲型肝炎活病毒方法的建立

建立灵敏、特异、快速检测甲型肝炎活病毒(HAV)的方法。提取HAV总RNA,选用HAV高保守区为目标区,设计合成一对引物,通过RT-PCR反应扩增其核酸,用琼脂糖凝胶电泳法检测其扩增产物,紫外灯下观察,约200bp处为目标片段,根据观察结果,计算HAV滴度。RT-PCR一步法快速、灵敏、重复性好、特异性强,可用于甲型肝炎活病毒检测。     

3M~(TM) Petrifilm~(TM)快速菌落总数测试片法与食品中菌落总数检测国标方法(GB 4789.2-2010)的比较

目的比较3M~(TM) Petrifilm~(TM)快速菌落总数测试片(RAC)法与食品中菌落总数检测国标方法(GB 4789.2-2010)检测熟肉样品、人工污染熟肉样品中的菌落总数结果的一致性。方法分别用两种方法对129份熟肉样品和166份人工污染熟肉样品进行菌落总数项目检测,并对3M~(TM) Petrifilm~(TM)快速菌落测试片法与国标方法的实验结果进行配对资料t检验、线性回归分析以及对数值差值绝对值(|dlog|)汇总分析。结果第一部分:两种方法检测熟肉样品、人工污染熟肉样品的菌落总数检测结果t=1.5704、P=0.1188,差异无统计学意义;相关系数R2值分别为0.897、0.964;|dlog|≤0.500所占百分比分别为97.7%、100.0%。第二部分:两种方法检测295份样品,t=1.1336,P=0.2586;相关系数R2=0.992;|dlog|≤0.500的结果百分率为99.0%。结论在检测熟肉样品、人工污染熟肉样品时,3M~(TM) Petrifilm~(TM)快速菌落总数测试片法与国标方法检测结果的一致性较好。     

应用抗体捕捉聚合酶链反应检测贝类甲型肝炎病毒污染

污染水体中生长的贝类是传播甲型肝炎的重要途径之一,本文介绍了一种抗体捕捉后进行ＰＣＲ扩增来检测贝肉中甲肝病毒的方法,贝肉中ＨＡＶ的浓集回收采用洗脱一沉淀法并加以改进,用脊髓灰质炎病毒作为指示病毒,经二次沉淀后病毒的回收率为２６％,３０克贝肉中的病毒浓集回收在１．０￣１．５ｍｌ上清液中。     

对383份鸟类样品检测未发现SARS-CoV-2阳性

2019年12月以来,全球大面积发现了由新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情,病毒溯源一直是研究的重点。目前在畜禽和毛皮动物中均未检测出病原,而关于SARS-CoV-2在珍禽和濒危候鸟的溯源性研究至今尚未报道。本研究收集了2019-2020年吉林省内绿头鸭、白羽鸭、雉鸡、鸿雁、白天鹅等10种珍禽和濒危候鸟的咽拭子、肛拭子和粪便样品共383份。通过WHO推荐Real-time RT-PCR方法对上述样品中SARS-CoV-2进行检测。结果显示,383份样品中SARS-CoV-2核酸检测结果均为阴性。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒和盖他病毒双重RT-PCR检测方法的建立与应用

盖他病毒(Getah virus,GETV)可感染猪并引起和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome,PRRS)相类似的临床表现,且两者可混合感染而难以区分。我国检测PRRSV和其他诸多病毒的多重PCR文献已比比皆是,但尚无同时检测PRRSV和GET V方法的报道。为此,作者根据GenBank中公布的PRRSV和GETV全基因序列,设计了两对分别扩增PRRSV ORF7基因和GETV Cap基因片段的引物,通过反应条件的优化及特异性、灵敏性和重复性试验,首次建立了可同时检测PRRSV和GETV的双重RT-PCR方法。结果显示,该方法可以同时扩增出PRRSV 633 bp和GETV 316 bp的特异性片段,而对猪瘟病毒等其他相关病毒扩增结果均为阴性。对GETV和PRRSV的cDNA最低检测量分别为2.48×10~(-4)ng和2.50×10~(-5)ng。用建立的双重RTPCR方法对河南15个地市92个猪场的136份临床疑似PRRS发病猪样品进行检测,共从58个猪场检出PRRSV单一阳性样品44份,阳性率为32.4%;GETV单一阳性样品7份,阳性率为5.15%;GETV和PRRSV混合感染样品8份,阳性率为5.88%。检测结果与单一RT-PCR结果吻合率达100%。该方法为GETV和PRRSV的快速检测、鉴别诊断和分子流行病学研究等提供了新的技术手段。     

一种甲型肝炎灭活疫苗灭活验证试验方法的建立

目的探讨细胞培养/链特异性RT-PCR方法可否作为甲型肝炎(甲肝)灭活疫苗(L-A-1减毒株)的病毒灭活验证试验方法。方法根据甲肝病毒(HAV)L-A-1株基因组序列,设计5条基因特异性引物,提取HAV基因组RNA,应用设计的正向引物进行反转录,再进行两轮PCR扩增,通过检测HAV复制过程中的负链中间体,对甲肝灭活疫苗灭活验证试验方法进行探讨,并与《中华人民共和国药典》甲肝灭活疫苗HAV灭活验证试验方法进行比较。结果细胞培养/链特异性RT-PCR方法对HAV负链RNA特异、敏感。通过方法学验证试验表明,该方法的特异性、敏感性和重复性均良好。利用此方法对5批甲肝灭活疫苗(L-A-1减毒株)进行检测,结果全为阴性,与《中华人民共和国药典》甲肝灭活疫苗HAV灭活验证试验测定结果相同。结论细胞培养/链特异性RT-PCR方法快速、灵敏可靠,可作为检测甲肝灭活疫苗(L-A-1减毒株)HAV灭活验证试验的方法。     

烟台沿海地区贝类海产品戊型肝炎病毒检测分析

了解烟台地区贝类海产品中戊型肝炎病毒污染状况,为戊型肝炎防控提供科学依据。采集了烟台近海区域贝类海产品11种,用PEG 8000对戊肝病毒进行优化富集,应用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法进行检测,用已知戊肝阳性病人粪便标本做系列梯度稀释作为荧光信号强度参照。11种共151份贝类海产品中,在海虹（贻贝）中检出戊肝病毒阳性3份,可疑阳性2份,其它10种贝类中未检出。烟台近海区域贝类海产品（贻贝）中存在戊型肝炎病毒污染。     

Real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay for detection of hepatitis A virus

A nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) assay in combination with a molecular beacon was developed for the real-time detection and quantification of hepatitis A virus (HAV). A 202-bp, highly conserved 5' noncoding region of HAV was targeted. The sensitivity of the real-time NASBA assay was tested with 10-fold dilutions of viral RNA, and a detection limit of 1 PFU was obtained. The specificity of the assay was demonstrated by testing with other environmental pathogens and indicator microorganisms, with only HAV positively identified. When combined with immunomagnetic separation, the NASBA assay successfully detected as few as 10 PFU from seeded lake water samples. Due to its isothermal nature, its speed, and its similar sensitivity compared to the real-time RT-PCR assay, this newly reported real-time NASBA method will have broad applications for the rapid detection of HAV in contaminated food or water.     

Real-Time Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification Assay for Detection of Hepatitis A Virus

A nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) assay in combination with a molecular beacon was developed for the real-time detection and quantification of hepatitis A virus (HAV). A 202-bp, highly conserved 5′ noncoding region of HAV was targeted. The sensitivity of the real-time NASBA assay was tested with 10-fold dilutions of viral RNA, and a detection limit of 1 PFU was obtained. The specificity of the assay was demonstrated by testing with other environmental pathogens and indicator microorganisms, with only HAV positively identified. When combined with immunomagnetic separation, the NASBA assay successfully detected as few as 10 PFU from seeded lake water samples. Due to its isothermal nature, its speed, and its similar sensitivity compared to the real-time RT-PCR assay, this newly reported real-time NASBA method will have broad applications for the rapid detection of HAV in contaminated food or water.     

High-pressure inactivation of hepatitis A virus within oysters

Previous results demonstrated that hepatitis A virus (HAV) could be inactivated by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) (D. H. Kingsley, D. Hoover, E. Papafragkou, and G. P. Richards, J. Food Prot. 65:1605-1609, 2002); however, direct evaluation of HAV inactivation within contaminated oysters was not performed. In this study, we report confirmation that HAV within contaminated shellfish is inactivated by HHP. Shellfish were initially contaminated with HAV by using a flowthrough system. PFU reductions of >1, >2, and >3 log(10) were observed for 1-min treatments at 350, 375, and 400 megapascals, respectively, within a temperature range of 8.7 to 10.3 degrees C. Bioconcentration of nearly 6 log(10) PFU of HAV per oyster was achieved under simulated natural conditions. These results suggest that HHP treatment of raw shellfish will be a viable strategy for the reduction of infectious HAV.     

High-Pressure Inactivation of Hepatitis A Virus within Oysters

Previous results demonstrated that hepatitis A virus (HAV) could be inactivated by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) (D. H. Kingsley, D. Hoover, E. Papafragkou, and G. P. Richards, J. Food Prot. 65:1605-1609, 2002); however, direct evaluation of HAV inactivation within contaminated oysters was not performed. In this study, we report confirmation that HAV within contaminated shellfish is inactivated by HHP. Shellfish were initially contaminated with HAV by using a flowthrough system. PFU reductions of >1, >2, and >3 log₁₀ were observed for 1-min treatments at 350, 375, and 400 megapascals, respectively, within a temperature range of 8.7 to 10.3°C. Bioconcentration of nearly 6 log₁₀ PFU of HAV per oyster was achieved under simulated natural conditions. These results suggest that HHP treatment of raw shellfish will be a viable strategy for the reduction of infectious HAV.     

Magnetic immunoseparation PCR assay (MIPA) for detection of hepatitis a virus (HAV) in American oyster (Crassostrea virginica)

In order to detect the low numbers of hepatitis A viral (HAV) particles which may potentially be present in food and cause a serious illness, an original procedure which combines immunomagnetic separation and PCR is described. The use of streptavidin magnetic beads coated with biotinylated human anti-HAV IgG allows virus capture and the removal of the RT-PCR inhibitory compounds which usually are present in shellfish extracts. Following immunomagnetic capture, the separated HAV were lysed, the beads discarded, and the supernatant containing the viral RNA subjected to the RT-PCR protocol. Levels of HAV ranging from 10 to 10⁵ pfu were successfully detected in artificially contaminated samples of shucked American oyster ( Crassostrea virginica ).     

Duration of viral RNA circulation in blood of patients with hepatitis A

Duration of hepatitis A virus (HAV) RNA circulation in blood of patients with HA was assessed and compared with intensity of cytolytic syndrome. Detection of viral RNA was performed by RT-PCR method with specific primers to VP1/P2A region of HAV genome. 54 blood serum samples from 40 patients were prospectively studied on the presence of HAV RNA. The latterwas detected in 53.7% of serum samples. The greatest number of positive results of HAV RNA detection in blood of the patients with HA was obtained from 8th to 21st day of illness (77.4%). Prolonged viremia (42+/-9 days) was observed in more than 20% of the patients. The maximal time of HAV RNA daetection in blood serum amounted 74 days (period of follow-up). HAV RNA was present in almost all patients with AIAT activity higher than 500 U/l regardless of duration of illness.     

Detecting the presence of infectious hepatitis A virus in molluscs positive to RT-nested-PCR

AIMS: The objective of this study was to determine the presence of infectious hepatitis A virus (HAV) in molluscs naturally contaminated with viral HAV-RNA. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and forty-two mollusc samples were analysed for the presence of viral HAV-RNA using RT-nested-PCR; positive samples were then analysed with an integrated method, cell-culture RT-PCR, to detect infectious virus. Viral HAV-RNA was detected in 34.5% of the samples while 12.7% of the total samples were positive for the presence of infectious virus. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate the validity of the screening method (RT-nested-PCR) and the necessity of applying a method that is capable of detecting the presence of infectious HAV. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study demonstrates that in any case, to determine the safety for human consumption, the results of RT-nested-PCR must be confirmed with an integrated cell-culture PCR method.