四种植物精油对德国小蠊的驱避效果

室内测定4种蚊虫驱避效果较好的植物精油(香叶醇、芳樟醇、柠檬醛和茴香醛)对德国小蠊雄性成虫的驱避性,并与传统上常用的驱避剂DEET作对比研究,以期从中筛选出对德国小蠊驱避效果较好的驱避剂。每种植物精油设置4个剂量,即1,10,100和1000μg/cm2。结果表明,每种植物精油的驱避性均随剂量的增加而升高,4种精油的驱避性均高于DEET,驱避性最好的是芳樟醇;当剂量为100和1000μg/cm2时,每种植物精油的驱避性与对照组相比均有显著差异(P<0·05);除芳樟醇外,其余植物精油在剂量为1000μg/cm2时的驱避性与100μg/cm2的驱避性相比差异显著(P<0·05)。提示芳樟醇可能是一种很有发展前景的德国小蠊驱避剂。     

紫茎泽兰乙醇提取物对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖力的影响

采用室内生物测定法研究了紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng乙醇提取物对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)生长发育和繁殖力的影响。结果表明,当给棉铃虫幼虫饲喂含紫茎泽兰提取物浓度分别为0.088、0.44、2.2和11 g/kg的饲料时,棉铃虫的死亡率显著高于对照,而羽化率和蛹重均显著低于对照（P≤0.05）。在棉铃虫成虫产卵实验中,0.08、0.4和2 g/L紫茎泽兰提取物对产卵有一定引诱作用,而10 g/L则对产卵有驱避作用。取食浓度分别为0.08、0.4、2和10 g/L紫茎泽兰提取物的棉铃虫卵孵化率降低。表明取食紫茎泽兰提取物对棉铃虫的生长发育和繁殖有明显不利影响。     

美洲大蠊粪便粗提物的聚集活性

用不同溶剂不同方法提取美洲大蠊Periplaneta americana(L.)粪便,测定美洲大蠊各虫态的诱集活性。结果表明,采用直接浸泡提取方法,丙酮、乙醇、正己烷和二氯甲烷4种粗提物对美洲大蠊各虫态都具有明显的诱集作用,其中乙醇和丙酮粗提物的引诱效果最好,正己烷次之,二氯甲烷最弱。4种溶剂粗提物对美洲大蠊雄成虫和高龄若虫聚集活性最强,对低龄若虫聚集活性最弱。用乙醇溶剂对粪便粗提,3种提取方法均对美洲大蠊有很强的诱集效果,其中索氏抽提诱集效果最弱,直接浸泡和超声波提取效果好,且差异不显著,但直接浸泡提取效果更好。     

艾蒿精油对家蝇的忌避及熏蒸活性

应用“Y”型嗅觉仪对家蝇进行了生物测定。结果表明,艾蒿(Artemisia vulgars L．)精油20μL和25μL剂量对家蝇Musca domestica rieina有很强的忌避活性,平均忌避活力分别为86％和88％,显著高于5和10μL剂量。植物精油对家蝇成虫具有很好的熏蒸活性。随着精油浓度的升高和熏蒸时间的延长,试虫的死亡率显著增加。艾蒿精油浓度为20μL／mL时,家蝇成虫的死亡率在24h后即达到100％;对照在24,48,72和96h时家蝇成虫的死亡率分别为0,0,5％和11％。     

CO_2浓度倍增条件下泽兰实蝇寄生对紫茎泽兰生长和营养成分的影响

利用人工气候箱设置两种CO_2浓度(400μL/L和800μL/L),在释放和未释放天敌泽兰实蝇两种情况下测定了紫茎泽兰的生长状况和营养成分。结果表明,在两种CO_2浓度下泽兰实蝇的寄生均可抑制紫茎泽兰的生长,但不同CO_2浓度下生长的紫茎泽兰株高、茎直径、节间距和各营养成分含量存在差异。在相同的寄生强度下,800μL/L CO_2浓度下生长的紫茎泽兰比400μL/L CO_2浓度下生长的紫茎泽兰的株高、节间距和茎直径分别增加了31.74%、6.70%和9.84%;CO_2浓度倍增条件下泽兰实蝇的寄生导致紫茎泽兰的游离氨基酸和淀粉含量显著降低(P0.01),分别较对照降低了25.81%和11.76%;在800μL/L CO_2浓度下紫茎泽兰形成的虫瘿和羽化出下一代泽兰实蝇的数量也显著低于400μL/L CO_2浓度下的处理植株,说明CO_2浓度倍增条件下泽兰实蝇对紫茎泽兰的抑制效果减弱。研究结果可为预测全球气候变化下泽兰实蝇对紫茎泽兰的控制效应提供理论依据。     

脱氧鬼臼毒素对美洲大蠊乙酰胆碱受体信号通路分子mRNA表达水平的影响

【目的】探讨脱氧鬼臼毒素(deoxyopodophyllotoxin, DOP)对美洲大蠊Periplaneta americana神经系统乙酰胆碱受体信号通路的影响。【方法】从美洲大蠊头部克隆乙酰胆碱受体信号通路上的关键信号分子nAChR α6亚基、 CaM和 CaMKⅡ的部分mRNA, 并测定其序列。应用荧光定量PCR技术分别观察注射不同浓度（10, 45, 80, 115和150 μg/μL） DOP 24和48 h后上述3种基因表达水平的变化。【结果】测序结果显示, 克隆出的美洲大蠊nAChR基因部分序列（539 bp）与赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum nAChR α6亚基基因的核苷酸序列一致性为84%; 美洲大蠊CaM基因（435 bp）与雕叶蝉Graphocephala atropunctata CaM基因的核苷酸序列一致性为85%; 美洲大蠊CaMKⅡ基因（513 bp）与黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster CaMKⅡ基因的核苷酸一致性为77%。实时定量荧光PCR实验表明： DOP处理48 h后对美洲大蠊nAChR α6亚基、 CaM和CaMKII基因表达水平大体表现出低剂量激活, 高剂量抑制的特点。45~80 μg/μL DOP浓度范围内3种基因表达水平达到高峰, 80~150 μg/μL 浓度范围内表现为抑制作用, 基因表达水平呈下降趋势。【结论】DOP需要在美洲大蠊体内蓄积一定时间才有明显的作用, 能与nAChR结合引起CaM-CaMKⅡ级联反应, 使3种基因的表达在低浓度组上调、 高浓度组被抑制, 进而对美洲大蠊产生潜在的毒杀作用。     

脱氧鬼臼毒素对美洲大蠊的毒力及几种酶系的影响

采用药膜法测试了脱氧鬼臼毒素对美洲大蠊Periplaneta americana初孵若虫的触杀活性,并测定了其对成虫中枢神经系统乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）和腺苷三磷酸酶(ATPase)离体活性的影响。结果表明：脱氧鬼臼毒素对美洲大蠊初孵若虫具有较强的毒杀活性,在接触时间24、48、72和96 h 的LC₅₀分别为26.26、4.68、1.51和0.62 μg/cm²;其对AChE没有明显影响; 对Na⁺ -K⁺ -ATPase有明显抑制作用,并存在浓度 效应关系,IC₅₀为44.9 μmol/L; 对Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase表现出低剂量激活,高剂量抑制的现象。结果提示美洲大蠊的AChE不是脱氧鬼臼毒素靶标,而ATPase可能是脱氧鬼臼毒素的重要靶标之一。     

山胡椒及其挥发物对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择的影响

【目的】为了确定山胡椒Lindera glauca(Sieb.Zuce)是否对马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella Zeller的产卵有驱避作用。【方法】利用选择性产卵试验方法在室内分别测定了山胡椒的完整果实、压碎果实、根以及不同浓度(0.25~4.0 g E/m L)的压碎山胡椒果实正己烷提取物对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择性的影响;在模拟仓库内测定了压碎的果实对其产卵的影响;进而在室内测定了柠檬醛、沉香醇、香叶醇和α-水芹烯不同浓度(0.00075~0.012 g/L)的溶液对其产卵选择性的影响。【结果】山胡椒完整果实、压碎果实、根在室内对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵具有驱避效果,其中压碎果实的产卵驱避效果最好,20 g压碎果实的产卵驱避率可达93.7%。山胡椒压碎果实正己烷提取物在0.5~4.0 g E/m L的浓度范围内随着浓度的升高,产卵驱避效果逐渐增强。在模拟仓库内20 g压碎的果实产卵驱避率是82.5%;0.003~0.012 g/L的柠檬醛,0.012 g/L沉香醇,0.00075~0.012 g/L的香叶醇,0.003~0.012 g/L的α-水芹烯对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵有显著的驱避效果。【结论】山胡椒及其挥发物对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵有驱避效果。     

美洲大蠊醇提物对大鼠抗氧化应激的影响

目的研究美洲大蠊Periplaneta americana醇提物对大鼠血清和卵巢抗氧化指标的影响。方法 17只成年雌性SD大鼠适应饲养7 d后,随机分为3组:对照组(9 m L·kg~(-1),生理盐水)5只、低剂量组(9 m L·kg~(-1),0.03 g·m L~(-1)美洲大蠊醇提物)6只、高剂量组(9 m L·kg~(-1),0.09 g·m L~(-1)美洲大蠊醇提物)6只。每2天灌胃1次,共饲养30 d。实验结束后,采集大鼠血清和卵巢,检测血清中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、一氧化氮(NO)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)指标和卵巢中SOD、GSH-PX、CAT基因表达的变化。结果与对照组相比,高剂量组(P=0.085)、低剂量组(P=0.091)血清中的NO含量均有降低的趋势;高剂量和低剂量的美洲大蠊醇提物均显著提高了大鼠血清中的SOD含量(P<0.05),同时,高剂量组血清中的MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05);此外,高剂量组和低剂量组卵巢SOD基因的表达显著升高(P<0.05)。结论美洲大蠊醇提物升高了大鼠血清SOD的含量,降低了NO和MDA的含量,同时,还提高了卵巢SOD基因的表达,说明美洲大蠊醇提物对大鼠卵巢具有一定的抗氧化应激功能。     

四种蜚蠊的呼吸信号特征比较

在20℃下,利用CO₂红外分析仪采集了美洲大蠊Periplaneta americana、褐斑大蠊P.brunnea、澳洲大蠊P.australasiae和德国小蠊Blattella germanica的呼吸信号。结果表明,它们均具有典型的不连续气体交换循环（discontinuous gas exchange cycle, DGC）呼吸模式,且一个DGC可分为爆发间期和爆发期2个阶段。4种蜚蠊雄性成虫DGC的特征各异：美洲大蠊完成一个DGC周期平均约需24.55 min,明显长于褐斑大蠊(11.67 min)和澳洲大蠊(10.75 min),德国小蠊周期最短,仅为4.41 min;对于爆发间期历时在整个DGC历时所占的比例,美洲大蠊最大,平均为57％,德国小蠊次之,为48％,褐斑大蠊和澳洲大蠊比较接近,分别为37％和36％。德国小蠊单位体重的CO₂平均释放速率最大,而另外3种蜚蠊的差异不明显。4种蜚蠊爆发期CO₂释放体积均随DGC历时增加而增加,美洲大蠊和德国小蠊单位体重的CO₂平均释放率随DGC历时增加而减少,在褐斑大蠊和澳洲大蠊中它们关系不明显。美洲大蠊、褐斑大蠊和澳洲大蠊CO₂平均释放率和爆发期CO₂释放体积与体重呈正相关,在德国小蠊中关系不明显;4种蜚蠊DGC各阶段历时和DGC频率与它们体重的关系均不明显。     

黄花草木樨提取物抑菌活性初探

采用离体和活体试验方法分别测定了黄花草木樨不同溶剂提取物对12种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性.结果表明:各溶剂提取物对12种植物病原真菌均具有不同程度的抑菌活性,其中以乙酸乙酯提取物的抑菌活性最高,对油菜菌核病菌、玉米大斑病菌和白菜黑斑病菌抑制菌丝生长的EC50分别为0.62、0.83、0.64g/L,对稻瘟病菌和玉米大斑病菌抑制孢子萌发的EC50分别为0.67、0.97g/L.离体组织法测定表明其乙酸乙酯提取物对番茄灰霉病菌具有较高的保护和治疗作用,在浓度为5.0g/L时,防治效果分别为75.41%和59.18%(6d).活体试验表明乙酸乙酯提取物对小麦白粉病和小麦条锈病也有一定的保护作用,在浓度为10.0g/L时,防治效果分别为73.39%和63.27%.     

竹提取物对棉铃虫幼虫及菜青虫的拒食活性

研究结果表明 ,质量浓度为 1 0g L的 1 0种供试竹提取物对棉Helicoverpaarmigera铃虫均具有较强的拒食作用 ,1 2h拒食率最高达 95 . 0 3 % ,最低为 74. 0 7% ,其中毛金竹 (Phyllostachysnigravar.henonis)、白纹短穗竹 (Brachystachyumalbostriatum)提取物对棉铃虫 3龄幼虫的AFC50 (拒食中浓度 )分别为 2 . 0g L、2. 7g L ,但 2 4h、48h拒食率均明显下降。对菜青虫 3龄pierisrapae幼虫的拒食效果以凤凰竹 (Bambusamultiplex)提取物最好 ,2 4h拒食率为 71. 69% ;对 4龄菜青虫的拒食效果以毛金竹提取物最好 ,拒食率为71 . 45 % ,其中毛金竹、白纹短穗竹 2种竹提取物对菜青虫 3龄幼虫的AFC50 分别为 2 .68g L和 3 . 3 7g L。研究结果对于开发环境友好农药以及充分利用竹类资源均具有重要意义。     

杠柳萃取物对小菜蛾幼虫的毒杀活性研究

以杠柳Periploca sepium Bunge的根为材料进行甲醇超声波提取,粗提物以水／氯仿（1：1,v／v）萃取获得杠柳根氯仿萃取物。测定了萃取物对小菜蛾Plutella xyllostellaL．3龄幼虫的胃毒和触杀活性。实验结果显示,在50μg／头剂量处理下24h和48h后,氯仿萃取物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的胃毒死亡率分别为82．22％和92．59％,显著高于触杀死亡率58．89％和68．15％。这一结果表明,杠柳根中含有对小菜蛾幼虫具有较强胃毒作用的活性成分。     

Toxicity of fipronil to German and American cockroaches

Topical and oral toxicity of fipronil, compared to chlorpyrifos, was determined for the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), and American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). Fipronil and Combat bait matrices were evaluated for their attractancies to both species. In the topical toxicity tests, LD50's of fipronil, at 72 h after topical application, were 0.03 and 0.02 µg/g for adult B. germanica and P. americana, respectively. Fipronil was significantly more toxic than topically applied chlorpyrifos (LD50's were 0.06 and 0.16 µg/g for B. germanica and P. americana, respectively). The oral toxicity of fipronil and chlorpyrifos in Petri dish experiments, against both species, was affected by stage (for B. germanica), diet concentration, and feeding assay. Fipronil caused higher mortality of B. germanica than chlorpyrifos in two feeding assays (continuous and abbreviated). Both compounds were equally toxic to adult males of P. americana at all rates. Fipronil caused higher nymphal mortality than chlorpyrifos 48–72 h after exposure in both feeding assays. In large population chamber tests, fipronil bait was more effective and faster in killing P. americana than Raid and Combat. LT50's were 0.8, 2.4, and 7.6 d for fipronil, Raid (a.i. = chlorpyrifos), and Combat (a.i. = hydramethylnon) baits, respectively. Mortality reached 96.5, 93.4, and 84.6%, respectively, at the end of the 14 d test. In the bait attractancy tests, both strains of B. germanica were attracted similarly to fipronil and Combat bait matrices. P. americana were attracted more to fipronil than to Combat bait matrix or to other alternative foods.     

薇苷菊乙醇提取物对桔全爪螨种群的控制作用

研究薇苷菊(Mikaniamicrantha)乙醇提取物对桔全爪螨(Panonychuscitri)种群的控制作用,并比较其与常用杀螨剂哒螨灵的效果.在实验室用0.1、0.2、0.4g·L^-13个浓度提取物分别喷布桔全爪螨卵、幼螨和若螨,除了01g·L^-1浓度处理对卵没有效果外,该处理幼螨、若螨存活率以及另2个浓度处理3个螨态的存活率都显著下降.在非选择性试验条件下,用这3个浓度的提取物处理叶片饲养的桔全爪螨雌螨繁殖量显著减少,寿命也显著缩短.在田间用这3个浓度的提取物在20d内连喷2次,桔全爪螨卵、幼螨和若螨的存活率都低于对照,干扰作用控制指数分别为0518、0.292、0.277,即对种群增长控制的效果分别为4.82%、70.8%、72.3%,比15%哒螨灵乳油2000倍处理更有效控制桔全爪螨的田间种群.田间试验结果还表明,提取物处理的叶片比对照和哒螨灵处理的浓绿,而且对桔全爪螨的天敌较安全     

Bacillus natto TK-1产脂肽的纯化、抑菌活性及其表面活性剂特性

利用酸沉、醇提和薄层层析等方法从Bacillus natto TK-1 发酵液中分离得到脂肽。TLC结果表明,在迁移值Rf 0.58-0.65处出现单一紫红色条带其为脂肽粗提物。脂肽的临界胶束浓度约115mg/L。在浓度为512mg/L时,脂肽能将水的表面张力显著地降低到30.1mN/m。同时,通过体外抗粘连实验表明,脂肽能显著抑制沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对96孔板固体表面的粘附,其中,对沙门氏菌的抗粘连效果较为明显。通过平板扩散法考察脂肽抑菌活性,结果表明脂肽具有较广泛的抑菌谱,对灰霉和镰胞霉的抑菌能力较强。     

The mode of antistaphylococcal action of Eleutherine americana

The anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (anti-MRSA) activity and the possible mechanism of action of a crude extract from red bulbs of Eleutherine americana Merr. were investigated. The crude ethanolic extract from E. americana produced minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 62.5–1000 and 250 μg mL⁻¹ against MRSA isolates and the reference strains, respectively. Treatment of S. aureus ATCC 27664 with a crude extract at 2MIC reduced the inoculum size by 5 log at 24 h compared with the control. The combined effect of the extract and 7.5% NaCl on the enterotoxin-producing ATCC strain resulted in no detection of organisms within 24 h compared with the control. The release of cell materials after extract treatment was determined by measuring OD_260 nm, the treatment resulted in cytoplasmic leakage. Determination of OD_620 nm showed that the extract did not cause gross cell wall damage. However, observation of S. aureus cells under an electron microscope after treatment with 2MIC and 4MIC of the crude extract revealed that the extract caused damage to membrane morphology. A knowledge of the mechanism of action of the E. americana extract may offer useful hints in the search for novel antibacterial substance.     

In vitro antiprotozoal activity of the lipophilic extracts of different parts of Turkish Pistacia vera L.

Thirteen lipophilic extracts prepared with n-hexane from various parts of Pistacia vera L. tree (Anacardiaceae) growing in Turkey were screened for their in vitro activity against four parasitic protozoa, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani and Plasmodium falciparum. Melarsoprol, benznidazole, miltefosine, artemisinin and chloroquine were used as reference drugs. The cytotoxic potentials of the extracts on rat skeletal myoblast (L6) cells were also assessed and compared to that of podophyllotoxin. The screening method employed was medium-throughput, where the extracts were tested at two concentrations, at 0.8 and 4.8 μg/ml (T. brucei rhodesiense, L. donovani and Plasmodium falciparum), or at 1.6 and 9.7 μg/ml (T. cruzi and L6 cells). At 4.8 μg/ml concentration, the branch extract of Pistacia vera (PV-BR) significantly inhibited (77.3%) the growth of L. donovani, whereas the dry leaf extract (PV-DL) was active against Plasmodium falciparum (60.6% inhibition). The IC₅₀ values of these extracts were determined as 2.3 μg/ml (PV-BR, L. donovani) and 3.65 μg/ml (PV-DL, Plasmodium falciparum). None of the extracts possessed cytotoxicity on mammalian cells.     

Enzymatic production of L-serine

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) in the form of crude extract form a recombinant strain of Klebsiella aerogenes was used to study the production of L-serine from glycine and formaldehyde (HCHO). SHMT activity linearly increased with temperature (30-50 degrees C). Addition of exogenous cofactors, tetrahydrofolic acid and pyridoxal-phosphate, significantly increased SHMT activity. The pH optimum of the SHMT catalyzed L-serine synthesis step was between 8.0 and 8.5. The K(m) for glycine was 11.6mM at 37 degrees C and pH 8.0. A 87% molar conversion of glycine to serine was obtained at equilibrium (37 degrees C, pH 8.0). Tetrahydrofolic acid was stabilized by maintaining the redox potential of the reaction solution below -330 mV through the addition of a reducing reagent such as beta-mercaptoethanol. SHMT stability was very sensitive to HCHO concentration. By carefully balancing the HCHO feed rate against the enzymatic bioconversion rate in order to keep HCHO concentration low, a serine titer of 160 g/L was achieved, the residual glycine concentration was reduced to 40 g/L, a 70% molar conversion of glycine with quantitative yield was obtained, and the overall serine productivity was 5.2 g/L/h.