单核苷酸多态性影响基因功能的机制

单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP）,最早是作为一种基因组作图的遗传标记,随着研究的进一步深入,发现SNP本身也可影响基因功能。非同义cSNP由于其改变编码的氨基酸,对基因功能的影响容易理解。其他类型的SNP,由于不改变所编码的氨基酸,以前不为研究者所重视。但近来,尤其是分子机制方面的研究表明,同义cSNP可通过改变mRNA的二级结构、翻译速度等影响基因功能的发挥;内含子区SNP可通过改变剪接位点的活性来影响基因功能;调控区的rSNP则可通过影响启动子元件来调节基因的功能。此外,一个基因内若干相关联的SNP位点可通过形成不同的单体型,影响mRNA二级结构的稳定性,进而调节基因功能。     

新疆地方绵羊TLR9基因多态性分析

通过分析TLR9基因的多态性,探究新疆不同绵羊品种抗病力的分子机制。以塔什库尔干羊、和田羊和多浪羊共107个样本为研究对象,采用PCR、测序法和生物信息学方法分析TLR9基因的SNP及氨基酸差异。发现7个SNP,其中3个位点为同义突变,4个位点为非同义突变,确定为12个等位基因,其中新发现6个等位基因。首次发现氨基酸G437R的突变。6个等位基因对应的TLR9蛋白3-D结构存在差异,可能影响机体对PAMP的识别。绵羊TLR9基因外显子2具有较高的多态性,导致LRR空间结构改变,进而影响机体对疾病的感受性。本研究为新疆南疆地区绵羊抗病育种提供基础数据。     

单核苷酸多态性影响基因功能的机制

单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP),最早是作为一种基因组作图的遗传标记,随着研究的进一步深入,发现sNP本身也可影响基因功能.非同义csNP由于其改变编码的氨基酸,对基因功能的影响容易理解.其他类型的sNP,由于不改变所编码的氨基酸,以前不为研究者所重视.但近来,尤其是分子机制方面的研究表明,同义cSNP可通过改变mRNA的二级结构、翻译速度等影响基因功能的发挥;内含子区SNP可通过改变剪接位点的活性来影响基因功能;调控区的rSNP则可通过影响启动子元件来调节基因的功能.此外,一个基因内若干相关联的SNP位点可通过形成不同的单体型,影响mRNA二级结构的稳定性,进而调节基因功能.     

日本牙鲆主要组织相容性复合体DAB等位基因的多态性

根据牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)DAB基因序列设计特异性引物,在日本牙鲆基因组中扩增了包括DAB基因完整外显子2和内含子1在内的长度为408 bp的DNA片段.对该片段克隆测序后,发现了37个MHC-DAB等位基因,各等位基因的频次以及各主型中亚型数目分布都不平衡.在第二外显子273 bp核苷酸序列中有50个位点发生变异,核苷酸多样性PI值为0.0618,在编码的氨基酸序列中存在多态变异位点30个,其中简约信息位点29个,单变异位点1个.非同义替代与同义替代的比率在抗原结合区(PBR)和非PBR编码区分别为10.0和1.62,分析表明正向选择机制可能是产生牙鲆MHC-DAB多态性的主要因素.估计的核苷酸的转换和颠换数随着遗传距离的增加而增加.各等位基因间的系统发生关系表明,19个主型分为两个群.对氨基酸组分和密码子的偏倚性以及分布频率的分析表明各同义密码子的使用频率不均衡.本研究为牙鲆MHC-DAB基因的遗传进化和分子标记辅助育种的研究提供了理论基础.     

中国汉族女性TLR7基因主要编码区的全长扩增及多态性分析

目的:扩增TLR7主要编码区外显子3(exon 3)的全长基因片段并进行基因多态性分析,筛选健康人群中TLR7基因的主要SNP位点.方法:采用酚-氯仿抽提方法从28例健康女性血样中提取基因组DNA,采用长片段扩增方法分别扩增TLR7 exon 3区的3个片段,测序、拼接后进行多态性分析.结果:采用LA-Taq酶体系成功扩增TLR7 exon 3区基因片段;经与Genbank数据库中TLR7参考序列比较,我国女性TLR7基因序列高度保守,仅出现了4个点突变,并发现1个SNP位点RS3853839,表现为GG、CG和CC三种基因型.结论:建立了TLR7编码区基因扩增方法,筛选到1个TLR7SNP位点RS3853839,可为分析TLR7多态性与多种病毒感染性疾病的关系提供参考.     

单核苷酸多态性SNP（rs34040607）与中国人胃癌相关性的研究

目的：探讨胃癌组织中17号染色体q25-3区单核甘酸多态性位点rs34040607与人胃癌的相关性。并初步探索其可能的生物学机制和效应。方法：应用Taqman探针实时定量PCR分型法,检测50例胃癌患者及对照非胃癌患者基因组中此位点的多态性。应用RT．PCR法,检测胃癌组织中此位点转录产物及转录方向。应用最小自由能方法预测此位点突变对非编码RNA发夹结构形成的影响。结果：中国人胃癌患者中此位点多态性存在高变异。与正常对照人群存在显著差异。该位点存在转录活性,且转录方向为单向,由着丝粒向端粒方向转录。该点突变导致转录的非编码RNA发夹结构改变。结论：SNP位点rs34040607变异可以作为胃癌易感性预测的靶点,在未来的基因筛查中可作为一个重要候选位点,对该位点的转录及对RNA发夹结构的改变揭示了其发挥功能的一个可能的机制。     

牙鲆MHC-DAA结构及其等位基因多态性

为了探讨牙鲆MHC-DAA等位基因的多态性, 根据牙鲆 (Paralichthys olivaceus) MHC-DAA的cDNA序列设计特异引物, 扩增内含子序列。牙鲆DAA基因由4个外显子和3个内含子组成, 与大西洋鲑 (Salmo salar) DAA基因结构相同, 在内含子2中存在一个高度多态的微卫星位点(GT)n。根据获得的MHC-DAA基因组序列设计特异性引物, 在45尾牙鲆中扩增了包括完整外显子2和内含子2的长度约670 bp的DNA片段, 克隆测序后共发现30个MHC-DAA等位基因, 各等位基因的频次及其各主型中亚型的数目都不均衡。在249 bp的外显子2序列中共有55个位点发生变异, 核苷酸多样性指数为0.0887, 编码的氨基酸序列中多态变异位点31个, 其中简约信息位点30个, 单变异位点1个。非同义替代与同义替代的比率在PBR(Peptide binding region)和非PBR结合区分别为3.30和2.43, 分析证明平衡选择是牙鲆存在众多DAA等位基因的发生机制。     

西藏绒山羊KA P9.2基因CDS克隆、外显子区多态性及表达分析

KAP9.2基因是角蛋白关联蛋白(keratin associated protein, KAP)中的一员,在毛发的形成过程中有重要的调控作用。本研究对西藏绒山KAP9.2基因CDS进行了克隆;采用直接测序法对绒山羊200个个体KAP9.2基因外显子区的遗传变异情况进行分析;并利用Real-time PCR分析了KAP9.2基因在不同海拔山羊中的表达。结果显示,西藏绒山羊KAP9.2基因CDS序列为576 bp,编码191个氨基酸;KAP9.2基因外显子存在25处SNP位点及一处30 bp的缺失突变,其中12处SNP为错义突变,其他13处为同义突变。遗传多态性分析表明KAP9.2基因多态性丰富,遗传变异大;连锁分析发现12与388位点、54与93位点、153与159位点、273与279位点完全连锁,H1为优势单倍型;Real-time PCR显示西藏绒山羊KAP9.2基因在高海拔地区m RNA表达水平显著高于特高海拔地区,推测该基因可能促进绒毛的生长。本研究结果揭示了西藏绒山羊KAP9.2基因的遗传多态性及其在不同海拔的表达,为进一步研究KAP9.2基因潜在的功能位点提供一定的理论依据。     

BRD7单核苷酸多态性及鼻咽癌易感性分析

为了探讨BRD7基因的遗传变异在鼻咽癌发生的作用,采用PCR-SSCP和直接测序方法对BRD7基因的编码区进行单核苷酸多态性（coding-region single nucleotide polymorphism,cSNP）分析,并对两个鼻咽癌家系的高危成员、57个散发性鼻咽癌病人和50个正常人进行了BRD7等位基因分型.在BRD7基因的编码区发现了3个cSNP（C450T、A538C和A737G）,其中A538C颠换导致其编码蛋白的第162个氨基酸由Asp变为Ala;C450T改变与同义的A737C多态性偶联发生在87.7%的鼻咽癌活检组织和配对的外周血、所有的鼻咽癌家系的患者及8个易感成员,但是仅存在于22%的正常人血标本中.C450T多态性变化可以导致其编码蛋白在第133位氨基酸的翻译终止（G133Ter）.以上结果说明,C450T和A737C偶联的多态性改变是鼻咽癌发生和发展的重要遗传易感风险因子之一（P＜0.01）;BRD7基因有两种翻译方式,G133Ter可以导致另一种截断的翻译本（truncated     

BRD7单核苷酸多态性及鼻咽癌易感性分析

为了探讨BRD7基因的遗传变异在鼻咽癌发生的作用,采用PCR-SSCP和直接测序方法对BRD7 基因的编码区进行单核苷酸多态性（coding-region single nucleotide polymorphism, cSNP）分析,并对两个鼻咽癌家系的高危成员、57个散发性鼻咽癌病人和50个正常人进行了BRD7等位基因分型.在BRD7基因的编码区发现了3个cSNP（C450T、A538C和A737G）,其中A538C颠换导致其编码蛋白的第162个氨基酸由Asp变为Ala;C450T改变与同义的A737C多态性偶联发生在87.7%的鼻咽癌活检组织和配对的外周血、所有的鼻咽癌家系的患者及8个易感成员,但是仅存在于22%的正常人血标本中.C450T多态性变化可以导致其编码蛋白在第133位氨基酸的翻译终止（G133Ter）.以上结果说明,C450T和A737C偶联的多态性改变是鼻咽癌发生和发展的重要遗传易感风险因子之一（P＜0.01）;BRD7基因有两种翻译方式,G133Ter可以导致另一种截断的翻译本（truncated isoform）.     

Molecular basis for population variation: From SNPs to SAPs

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are one type of genomic DNA variations in a population. Correspondingly, single amino-acid polymorphisms (SAPs) derived from non-synonymous SNPs represent protein variations in a population. Recently, using proteomic approaches, SAPs in the plasma proteomes of an Asian population were systematically identified for the first time. That study showed that heterozygous and homozygous proteins with various SAPs have different associations with particular traits in the population. Recent discoveries of widespread differences between RNA and DNA sequences indicate that RNA editing is also a source of SAPs - one that is independent of genomic SNPs. Furthermore, we argue that there are de novo SAPs that are not encoded by either DNA or RNA sequences.     

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Coding Region of the Developmental Gene Gcyc in Natural Populations of the Relict Ramonda myconi (Gesneriaceae)

Abstract: Gcyc is a developmental gene, present in the Gesneriaceae family, that has both highly conserved and highly variable regions. Ramonda myconi (Gesneriaceae) is a paleoendemic plant restricted to mountainous areas of NE Spain. In this study we examine the population variation in the coding region of Gcyc in R. myconi. The fast-evolving nature of the coding regions of the Gcyc gene plus the ancient history of R. myconi together provide an appropriate background to obtain the first insights into population-level variation in developmental genes of flowering plants. One locus of Gcyc was specifically amplified and sequenced. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in the 420 sequenced bases of the gene in two R. myconi populations. The Pyrenean population had only one SNP while all four SNPs were present in the southern population. Three out of four SNPs were non-synonymous. Such novel results indicate that the detection of SNPs in R. myconi over its entire distribution area could be used as an aid to reconstructing the population history of the species, as well as to investigate the relationship between developmental genes and morphological traits.     

Identification of 142 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 41 candidate genes for rheumatoid arthritis in the Japanese population

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can make an important contribution to our understanding of genetic backgrounds that may influence medical conditions and ethnic diversity. We undertook a systematic survey of genomic DNA for SNPs located not only in coding sequences but also in non-coding regions (e.g., introns and 5' flanking regions) of selected genes. Using DNA samples from 48 Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as templates, we surveyed 41 genes that represent candidates for RA, screening a total of 104 kb of DNA (30 kb of coding sequences and 74 kb of non-coding DNA). Within this 104 kb of genomic sequences we identified 163 polymorphisms (1 per 638 bases on average), of which 142 were single-nucleotide substitutions and the remainder, insertions or deletions. Of the coding SNPs, 52% were non-synonymous substitutions, and non-conservative amino acid changes were observed in a quarter of those. Sixty-nine polymorphisms showed high frequencies for minor alleles (more than 15%) and 20 revealed low frequencies (<5%). Our results indicated a greater average distance between SNPs than others have reported, but this disparity may reflect the type of genes surveyed and/or the relative ethnic homogeneity of our test population.     

Sequence context at human single nucleotide polymorphisms: overrepresentation of CpG dinucleotide at polymorphic sites and suppression of variation in CpG islands

Human polymorphisms originate as mutations, and the influence of context on mutagenesis should be reflected in the distribution of sequences surrounding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We have performed a computational survey of nearly two million human SNPs to determine if sequence-dependent hotspots for polymorphism exist in the human genome. Here we show that sequences containing CpG dinucleotides, which occur at low frequencies in the human genome, are 6.7-fold more abundant at polymorphic sites than expected. In contrast, polymorphisms in CpG sequences located within CpG islands, important regulatory regions that modulate gene expression, are 6.8-fold less prevalent than expected. The distribution of polymorphic alleles at CpGs in CpG islands is also significantly different from that in non-island regions. These data strongly support a role for 5-methylcytosine deamination in the generation of human variation, and suggest that variation at CpGs in islands is suppressed.     

Genome-Wide Discovery of DNA Polymorphisms in Mei (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus mume</Emphasis> Sieb. et Zucc.), an Ornamental Woody Plant,with Contrasting Tree Architecture and their Functional Relevance for Weeping Trait

Next-generation sequencing technologies provide opportunities to ascertain the genetic basis of phenotypic differences, even in the closely related cultivars via detection of large amount of DNA polymorphisms. In this study, we performed whole-genome re-sequencing of two mei cultivars with contrasting tree architecture. 75.87 million 100 bp pair-end reads were generated, with 92 % coverage of the genome. Re-sequencing data of two former upright mei cultivars were applied for detecting DNA polymorphisms, since we were more interested in variations conferring weeping trait. Applying stringent parameters, 157,317 mutual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 15,064 mutual insertions-deletions (InDels) were detected and found unevenly distributed within and among the mei chromosomes, which lead to the discovery of 220 high-density, 463 low-density SNP regions together with 80 high-density InDel regions. Additionally, 322 large-effect SNPs and 433 large-effect InDels were detected, and 10.09 % of the SNPs were observed in coding regions. 5.25 % SNPs in coding regions resulted in non-synonymous changes. Ninety SNPs were chosen randomly for validation using high-resolution melt analysis. 93.3 % of the candidate SNPs contained the predicted SNPs. Pfam analysis was further conducted to better understand SNP effects on gene functions. DNA polymorphisms of two known QTL loci conferring weeping trait and their functional effect were also analyzed thoroughly. This study highlights promising functional markers for molecular breeding and a whole-genome genetic basis of weeping trait in mei.     

基于毛干蛋白质组的族群推断技术的建立与验证

毛干是一种案件现场常见的生物物证,由于核DNA含量极少且高度降解,难以采用现有的短串联重复序列(short tandem repeat,STR)检验方法进行个人识别鉴定,目前仅使用线粒体DNA检验进行母系亲缘关系的判定,利用率非常低.毛干中蛋白质非常稳定,而且具有遗传多态性,表现为基因组中的非同义单核苷酸多态性(non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms,ns SNPs),转录翻译后形成蛋白质序列中的单氨基酸多态性(single amino acid polymorphisms,SAPs).充分利用毛干蛋白质中蕴含的遗传信息,为案件提供线索和证据,是实际公安业务的迫切需求,具有重要的应用价值.本文选取了104份中国汉族的毛干样本进行蛋白质组的检测,共获得了703个SAP位点,位于460个蛋白质上,共推导出552个nsSNP位点.进一步筛选在所有样本中检出率超过15%的位点,获得了88个nsSNP位点,使用毛干样本对应的口腔拭子DNA对88个ns SNP位点进行一代测序验证.为评估发现的nsSNP位点对于人群的区分能力,以千人数据库(1 000 Genome Project)为参考数据库,采用聚类分析和群体匹配概率等方法对检测的19份毛干样本进行人群来源推断.结果显示,通过检测毛干蛋白质组中的ns SNP可以实现东亚、欧洲、非洲三大洲际人群的区分.     

Identification and analysis of deleterious human SNPs

We have developed two methods of identifying which non-synonomous single base changes have a deleterious effect on protein function in vivo. One method, described elsewhere, analyzes the effect of the resulting amino acid change on protein stability, utilizing structural information. The other method, introduced here, makes use of the conservation and type of residues observed at a base change position within a protein family. A machine learning technique, the support vector machine, is trained on single amino acid changes that cause monogenic disease, with a control set of amino acid changes fixed between species. Both methods are used to identify deleterious single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human population. After carefully controlling for errors, we find that approximately one quarter of known non-synonymous SNPs are deleterious by these criteria, providing a set of possible contributors to human complex disease traits.     

Single Nucleotide polymorphisms and their relationship to codon usage bias in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

DNA sequence polymorphism and codon usage bias were investigated in a set of 41 nuclear loci in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Our results revealed a very high level of DNA polymorphism in oysters, in the order of magnitude of the highest levels reported in animals to date. A total of 290 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected, 76 of which being localised in exons and 214 in non-coding regions. Average density of SNPs was estimated to be one SNP every 60 bp in coding regions and one every 40 bp in non-coding regions. Non-synonymous substitutions contributed substantially to the polymorphism observed in coding regions. The non-synonymous to silent diversity ratio was 0.16 on average, which is fairly higher to the ratio reported in other invertebrate species recognised to display large population sizes. Therefore, purifying selection does not appear to be as strong as it could have been expected for a species with a large effective population size. The level of non-synonymous diversity varied greatly from one gene to another, in accordance with varying selective constraints. We examined codon usage bias and its relationship with DNA polymorphism. The table of optimal codons was deduced from the analysis of an EST dataset, using EST counts as a rough assessment of gene expression. As recently observed in some other taxa, we found a strong and significant negative relationship between codon bias and non-synonymous diversity suggesting correlated selective constraints on synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions. Codon bias as measured by the frequency of optimal codons for expression might therefore provide a useful indicator of the level of constraint upon proteins in the oyster genome.     

Polymorphism and Haplotype Structure in River Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Toll-Like Receptor 5 (TLR5) Coding Sequence

Most of the 160 million river buffalo in the world are in Asia where they are used extensively, both as a food source and for draught power. Only recently have investigations begun exploring the buffalo genome for variation that might influence health and productivity of these economically important animals. This paper describes the sequence variability of the toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) gene, which recognizes bacterial flagellin and is a key player in the immune system. TLR5 is comprised of a single exon that is 2577 bp and codes 858 amino acids. We examined single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within the coding region. Overall, 17 SNPs were discovered, seven of which are non-synonymous. Our study population yielded four different haplotypes. We examined predicted protein domain structure and found that river buffalo, swamp buffalo, and African Forest buffalo shared the same protein domain structure and are more similar to each other than they are to cattle and American bison, which are similar to each other. PolyPhen 2 analysis revealed one amino acid substitution in the river buffalo population with potential functional significance.