海南省香蕉枯萎菌生理小种的RAPD分析

利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)分子标记方法对海南省香蕉枯萎病菌2个生理小种(小种1和小种4)进行遗传多样性分析,以筛选出的15个随机引物对采自海南省各市县发病蕉区的分别属于1号生理小种和4号生理小种的16个代表菌株及广东省2个1号和4号生理小种对照菌株进行RAPD-PCR扩增,结果产生97个RAPD分子标记,其中多态性的条带有76条,通过聚类分析探讨了供试小种间的亲缘关系,并寻找到了1、4号生理小种的特异性条带,为在分子水平上进行香蕉枯萎病菌生理小种鉴定提供更为便利的手段。     

中国棉花枯萎菌生理小种的RAPD分析*

利用随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）分子标记方法对我国棉花枯萎菌３个生理小种（３、７、８号）进行遗传多样性分析,以筛选出的１０个随机引物对采自我国１１个省（自治区）的２６个代表菌株及国外３个不同生理小种对照菌株进行ＲＡＰＤ－ＰＣＲ增,共产生了１４０个ＲＡＰＤ分子标记,其中８７．８％具有多态性。通过聚类分析确定了供试小种间的亲缘关系,并寻找到了我国３、７、８号小种的特异条带,为确立我国棉花枯萎菌生理小种在国际上的分类地位提供了可靠的分子证据。     

中国棉花枯萎菌生理小种的RAPD分析

利用随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）分子标记方法对我国棉花枯萎菌３个生理小种（３、７、８号）进行遗传多样性分析,以筛选出的１０个随机引物对采自我国１１个省（自治区）的２６个代表菌株及国外３个不同生理小种对照菌株进行ＲＡＰＤ－ＰＣＲ增,共产生了１４０个ＲＡＰＤ分子标记,其中８７．８％具有多态性。通过聚类分析确定了供试小种间的亲缘关系,并寻找到了我国３、７、８号小种的特异条带,为确立我国棉花枯萎菌生理小种在国际上的分类地位提供了可靠的分子证据。     

黑龙江省葫芦科白粉病菌RAPD分析

2010年采集黑龙江省不同生态区不同设施内的甜瓜、黄瓜、南瓜、西瓜等瓜类白粉病菌菌株17份,采用国际通用的瓜类白粉病菌生理小种鉴别寄主对17份白粉病菌进行了生理小种鉴定。根据13个鉴别寄主的抗感反应,初步确定黑龙江省葫芦科作物白粉病菌存在3个生理小种,即单囊壳白粉菌Podosphaera xanthii的生理小种1和生理小种N1号及一个新生理小种,其中生理小种1为优势小种。通过对13份白粉病菌的RAPD分析,从119个随机引物中筛选出10个条带清晰而且重复性好的引物,扩增得到157个位点,其中多态性位点为138个,多态性位点频率为97.89%,表明黑龙江省葫芦科作物白粉菌具有丰富的遗传多样性。利用NTSYS-PC软件进行数据分析,结果表明13个菌株之间遗传相似系数的变化幅度为0.52－0.75。根据遗传相似系数用类平均法（UPGMA）对其聚类,以遗传相似系数0.60为阈值,供试菌株可区分为4个类群。同是生理小种1的菌株部分聚到了同一类,新生理小种与部分生理小种1菌株聚到同一类,同是生理小种N1的两个菌株未聚到同一类;相同地理来源或相同寄主来源的白粉菌也未聚到一类。初步确定葫芦科白粉病菌致病性与DNA多态性不形成对应关系,菌株的遗传多样性与菌株地理来源、寄主来源及设施类型亦无明显的直接关系。     

Molecular characterization of Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium species by a single primer RAPD technique

Charcoal root rot and wilt, are two economically important diseases of many crop plants in North and South America, Asia and Africa and some parts of Europe. Genetic variation in 43 isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina and 22 isolates of Fusarium species, collected from geographically distinct regions over a range of hosts, was studied using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Initially, 210 arbitrary nucleotide (10-mer) primers were tested for amplification of genomic DNA of one M. phaseolina isolate, 70 primers amplified the genomic DNA of M. phaseolina. One primer OPA-13 (5'-CAGCACCCAC-3') produced fingerprint profiles, which clearly distinguished between the different isolates of M. phaseolina. UPGMA analysis classified these isolates into five major groups. By primer OPA-13, 22 isolates of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Fusarium species of different formae-speciales and races, were also distinguished from M. phaseolina. This marker is useful for distinguishing between these two important plant pathogens irrespective of hosts, virulence spectrum and races. This is the first report of reliable diagnosis of two soilborne pathogens (root/collar rot and wilt causing pathogens) at the level of isolates, formae-speciales and races by a single primer RAPD procedure with uniform PCR conditions.     

Use of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis and Genetic Fingerprinting to Differentiate Isolates of Race O, C and T of Bipolaris maydis

Isolates of three races of Bipolaris maydis from China (races O, C and T) were compared using two techniques. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis using 24 primers indicated that race O and C isolates were more similar to one another than to the race T isolate. Twenty of the primers produced RAPD profiles that were similar for the race O and C isolates but differed for the race T isolate (four primers did not amplify products in any of the isolates). Four primers produced profiles which differed for all three races and two of these (A-09 and B-18) clearly differentiated the race O and race C isolates. Genetic fingerprinting of B. maydis using M13 DNA as a probe differentiated race O and C isolates from the race T with all four restriction enzymes used. Furthermore, when DNA was digested with Hind III, the hybridization profiles of the race O and C isolates differed from one another.     

Characterization of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Isolates from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Anthracnose disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, is responsible for extensive yield losses worldwide. This pathogen is known to vary greatly in its pathogenicity. Control strategies include chemical control and, mainly, the development of resistant cultivars, taking into account the population structure of C. lindemuthianum. The objective of this study was to investigate the pathogenic and genetic diversity and population structure among C. lindemuthianum isolates collected in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. When these isolates were inoculated on 12 differential cultivars, a total of 10 races were identified within a series of 48 isolates collected in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Races 65, 81 and 73 were the most frequent races and occurred in most of the regions. This study also detected race 337, which had not been reported previously in the literature. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis performed on the same 48 isolates revealed great genetic diversity, clustering the series into five groups at a maximum similarity value of 89.6%. There was no clear relationship between the loci sampled by RAPD markers and the pathogenic characterization. Analysis of molecular variance showed that 96.06% of the variability was contained within regions and 3.94% among regions, indicating a high exchange of genetic material among the regions of the State. Most of the variability was detected within races (75.24%). The pathogenicity and RAPD assays corroborated the broad genetic diversity of the pathogen and the results have been useful in breeding for resistance to anthracnose.     

基于RAPD、ISSR和AFLP对西瓜枯萎病菌遗传多样性的评价

利用RAPD、ISSR和AFLP分子标记技术对50个西瓜枯萎病菌株进行了分析。结果表明,21个RAPD引物、21个ISSR引物和21对AFLP引物分别对供试菌株扩增出113、134和389条带,三种分子标记的遗传相似系数比较一致,均可揭示西瓜枯萎病菌的遗传变异特点。三种分子标记产生的聚类分析结果存在一定差异,其中RAPD类群与生理小种和地理来源之间均不存在明显关系;而AFLP和ISSR类群与生理小种之间存在一定相关性,与菌株的地理来源关系不明显。     

基于RAPD、ISSR和AFLP对西瓜枯萎病菌遗传多样性的评价

利用RAPD、ISSR和AFLP分子标记技术对50个西瓜枯萎病菌株进行了分析。结果表明,21个RAPD引物、21个ISSR引物和21对AFLP引物分别对供试菌株扩增出113、134和389条带,三种分子标记的遗传相似系数比较一致,均可揭示西瓜枯萎病菌的遗传变异特点。三种分子标记产生的聚类分析结果存在一定差异,其中RAPD类群与生理小种和地理来源之间均不存在明显关系;而AFLP和ISSR类群与生理小种之间存在一定相关性,与菌株的地理来源关系不明显。     

Genetic Diversity and Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis Races from Different Areas of Italy

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis (FOM) is a devastating disease of melon worldwide. Pathogenicity tests performed with F. oxysporum isolates obtained from Italian melon‐growing areas allowed to identify thirty‐four FOM isolates and the presence of all four races. The aims of this work were to examine genetic relatedness among FOM isolates by race determination and to perform phylogenetic analyses of identified FOM races including also other formae speciales of F. oxysporum of cucurbits. Results showed that FOM race 1,2 was the most numerous with a total of eighteen isolates, while six and nine isolates were identified as race 0 and 1, respectively, and just one isolate was assigned to race 2. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiling and by translation elongation factor‐1α (TEF‐1α) sequencing. The analysis of RAPD profiles separated FOM races into two distinct clades. Clade 1, which included races 0, 1 and 1,2, was further divided into ‘subclade a’ which grouped almost all race 1,2 isolates, and into ‘subclade b’ which included race 0 and 1 isolates. Clade 2 comprised only race 2 isolates. The phylogenetic analysis based on TEF‐1α separated FOM from the other formae speciales of F. oxysporum. Also with TEF‐1α analysis, FOM races 0, 1 and 1,2 isolates grouped in one single clade clearly separated from FOM race 2 isolates which grouped closer to F. oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum. RAPD technique was more effective than TEF‐1α in differentiating FOM race 1,2 isolates from those belonging to the closely related races 0 and 1. Both phylogenetic analyses supported the close relationship between the three different FOM races which might imply the derivation from one another and the different origin of FOM race 2.     

高粱丝黑穗病菌种内分化的RAPD分析

应用随机引物对来自不同地理来源、不同寄主和经寄主致病力测定的高粱丝黑穗病菌2、3号生理小种的10个菌株的DNA进行分析,所产生的RAPD结果表明,丝黑穗病菌S.reilianum具有丰富的种内遗传多样性,存在明显的分化现象。经聚类分析可将供试菌株大致分成两组,辽宁清原H2和黑龙江绥化H9菌株为一组。辽宁沈阳(H3)、阜新(H1)、营口(H10),山西榆次(H4),吉林四平(H5),黑龙江哈尔滨(H6),河北张家口(H8)等高粱丝黑穗病菌株以及辽宁沈阳的玉米丝黑穗病菌株(H7)为另一组,并且同一组内的DNA多态性亦有差异。高粱丝黑穗病菌2号生理小种和3号小种间在分子水平上存在差异明显。     

高粱丝黑穗病菌种内分化的RAPD分析*

应用随机引物对来自不同地理来源、不同寄主和经寄主致病力测定的高粱丝黑穗病菌2、3号生理小种的10个菌株的DNA进行分析,所产生的RAPD结果表明,丝黑穗病菌S.reilianum具有丰富的种内遗传多样性,存在明显的分化现象。经聚类分析可将供试菌株大致分成两组,辽宁清原H2和黑龙江绥化H9菌株为一组。辽宁沈阳(H3)、阜新(H1)、营口(H10),山西榆次(H4),吉林四平(H5),黑龙江哈尔滨(H6),河北张家口(H8)等高粱丝黑穗病菌株以及辽宁沈阳的玉米丝黑穗病菌株(H7)为另一组,并且同一组内的DNA多态性亦有差异。高粱丝黑穗病菌2号生理小种和3号小种间在分子水平上存在差异明显。     

Genetic Variability of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris Population Affecting Chickpea in the Sudan

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris (Foc) is the most important soilborne disease of chickpea in the Sudan and many other countries. A total of 76 Foc isolates from six different chickpea‐growing states in the Sudan have been collected in this study to investigate the genetic diversity of Sudanese Foc isolates. Additional 14 Foc isolates from Syria and Lebanon were included in this study. All isolates were characterized using four random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), three simple sequence repeats (SSR), five sequence‐characterized amplified region (SCAR) primers and three specific Foc genome primers. Based on the similarity coefficient, the results indicated two major clusters included seven subclusters. The isolates from the Sudan were grouped as identified as races 0, 2 and unknown races. The isolates from Syria and Lebanon were grouped together as they identified as races 1B/C and 6, respectively. This study identified a new race Foc (race 0) in the Sudan. The results of this study will be useful for breeders to design effective resistance breeding program in chickpea in the Sudan.     

大豆灰斑病菌生理小种的RAPD标记*

运用随机扩增多态性DNA（RandomamplifiedpolymorphicDNA,RAPD）技术对发生于中国东北的大豆发斑病菌（Cercosporidiumsojinum）的10个生理小种进行基因组DNA多态性分析。用13个10-核苷酸随机引物共计获得了111个RAPD标记,其中86.5％具有多态性,通过聚类分析确定了供试小种间的亲缘关系。试验证明,RAPD技术分析大豆灰斑病菌遗传变异可提供大量分子标记,综合分析13个随机引物的扩增谱带可将供试菌株清楚分开。RAPD技术是一项操作简单、快速和灵敏的方法,极具对病菌群体遗传分析的潜力。     

大豆灰斑病菌生理小种的RAPD标记

运用随机扩增多态性DNA（RandomamplifiedpolymorphicDNA,RAPD）技术对发生于中国东北的大豆发斑病菌（Cercosporidiumsojinum）的10个生理小种进行基因组DNA多态性分析。用13个10-核苷酸随机引物共计获得了111个RAPD标记,其中86.5％具有多态性,通过聚类分析确定了供试小种间的亲缘关系。试验证明,RAPD技术分析大豆灰斑病菌遗传变异可提供大量分子标记,综合分析13个随机引物的扩增谱带可将供试菌株清楚分开。RAPD技术是一项操作简单、快速和灵敏的方法,极具对病菌群体遗传分析的潜力。     

Sequence-tagged sites (STS) for studies of molecular epidemiology of scleroderris canker of conifers

 Scleroderris canker is a very damaging disease of conifers caused by a fungal pathogen, Gremmeniella abietina var ‘abietina’. This fungal pathogen is now known to comprise a number of distinct races and biotypes. In North America, two races, an indigenous North American race and an introduced European race, are present. In Europe, three distinct biotypes have been reported within the European race: one in the Alps, another in Fennoscandia, and a third that overlaps with the first two. We used random amplified microsatellites (RAMS) and DNA sequencing with arbitrary primer pairs (SWAPP) to design five PCR primer pairs flanking polymorphic regions of the genome of the European race of G. abietina. Length polymorphisms produced by repeats of basic units in microsatellites were distinguished by electrophoresis of PCR products in agarose gels, and point mutations were identified by low-ionic-strength single-strand conformation polymorphisms (LIS-SSCP). Some primers generated private alleles in the European biotype and the psychrophilic Alpine and Fennoscandian biotypes, i.e., alleles that were fixed within the two groups but polymorphic between them. Conversely, one pair of primers amplified at least 3, 4, and 7 alleles in the Fennoscandian, Alpine, and European biotypes, respectively. The Alpine and Fennoscandian biotypes, although geographically separated, were genetically more closely related to one another than to European biotype, which has an overlapping distribution. However, both Alpine and Fennoscandian biotypes have similar ecotypic adaptation. The evolution of these biotypes could be explained by their geographic separation following the end of the last glaciation. Received: 17 January 1998 / Accepted: 3 March 1998     

Virulence Analysis and Oligonucleotide Fingerprinting to Detect Diversity Among Indian Isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">ciceris</Emphasis> Causing Chickpea Wilt

Virulence analysis of 64 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris causing chickpea wilt collected from major chickpea growing states of India on 14 varieties, including 10 international differentials revealed that the isolates from each state were highly variable. Based on the reactions on international differentials, more than one race was found to be prevalent in every state. Majority of the isolates were not matched with the race specific reactions. Therefore, some of the cultivars, namely, GPF 2, DCP 92-3, and KWR 108 should be included as new differentials to obtain clear-cut differential responses. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR), and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to assess the genetic diversity of these isolates. Unweighted paired group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster analysis was used to divide the isolates into distinct clusters. The clusters generated by RAPD grouped all isolates into three categories at 25% genetic similarity and into two major categories at 30% genetic similarity. ISSR and SSR analyses also grouped all the isolates into two major categories. Majority of the isolates from Punjab and a few from Rajasthan were grouped in one category while the isolates from all other states were grouped in another suggesting the existence of diverse genetic populations of the pathogen at the same location. Some of the RAPD (OPM 6, OPI 9, P 17, OPN 4, OPF 1, P 17, P 21, and SC 1), ISSR (ISSR 7, ISSR 11, and ISSR 12) and SSR (MB 17) markers clearly distinguished area specific isolates.     

Genetic diversity analysis and development of SCAR marker for detection of Indian populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">ciceris</Emphasis> causing chickpea wilt

Genetic diversity of the isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris causing chickpea wilt collected from 12 states representing different agro-ecological regions of India was determined through randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The UPGMA cluster analysis grouped the isolates into eight categories showing high magnitude of genetic diversity. Each group had the isolates from different states present in various agro-ecological regions of India. Therefore, the groups generated through the RAPD analysis were not corresponding to area of the origin of the isolates. The RAPD primers, namely, OPA 7 and OPA 11 produced Foc specific fragment of ≈1.3 kb and ≈1.4 kb, respectively in all the isolates. These fragments were eluted, purified, cloned in pGEM-T Easy vector and sequenced. Primers were designed with sequence information of these two fragments using primer.3 software. Two sets of sequence characterized amplified region markers (SC-FOC 1 and SC-FOC 2) developed from the sequences of these fragments were found to be specific to Foc and produced an amplicon of 1.3 and 1.4 kb, respectively. These set of markers were validated against the isolates of the pathogen collected from different locations of India representing various races of the pathogen. They are non-specific to the other Fusarium species, Rhizoctonia solani and R. bataticola.     

Genetic diversity,mating types and phylogenetic analysis of Indian races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris from chickpea

The present study describes the comparative analysis of five genetic markers viz., random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC), BOX-elements, mating type (MAT) locus and microsatellites for genetic analysis of virulent isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (FOC) representing seven races from chickpea. Phylogenetic analysis of translation elongation factor 1-α and internal transcribed spacer region separated all the FOC isolates into two major clades. Majority of the isolates (FOC 63, FOC 33, FOC 40, FOC 100, FOC 6, FOC 22, FOC 31, FOC 79 and NDFOC 98) representing race 1, 2, 5 and 6 grouped in clade I, while isolates (FOC 90, FOC 108 and FOC 88) belonging to race 3, 4 and 7 were clustered in clade II. Isolates (FOC 33, FOC 40, FOC 17 and FOC 100) representing race 2 had MAT-2 loci, while race 1 isolates (FOC 63, FOC 72 and FOC 76) contained MAT-1 loci only. The principal component analysis (PCA) of RAPD, ERIC, BOX and microsatellite marker data explained 39.94, 39.98, 42.04 and 62.59% of the total variation among test isolates, respectively. Furthermore, there was no correlation existed between genetic diversity, virulence, race compositions or geographic origin of the isolates. Overall, these findings will assist in better understanding of the genetic variability and ideally, will improve disease management practices.     

松杨栅锈菌遗传多样性初步分析

采用ITS-nrDNA-RELP、测序技术、RAPD(随机扩增多态性DNA)分子标记技术,对我国松杨栅锈菌不同地域的5个生理小种11个菌系进行了遗传多样性分化研究.结果表明,该菌在我国的遗传分化与地理来源相关,可分为西部地理群和北方地理群.西部地理群又可分为高山森林生态型(HMF)和平原生态型(WPL).小种遗传分化不一定与致病性分化一致.t检验表明,各生理小种RAPD遗传多样性指数无明显差异,高山森林小种遗传多样性指数(0.5172)略高于平原小种遗传多样性指数(0.5089).核糖体基因转录间隔区高度保守,不适合该菌种内群体遗传多样性分化研究.