The action of gramicidin S on the ionic permeability of bilayer lipid membranes

The effect of cyclic decapeptide of gramicidin S on electrical conductivity of bilayer lipid membranes has been studied. The integral conductivity of bilayer has been shown to increase with the growth of antibiotic concentration. The integral conductivity increase occurs as series of conductivity discrete leaps, differing in amplitude from fluctuations of conductivity caused by linear gramicidins. In the series of selectivity of bilayer membranes for cations of alkaline metals the rubidium ion is before the cesium ion. This is the only difference between this series and the series of relative ionic mobility series of cations of alkaline metals in water solutions.     

Modelling aerobiological time series. Application to Urticaceae

This paper deals with the characterisation ofaerobiological time series. The seriesdiscussed are annual series of mean dailyconcentration of Urticaceae pollen, obtained bymeans of Hirst traps on six sites of theAerobiological Network of Catalonia (XAC).First, some alternatives for fitting a smoothtrend to one of these series are discussed, andtwo satisfactory methods are presented, aGaussian mixture model (parametric) and theFriedman supersmoother (non-parametric).Dividing daily concentrations by trend values,a series of residuals is obtained. The residualseries can be characterised with simpleconventional time series models, and somecommon patterns emerge from the parameterestimates. The long-term patterns of the pollendynamics can be thus characterised by thetrends, and the short-term behaviour by theresiduals. The Spearman correlation is used inthis paper as a measure of the similarity oftwo series.     

Early classification of multivariate temporal observations by extraction of interpretable shapelets

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Early classification of time series is beneficial for biomedical informatics problems suchincluding, but not limited to, disease change detection. Early classification can be oftremendous help by identifying the onset of a disease before it has time to fully take hold. Inaddition, extracting patterns from the original time series helps domain experts to gaininsights into the classification results. This problem has been studied recently using timeseries segments called shapelets. In this paper, we present a method, which we callMultivariate Shapelets Detection (MSD), that allows for early and patient-specificclassification of multivariate time series. The method extracts time series patterns, calledmultivariate shapelets, from all dimensions of the time series that distinctly manifest thetarget class locally. The time series were classified by searching for the earliest closestpatterns. RESULTS: The proposed early classification method for multivariate time series has been evaluated oneight gene expression datasets from viral infection and drug response studies in humans. Inour experiments, the MSD method outperformed the baseline methods, achieving highlyaccurate classification by using as little as 40%-64% of the time series. The obtained resultsprovide evidence that using conventional classification methods on short time series is notas accurate as using the proposed methods specialized for early classification. CONCLUSION: For the early classification task, we proposed a method called Multivariate ShapeletsDetection (MSD), which extracts patterns from all dimensions of the time series. Weshowed that the MSD method can classify the time series early by using as little as40%-64% of the time series' length.     

Fractal dimension of birds population sizes time series

Information about fractal dimension is collected so that it can be applied to time series interpreting Hurst coefficient. The population size of a species is modelled as a dynamic system. The Hurst coefficient is calculated for these times series. A computer programme has been elaborated to compute the Hurst exponent of time series using the algorithms of range increment, second order moment increment and local second order moment increment. It has been applied to time series of birds' populations.     

A Subsequent Fit of Time Series and Amplitude Histogram of Patch-Clamp Records Reveals Rate Constants up to 1 per Microsecond

Fast gating in time series of patch-clamp current demands powerful tools to reveal the rate constants of the adequate Hidden Markov model. Here, two approaches are presented to improve the temporal resolution of the direct fit of the time series. First, the prediction algorithm is extended to include intermediate currents between the nominal levels as caused by the anti-aliasing filter. This approach can reveal rate constants that are about 4 times higher than the corner frequency of the anti-aliasing filter. However, this approach is restricted to time series with very low noise. Second, the direct fit of the time series is combined with a beta fit, i.e., a fit of the deviations of the amplitude histogram from the Gaussian distribution. Since the “theoretical” amplitude histograms for higher-order Bessel filters cannot be calculated by analytical tools, they are generated from simulated time series. In a first approach, a simultaneous fit of the time series and of the Beta fit is tested. This simultaneous fit, however, inherits the drawbacks of both approaches, not the benefits. More successful is a subsequent fit: The fit of the time series yields a set of rate constants. The subsequent Beta fit uses the slow rate constants of the fit of the time series as fixed parameters and the optimization algorithm is restricted to the fast ones. The efficiency of this approach is illustrated by means of time series obtained from simulation and from the dominant K⁺ channel in Chara. This shows that temporal resolution can reach the microsecond range.     

Power series expansion and structural analysis for life cycle assessment

Goal, Scope and Background The usefulness of power series expansion for an LCA system has often been doubted, as those systems may not possess the unique properties that enable power series expansion and analyses based on the power series. This paper surveys the existing literature on power series expansion of monetary input-output system and discusses how the power series expansion can be utilized for more general systems including the LCA model. Methods The inherent properties of matrices that are capable of producing power series forms for their inverse and, further, can utilize structural path analysis are analyzed. Using these analyses, the way how a matrix that is not eligible for structural analyses is converted into an eligible form is investigated. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the findings. Results The necessary and sufficient condition for an indecomposable, real square technology matrix can be expressed using power series was identified. Two additional conditions for a technology matrix to be utilized for structural analyses using power series expansion are discussed as well. It was also shown that an LCA system that fulfills the Hawkins-Simon condition can be easily converted into the form that is eligible for structural analysis by rescaling the columns and rows. Discussion As a numerical example, an application of accumulative structural path analysis for an LCA system is shown. The implications of the results are discussed in a more plain language as well. Conclusions The survey presented in this paper provides not only the conditions under which a linear system is expressed using a power series form but also the way to appropriately convert a system to utilize the rich analytical tools using power series expansion for structural analyses. Recommendations and Perspectives Widely used LCA databases and software tools have employed the linear systems approach as the basis. Much of these developments in the domain of LCA have been made, however, in isolation of the rich findings of IOA. There will be much to benefit LCA through an active dialogue between the two disciplines. There are rich analytical tools available through the use of power series expansion. The current survey will help software developers and LCA practitioners to apply such tools in LCA.     

Name changes in fungi of microbiological,industrial and medical importance

This is the fourth in a series of reports bringing changes in the names of fungi of microbiological, industrial and medical importance to the attention of workers in these fields. The series is sponsored by the Division of Mycology of the International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) and prepared under the auspices of the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF). The first of this series of reports included an introduction to the series explaining the need for name changes.     

Life stress on the Roman limes in continental Croatia

The purpose of the paper is to analyze and compare the demographic profiles and disease frequencies between a skeletal series from Zmajevac, a settlement on the Danubian limes, and a composite «non-limes» skeletal series consisting of human osteological remains from three large urban settlements to the west of the limes; roman Mursa (modern Osijek), Cibalae (Vinkovci) and Certissia (Štrbinci). To determine if life stresses were different in settlements on the limes the age and sex distribution in Zmajevac was compared to the composite «non-limes» series. All skeletons were also analyzed for the presence of dental pathology, dental enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, trauma, and physical stress.

Data collected from the skeletal series show that, with the exception of some indicators of physical stress, no significant differences in quality of life is evident. Both series are characterized by an underrepresentation of subadults from the youngest age category and by similar average adult male and female ages at death. In Zmajevac the average ages at death for adult males and females were 40.0 and 39.0 years respectively, in the composite «non-limes» series 37.4 years for both males and females. The frequencies of dental disease, subadult stress indicators, and trauma are similar in both series. The only consistent difference between the two series is noted in the frequencies of skeletal markers of physical stress, in particular the frequencies of vertebral osteoarthritis and Schmorl's defects. Total male and total female vertebral osteoarthritis frequencies in the two series are significantly different, as is the difference in total male frequencies of Schmorl's defects. Young adult males in the Zmajevac series seem to have been experiencing particularly heavy physical strain on the vertebral column. They exhibit significantly higher frequencies of both vertebral osteoarthritis and Schmorl's defects than young adult males from the composite non-limes series.     

Bag-of-words representation for biomedical time series classification

Automatic analysis of biomedical time series such as electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiographic (ECG) signals has attracted great interest in the community of biomedical engineering due to its important applications in medicine. In this work, a simple yet effective bag-of-words representation that is originally developed for text document analysis is extended for biomedical time series representation. In particular, similar to the bag-of-words model used in text document domain, the proposed method treats a time series as a text document and extracts local segments from the time series as words. The biomedical time series is then represented as a histogram of codewords, each entry of which is the count of a codeword appeared in the time series. Although the temporal order of the local segments is ignored, the bag-of-words representation is able to capture high-level structural information because both local and global structural information are well utilized. The performance of the bag-of-words model is validated on three datasets extracted from real EEG and ECG signals. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is not only insensitive to parameters of the bag-of-words model such as local segment length and codebook size, but also robust to noise.     

The place of stereotactic depth electrode recording in epilepsy

A series of 70 patients studied with stereotactically implanted depth electrodes is analyzed. Indications and grouping fall into three main categories: the bitemporal series (52 patients), where there is ambiguity as to the lateralization of the focus; the unilateral series (6 patients), where the main problem is one of localization within one hemisphere, and the generalized and/or multifocal series (12 patients), where a primary focus is suspected. The best indication is represented by the group of 'bitemporal cases' which turned out to have a well-lateralized onset with intracerebral recording.     

金叶银杏半同胞子代无性系的叶色和色素含量变化及呈色机制分析

对4月份至11月份金叶银杏‘万年金'( Ginkgo biloba ‘Wannianjin')32个半同胞子代无性系与亲本的叶色差异进行比较;比较了不同色系叶片的色素含量和比值及叶色参数(L*、a*和b*)的变化,分析了叶色参数与叶片色素含量的相关性;并观察了不同色系的叶绿体超微结构。结果表明：32个半同胞子代无性系可被分为金黄、浅黄、草绿和蓝绿4个色系。随时间推移,草绿和蓝绿色系叶片的总叶绿素( Chl)、叶绿素a( Chla)、叶绿素b( Chlb)和类胡萝卜素( Car)含量均呈“双峰型”变化趋势,Car/Chl和Car/Chla比值的变幅均较小;而金黄和浅黄色系叶片的上述色素含量呈“升高—降低—升高”变化趋势,Car/Chl和Car/Chla比值总体呈“迅速下降—相对稳定—缓慢升高”的变化趋势。各色系叶片的上述色素含量在夏季均不同程度下降,Car/Chlb比值变化差异较大,且金黄和浅黄色系的各色素含量均低于草绿和蓝绿色系。随时间推移,金黄和浅黄色系叶片的L*、a*和b*值以及草绿和蓝绿色系叶片的L*和b*值均先降低后升高,后2个色系的a*值则先升高后下降;并且,前2个色系的L*和b*值总体上显著高于后2个色系,而a*值则总体上低于后2个色系。金黄色系的Chla和Chl含量与L*和a*值显著负相关,而其Car/Chl和Car/Chla比值则与L*、a*和b*值显著或极显著正相关;浅黄色系的Chlb含量与a*值显著负相关,其Car/Chla比值与L*和b*值以及Car/Chlb比值与a*值均显著正相关;草绿色系的Chla含量与L*值显著负相关,其Car/Chla比值与L*和b*值以及Car/Chlb比值与a*值均显著正相关;这3个色系叶片的其余指标间以及蓝绿色系叶片的各指标间均无显著相关性。观察结果显示：金黄和浅黄色系的叶绿体基粒片层发育不健全,基粒片层可见但排列较疏松,且无明显垛叠,分布范围小而稀疏;蓝绿和草绿色系叶绿体的基粒类囊体垛叠层数均较多,基粒片层发达且排列紧致、整齐,分布范围大而稠密。综合分析结果表明：‘万年金'4个色系半同胞子代无性系叶片的呈色差异和叶色变化由多种因素控制,其中,Car/Chl和Car/Chla比值高且叶绿体基粒片层发育不健全是叶片呈黄色的主要原因。     

Le revêtement cutané des raies (Chondrichthyes,Elasmobranchii, Batoidea). II. Morphologie et arrangement des tubercules cutanés

The dermal covering of most batoid fish is constituted by dermal denticles and by different series of tubercles or thorns. The repartition and the morphological variations of these structures can provide complementary information about the taxonomy of skates and rays. The variations in these dermal structures within Pristiforms, Rajiforms and Myliobatiforms have been studied, taking into consideration the number of tubercles, their location and their arrangement in different series. Following Hubbs and Ishiyama [30], two new terms and 15 new series are indicated. The characteristics of the arrangement and of the morphology of these structures can separate the Rajiforms, having spiny tubercles or thorns, from the Myliobatiformes, bearing lanceolate or heart-shaped tubercles. The main taxinomic characters found are: guitar fish characterized by two scapular series, one well-developed rostral series and tubercles with an anterolateral ornamentation (relief). Within this group, Rhinidae and Rhynchobatidae are set apart by the morphology of their tubercles (devoid of any anterolateral ornamentation), by the absence of a middorsal caudal series and by the presence of an outer supraspiracular series. Platyrhina and Platyrhinoidis are distinguishable by the absence of anterolateral relief and by the presence of anterolateral, lateral and parallel series. Rajoids are characterized by thorns, only one scapular series and sometimes a nucho-scapular triangle, malar and alar thorns in adults, and well-developed parallel and lateral series. Myliobatiforms are devoid of rostral, orbito-spiracular, malar, alar, anterolateral, parallel and lateral series but a caudal sting is present in most species. Sawfish are almost entirely devoid of tubercules, except for rostral ‘teeth’. The morphology and arrangement of the rostral teeth can differenciate the two genera within this family.     

Discovery of 4-azaindoles as novel inhibitors of c-Met kinase

A series of 4-azaindole inhibitors of c-Met kinase is described. The postulated binding mode was confirmed by an X-ray crystal structure and series optimisation was performed on the basis of this structure. Future directions for series development are discussed.     

Symbolic dynamics for identifying similarity between rhythms of ecological time series

Explaining the associations between animal populations or between population and environmental signals is an important challenge. The time series that quantify animal populations are often complex, nonlinear, noisy and non‐stationary. These characteristics may make it inappropriate to use traditional techniques when analysing these time series and their mutual dependencies. Here I propose to use symbolic dynamics and techniques from Information Theory to evaluate the degree of dynamic cohesion between time series fluctuations. The main idea is to check whether two (or more) signals tend to oscillate simultaneously, rising and falling together with the same rhythm. Based on synthetic and real time series, I demonstrate that this method is robust to the presence of noise and to the short length of the analysed time series and gives relevant information about the weak relationships between different series. Furthermore, this method appears as simple as classical cross‐correlation and outperforms it in the analysed examples.     

Optimum design of a series of continuous stirred tank reactors containing immobilised growing cells

The optimum design of a series of continuously operated stirred-tank reactors containing immobilised growing cells is described. Optimal design is defined as the minimal total holding time over the reactor series to achieve a certain degree of conversion. The analysis is made under the assumptions that there is a constant and equal concentration of immobilised biomass in all bioreactors along the series, no diffusion limitation takes place, all growth of the immobilised biomass will lead to an increase in suspended biomass, and that maintenance of the immobilised cells can be neglected. It is shown that the use of more than three bioreactors in series is likely to be de trop.     

Synthesis and SAR of tetrahydroisoquinolines as Rev-erbα agonists

The design and synthesis of a novel series of Rev-erbα agonists is described. The development and optimization of the tetrahydroisoquinoline series was carried out from an earlier acyclic series of Rev-erbα agonists. Through the optimization of the scaffold 1, several potent compounds with good in vivo profiles were discovered.     

On estimating HLA/disease association with application to a study of aplastic anemia

A multiplicative model is described relating HLA typing information to disease incidence. A likelihood-based method for estimating parameters in this model is proposed for use with data sets in which HLA haplotype information is available on a series of cases and their parents. This approach is extended to incorporate information from a matched control series for the purpose of estimating HLA and environmental risk factor effects simultaneously. The method is applied to data from aplastic anemia patients treated by bone marrow transplantation and the results are compared to unmatched case-control analyses using the same case series and several different control series.     

杉木生长的起伏型时间序列模拟研究

起伏型时间序列法是一种新的时间序列分析法,本文介绍了起伏型时间序列林木模拟与预测方法,以杉木人工林生长为研究对象,对杉木胸径生长进行建模模拟,模拟工达到98．3％,结果令人满意,且比逐步回归法,多维时间序列分析法模拟效果更优,说明起伏型时间序列分析方法可应用于林木生长模拟与预测,从而丰富了林木生长预测与预报方法。     

A switch in enantiomer preference between mitochondrial F1F0-ATPase chemotypes

The preferred absolute configuration of two series of F(1)F(0)-ATP synthase inhibitors was determined. Although the configuration of the active enantiomer in each series is different, each series presents the same 'triaryl' pharmacophore to the enzyme binding site.     

Changes in evoked potentials during systematic exposure to a series of similar signals with variable intersignal intervals]

Series of clicks, standard by the number of stimuli and greatly varying by the length of interstimuli intervals in each series, were systematically presented to dogs without reinforcement. Evoked potentiale (EP) in the cortical auditory zone were recorded. It has been found that a typical U-shaped distribution of amplitude values of averaged EP is elaborated in the series in the course of repeated presentations; a maximal amplitude is observed in response to the first and last clicks, and a minimal, in the middle of the series. Such a regularity was previously found for the action of standard series with a constant interstimuli interval. It is assumed that an estimation may take place in the dog CNS of the number of signals used in a series, whose mechanism is not necessarily based on the time factor. The ability to estimate the number of signals in the series may be regarded as an elementary model of counting in the dogs' CNS.