印楝油对印楝素的增效作用和保护作用

印楝油对印楝素具有增效作用,印楝素A和印楝种子石油醚抽提物和印楝种子植物油分别按1：10(m／m)混用处理斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫,共毒系数分别为150．17和226．87,印楝素B和两者混用后的共毒系数分别为166．00和242．18。印楝种子植物油对印楝素具有保护作用,在54℃下热贮7d,印楝油(甲醇：印楝油=9-1,v／v)对印楝素A和印楝素B的保护效果分别为56．96％和50．86％;热贮14d,保护效果分别为26．72％和38．42％。     

印楝愈伤组织形成及其印楝素含量测定

取印楝（AzadirachtaindicaA．Juss）不同器官作外植体,研究培养基和继代次数对愈伤组织生长及其印楝素（Azadirachtin）生物合成的影响．印楝的不同器官（根、叶、茎及皮）均能诱导出愈伤组织,这些愈伤组织均有合成印楝素的能力．其中以叶诱导的愈伤组织生长速率及印楝素含量为最高．含有较低按盐的B5培养基有利于细胞生长,含有较高铵盐的MS培养基有利于印楝素积累,不含铰盐的White培养基对两者均不利．愈伤组织继代2—3代,有利于愈伤组织生长和印楝素合成。     

印楝提取物的杀虫活性及其中四降三萜研究

从印楝（Azadirachta indica）种仁的提取物中分离得到10仆四降三萜化合物,能过波谱方法鉴定,它们分别是nimbin(1),deacetylnimbin(2),salannolide(3),azadirachtin(4),vepaol(5),isovepaol(6),3-tigloyl-azadirachtol(7),1-tigloyl-3-acetyl-azadirachtinin(8),3-tigloy-azadirachtinin(9),1-tigloy1-3-acetyl-11-hydrox-ymeliacarpinin(10)。此外,还得到β－谷甾醇、豆甾醇、胡萝卜甙和硬脂酸。含印楝素（azadirachtion)为0.5%的印楝提取物在稀释150－800倍时对小菜蛾和菜粉蝶的人较强的防治作用。     

印楝愈伤组织开矿及其印楝素含量测定

取印楝不同器官作外植体,研究培养基和继代次数对愈伤组织生长及其印楝素生物合成的影响。印楝的不同器官（根、叶、茎及皮）均能诱导出愈伤组织,这些愈伤组织均有合成印楝素的能力。其中以叶诱导的愈伤组织生长速率及印楝素含量为最高。含有较低铵盐的Ｂ５培养基有利于细胞生长,含有较高铵盐的ＭＳ培养基有利于印楝素积累,不含铵盐的Ｗｈｉｔｅ培养基对两者均不利。愈伤组织继代２－３代,有利于愈伤组织生长和印楝素合成。     

印楝素A和印楝素B对棉铃虫生长发育的影响

为了明确印楝素A和印楝素B生物活性的差异,选用印楝素A和印楝素B对棉铃虫生长发育的影响进行了比较研究。结果表明:印楝素A和印楝素B对棉铃虫3龄幼虫具有良好的拒食活性,5μg/mL处理48 h对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的拒食率分别为85.17%和69.02%。分别用含有药剂(1μg/mL)的饲料饲喂棉铃虫5龄幼虫,结果表明:印楝素A和印楝素B能够明显抑制棉铃虫5龄幼虫的体重增长,处理14 d后幼虫的体重分别下降50.28%和43.08%,仅有少量个体化蛹,化蛹率分别为26.67%和13.33%。进一步的羽化结果表明:经印楝素A和印楝素B处理的虫蛹均未能完成羽化。综合各阶段试验结果来看,印楝素A和印楝素B的生物活性存在差异,印楝素B对棉铃虫生长发育的抑制作用高于印楝素A。     

印楝愈伤组织的培养条件及对印楝素含量的影响

由于印楝（ＡｚａｄｉｒａｃｈｔａｉｎｄｉｃａＡ．Ｌｕｓｓ）提取物对农业、仓库和卫生害虫具有明显的拒食、抑制生长发育、忌避、毒杀、内吸和不育等活性,并有高效、低毒、无环境污染、不易引起昆虫抗药性等优点〔１〕,受到人们的关注。但是,它的自然分布有限,我国...     

植物性杀虫剂印楝对同翅目害虫的防治研究

近年来,由于人们对农药使用引起的害虫抗药性、农药残留和环境毒性等问题的认识,植物性杀虫剂的研究越来越受到重视,是传统农药的理想替代品之一。本以植物性杀虫剂印楝为研究对象,综述了其对同翅目叶蝉、蚜虫、飞虱和粉虱等主要类群中,农业重要害虫的防治作用研究结果,展望了印楝应用于害虫综合防治中的前景。     

印楝素对褐飞虱诱导的水稻植株挥发物释放的影响

利用固相微萃取法收集施用印楝素对褐飞虱诱导的水稻挥发物,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪对其进行分离和鉴定.共收集到褐飞虱为害稻株挥发物25种,其中已定性组分14种,以倍半萜类化合物(9种)为主.褐飞虱为害稻株挥发物比健康稻株多柠檬烯、芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、未知6、未知7、姜烯、橙花叔醇、正十七烷8种组分.印楝素处理未导致新的挥发物组分产生,但使褐飞虱诱导的挥发物组分相对含量发生变化.印楝素的浓度导致柠檬烯、芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、未知6、姜烯、正十六烷6种组分相对含量发生明显变化;而水杨酸甲酯、未知6、未知7、姜烯、橙花叔醇5种挥发物组分相对含量因施药天数不同而存在显著差异;印楝素与水稻品种、害虫密度等生物因子间的互作使所有虫害诱导挥发物组分相对含量均发生显著改变.     

植物性杀虫剂及其混剂对螺旋粉虱的毒力测定

【背景】螺旋粉虱是新人侵海南省的严重为害经济作物及园林苗木的害虫。目前,植物源杀虫剂因具有高效和环境友好等特性而被广泛用于害虫防治中。【方法】采用喷雾法和药膜接触法分别测定了9种植物性杀虫剂对螺旋粉虱的毒力。【结果】在供试的9种植物性杀虫剂中,除虫菊素和鱼藤酮对螺旋粉虱成虫的毒力最强,24h的￡c,。分别为2．56和34．15mg· L^-1;印楝素和苦瓜叶提取物的毒力次之,LC50分别为158．36和311．02mg· L^-1。除虫菊素对螺旋粉虱若虫和卵也有一定的触杀作用,LC50分别为61．42和77139mg· L^-1。将印楝素和鱼藤酮分别与除虫菊素以1：1的比例混合,对螺旋粉虱成虫的毒力表现出明显的增效作用,其共毒系数（CTC）分别为193．11和224．35。【结论与意义】除虫菊素、鱼藤酮、印楝素和苦瓜叶提取物对螺旋粉虱均具有较强的毒性;印楝素或鱼藤酮与除虫菊素（1：1）的混合物不仅能增强触杀效果,而且能延缓害虫抗药性的产生。     

广西野生楝科植物提取物对萝卜蚜的杀虫作用初步研究

针对广西12种野生楝科植物提取物进行了对萝卜蚜的触杀活性筛选。结果显示:红楝子(树皮)、香椿(树皮)、地黄连(全株)和老虎楝(枝叶)的提取物在10mg/mL的浓度下有较高的杀虫活性,24h校正死亡率分别达到73.89%、79.47%、74.55%和72.19%,与其它的相比差异性显著。     

Influence of foliar and systemically applied azadirachtin on host‐plant evaluation behaviour of the sweetpotato whitefly,Bemisia tabaci

Abstract The behaviour of female adult Bemisia tabaci is observed for a period of 20 min after initial contact with untreated cucumber leaves, or leaves either foliar or systemically treated with azadirachtin, to determine whether application of azadirachtin affects the host‐evaluation behaviour and whether the behaviour on treated leaves differs between application methods. Application of azadirachtin deters settling of the whiteflies on host plants. The whiteflies probe for shorter duration and less frequently but spend longer and engage more frequently in labial grooming on treated leaves than on untreated leaves. Behavioural transition between probing and other behavioural elements is less common, and that between labial grooming and other behavioural elements more common, on both treated leaves than on untreated leaves. No difference is detected in the host‐evaluation behaviour of B. tabaci between leaves foliar treated and systemically treated with azadirachtin.     

烟粉虱在温室内甘薯寄主上生物学特性的研究

对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)在温室内甘薯寄主上主要生物学特性的研究表明：烟粉氮成虫喜光、喜湿,晴朗高温时活动性强,但扩散飞行能力弱;多在白天交尾,多在中午产卵,具有强的惫鬃性．若虫一生脱皮3次,若虫(除一龄初期)固定生活。卵的孵化及成虫的羽化也多发生在中午。雌雄性比为1．628：1,成虫平均寿命14．25天,雌成虫平均寿命比雄成虫长6．9天,每雌平均产卵158．5粒。以两性生殖为主,也可孤雌生殖,两性生殖的产卵量及卵孵化率均高于孤雌生殖。     

光周期对烟粉虱实验种群的影响

本研究了不同光周期条件对烟粉虱实验种群的影响,发现光周期对其种群增长影响显,表现为光照时间越长（9-18小时）,越有利于该虫的发育,其发育速率、存活率、成虫寿命及产卵量、种群增长指数都随之增大。研究表明,至少在12小时以上的光照条件下,才有利于烟粉虱种群的增长。     

湿度对烟粉虱实验种群的影响

本研究了不同湿度条件对烟粉虱实验种群的影响,结果表明低湿利于烟粉虱种群的发生和增长,在小黑飘虫人工繁殖中,作为小黑飘虫猎物寄主的烟粉虱的室内繁育,相对湿度控制在60％左右利于温室内烟粉虱种群的增长。     

北京和湖南烟粉虱生物型及其抗药性监测

烟粉虱是蔬菜等园艺作物上为害严重、最难以防治的害虫之一,生产上防治该虫主要还是依靠化学药剂。本研究鉴定了北京、湖南地区设施蔬菜上烟粉虱的生物型,并监测了其对6种不同杀虫剂的抗药性。结果表明,北京、湖南地区蔬菜烟粉虱生物型分别是Q型和B型。两地烟粉虱对阿维菌素尚处于敏感状态;对烯啶虫胺及其他烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫嗪和吡虫啉的抗药性达中抗到高抗水平,湖南地区抗性水平比北京地区更高,抗性倍数最高达到71.58倍;传统杀虫剂毒死蜱和联苯菊酯对湖南、北京两地烟粉虱的毒杀活性差。     

Effects of different application methods of azadirachtin against sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hom., Aleyrodidae) on tomato plants

Abstract:  Studies on three different neem treatment methods (seed, soil and foliar) and two different commercial neem products (NeemAzal T/S 1% azadirachtin and NeemAzalU 17% azadirachtin) against sweetpotato whitefly (WF) Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hom., Aleyrodidae) on tomato plants were conducted in cages in air-conditioned cultivation rooms. All three methods of neem treatments resulted in reduced colonization and oviposition. Overall oviposition intensity was significantly reduced (44%) by the treatment of tomato seeds but an even higher reduction (74%) was achieved through soil drenching both with 3.0 g/l NeemAzalU and foliar spraying (82%) with 10 ml/l of NeemAzal TS compared with control treatments. In contrast, soil and foliar treatment increased fecundity per female up to 33% and 32%, respectively, at the highest tested concentrations. Reduced egg hatch could be observed only at high neem concentrations; 62% and 51% of deposited eggs hatched at the highest dose rates of NeemAzalU in case of seed and foliar treatments, respectively; whereas only 43% of deposited eggs hatched in case of foliar treatments at highest dose rates of NeemAzal T/S. Seed (35%), foliar (93%) and soil treatments (91%) caused high mortality rates of immatures and reduced number of hatching adults compared with control plants treated with a blank formulation or water. The mortality among immatures increased in relation to azadirachtin concentrations. Concerning susceptibility of different developmental stages, young larvae were the most sensitive. Foliar treatment was the most efficient, with 100% mortality for all three larval stages at high concentrations (10 ml/l of NeemAzal T/S) compared with 78–87% mortality with soil treatment (at 3.0 g/l NeemAzalU). The findings are discussed in the context of integrated control of WF in protected cultivation environments in the humid tropics.     

黄板对菜地烟粉虱的诱集作用研究

应用黄板诱集花菜和菜豆田中烟粉虱成虫。结果表明：花菜田中东西向放置的黄板诱集效果优于南北向,搭架的菜豆田中顺行向优于垂直行向;黄板放置高度花菜田以黄板下端略高于菜叶顶部为宜,搭架的菜豆田以架中部为宜;诱集时间以11时至15时为佳。     

烟粉虱田间种群的抗药性

采用成虫浸叶生测法分别测定了福建省福州、漳州、龙岩、三明、南平、宁德等地烟粉虱田间种群对13种杀虫剂的抗性.结果表明,福建省6个烟粉虱田间种群对氯氟氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、乙酰甲胺磷、毒死蜱产生了高水平抗性,抗性倍数分别达838.38～2460.52、244.64～834.29、116.02～266.35、81.75～124.18、425.18～875.56和54.53～78.43倍,对乐果产生了中等水平抗性,抗性倍数达14.16～17.66倍,对敌敌畏产生了中等偏低水平的抗性,抗性倍数达6.23～11.25倍,对灭多威的抗性水平较低,抗性倍数仅为4.07～5.66倍.漳州种群已对烟碱类杀虫剂产生了中等水平抗性,对吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪的抗性倍数分别达23.08、10.32和24.60倍,而其它地区烟粉虱种群对吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪的抗性水平较低,甚至不明显,抗性倍数分别仅为1.31～3.28、1.82～7.23和1.39～5.45倍.福建省各地区烟粉虱种群对阿维菌素尚未产生明显的抗药性.     

烟粉虱抗药性的研究进展

烟粉虱是一种世界性的重要害虫,目前已对有机磷、拟除虫菊酯和氨基甲酸酯等许多常规杀虫剂产生高水平抗性,在一些地区烟粉虱对昆虫生长调节剂和烟碱类杀虫剂的抗性也是十分普遍.文中综述了世界范围内烟粉虱的抗药性现状、抗药性机理、以及抗药性与生物型的关系,并介绍了美国和以色列较为成功的烟粉虱抗药性治理计划.     

Time-dose-mortality modelling and virulence indices for six strains of Verticillium lecanii against sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)

Bioassays of six strains of Verticillium lecanii (Zimmermann) Viégas were conducted with the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. For inoculation, batches of third‐instar whitefly nymphs on sweetpotato seedlings were immersed in conidial suspensions of five dosages at concentrations from 10³ to 10⁷ conidia/ml. Each dosage was used to inoculate 150–250 nymphs. The nymphs were maintained at 25°C, under 95% RH, photo phase of 16 : 8 (L : D) and observed daily for mortality. The resulting data were analysed over 8 days by a complementary log‐log (CLL) time‐dose‐mortality model, based on the Hosmer–Lemeshow test, analysing the time‐dose trends for five concentrations of six strains of V. lecanii simultaneously. The parameters from the model were used to estimate the virulence indices (the values of LC₅₀) of six strains against B. tabaci. Based on the time‐dose‐mortality relationships fitted and the virulence indices, the virulence of the six strains of V. lecanii for B. tabai was compared. Results indicated that the strain Vl6063 imported from Canada and the domestic strains V3450 and Vp28 derived from B. tabaci and a scale insect, respectively, were more virulent than the others with LC₅₀ values of 2.57 × 10⁵, 6.03 × 10⁵ and 6.03 × 10⁵, respectively.