外来入侵害虫红脂大小蠹对寄主挥发物的反应

2002年,利用寄主挥发性物质(+)-α-蒎烯、(-)-β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和(-)柠檬烯按不同配比制成诱芯,采用自行研制的挥发物释放装置,在山西省关帝山森林经营局西葫芦林场对危害油松Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.的重大外来入侵林业害虫红脂大小蠹Dendroctomus valens LeConte进行了引诱试验。结果表明,3蒈烯对红脂大小蠹的引诱作用最强,明显优于单独使用(+)-α-蒎烯和(-)-β-蒎烯的诱虫效果,也比北美应用的标准诱芯［(+)- α蒎烯(-)-β-蒎烯与3-蒈烯的比例为1∶1∶1］效果好;在标准诱芯中加入油松另一主要成分-(-)柠檬烯会明显降低诱虫效果。红脂大小蠹引诱剂最佳释放量为150 mg/d。该研究不仅对我国红脂大小蠹的监控具有实际应用意义,也从理论上探讨了红脂大小蠹与寄主油松协同进化的化学生态学过程。     

红脂大小蠹的发生和危害规律

采用标准地调查和单株调查的方法,研究了红脂大小蠹的发生和危害规律。结果表明：红脂大小蠹主要为害油松的基部和根部,多为胸径7．5cm以上、树龄30年生以上的树木,幼龄树受害很少;海拔850m以上的树木受害重,且随海拔的增高危害加重;路边树木受害最为严重,其次是山顶,林缘树木受害较轻,林内树木受害最轻;在不同坡向分布的树木,阴坡受害大于半阴坡,半阴坡大于阳坡;此外,该害虫一般侵害树势衰弱的林木,随着树势衰弱程度的增加,其危害程度加重,树体内害虫数量与树木的衰弱程度呈线性相关,其方程为Y=13．32X-16．25,此方程可以用来推断红脂大小蠹可能发生的程度。     

黑里河地区红脂大小蠹出孔与降落位置的研究

【目的】明确红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens羽化出孔位置及受吸引时的降落位置,为监测和诱捕等防治技术提供理论依据。【方法】在内蒙古自治区黑里河国家级自然保护区,通过对受害油松的干基部及周边地面进行分区采集,统计红脂大小蠹的出孔位置;统计扬飞期受引诱剂吸引的红脂大小蠹的降落位置。【结果】红脂大小蠹多在寄主树木根部越冬,成虫出蛰伏后咬破根皮向上挖穿土层到达地表;受害树干基及周围地表不同区域出孔的红脂大小蠹比例存在极显著差异（P<0.001）。在距受害树干基0-50 cm的地表区域内捕获的红脂大小蠹最多,占79.90%±16.99%,其次为距受害树干基50-100 cm的区域,捕获比例为17.77%±14.12%,在树干上捕获的红脂大小蠹的比例较低。明确了红脂大小蠹寻找寄主时的降落位置,在不同区域的降落比例具有极显著差异（P<0.001）。在树干距地表0-50 cm高处降落的红脂大小蠹最多,占比为41.09%±4.25%,其次是树干50-100 cm的区域,占27.47%±4.31%,此外树干100-150 cm的区域、地面距干基0-150 cm范围内也均有红脂大小蠹降落。【结论】在黑里河地区,红脂大小蠹多在根部越冬,翌年多在距干基0-50 cm的地表区域内出孔并扩散。在使用熏蒸法防治时,建议以受害树为中心覆盖50 cm的地面,如有条件可覆盖到距干基100 cm;红脂大小蠹在寻找寄主时,多降落在树干距地面0-50 cm的高度,建议在较低的高度悬挂诱捕器。     

外来入侵种红脂大小蠹COⅠ基因分化的研究

红脂大小蠹Dendroctonu svalens LeConte为近年来危害最为严重的外来入侵生物。本研究利用特异引物扩增出红脂大小蠹COⅠ基因序列(GenBank登录号:GQ495096-GQ495128),在160个位点中发现3个该种与大小蠹属其他种不同的特异位点;比较不同地理种群的红脂大小蠹,发现中国种群间遗传分化不明显,说明入侵种的瓶颈效应,而遗传变异是入侵种与环境长期互作的结果;基于COⅠ基因序列比对的研究发现,入侵中国的红脂大小蠹与该虫原发生地北美洲部分种群具有同源性。     

陕西红脂大小蠹天敌种类调查

对陕西红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte危害区的天敌种类调查表明,寄生于红脂大小蠹的病原真菌共有5种,其中幼虫期有头孢霉Cephalosporium sp.、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana和拟卵孢霉Ovulariopsis sp.,成虫期有球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana、枝顶孢霉Acremonium sp.、头孢霉Cephalosporium sp.、木霉Trichoderma sp.4种,其中以球孢白僵菌和枝顶孢霉Acremonium sp.的致病能力最为显著。捕食性天敌昆虫主要有西岳蛇蛉Agulla xiyue Yang et Chou、日本弓背蚁Camponotus japionicus Mayr、中华红林蚁Formica sinensis Wheeler、蚁形郭公甲Thanasimus formicarius(L.)及纤细阎甲Platysoma attenuata(LeConte),它们对红脂大小蠹均有较明显的控制作用。寄生性天敌主要有1种寄生蝇和1种茧蜂。     

北京地区红脂大小蠹空间分布型与抽样技术研究

对北京地区红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte空间分布型进行了研究。结果表明红脂大小蠹成聚集分布,其聚集原因是由红脂大小蠹本身的聚集行为或聚集行为与环境的异质性共同作用引起。同时,应用Iwao统计方法,提出了最适理论抽样数和最佳序贯抽样模型。     

红脂大小蠹基于近交避免行为的雄性配偶选择研究

为研究红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens雄性在配偶选择时是否存在近交避免行为,以及这种选择行为是否是基于化学信息,设计了3个实验,分别验证雄性对近缘和远缘雌性基于化学信息的配偶选择,近缘或远缘雌性存在下雄性的交配动机,以及基于化学信息的亲属识别机制及对雄性交配的影响。结果显示,在亲缘关系不同的2雌性选择实验中,雄性更愿意与远缘雌性交配;雄性在近缘雌性粪屑存在下,交配成功率显著降低。研究表明雄性红脂大小蠹对不同亲缘关系的雌性有显著不同的交配期望。雄性对亲缘关系近的同家庭雌性有明显的近交避免行为,由此避免近交衰退。本研究同时显示雄性红脂大小蠹亲属识别的机制是基于雌性个体的化学信息。     

盐源县小高山林业有害昆虫红脂大小蠹风险性评估

[目的] 针对盐源小高山林业有害昆虫红脂大小蠹进行风险性评估，为该地区开展红脂大小蠹的防控、监测预警和风险管理提供依据。[方法] 采用多指标综合评价法、风险分析方法，对影响红脂大小蠹的分布、传入定殖扩散、潜在危害、受害寄主经济重要性、危险性管理难度这5个因素进行分析，经查阅文献，并综合考虑红脂大小蠹在"国外、国内和盐源小高山"的分布对综合评价值R的影响，通过调整地理分布在评估系统的权重，进而优化评估体系，提出风险评估量化指标体系，计算红脂大小蠹的风险性分值。[结果] 盐源县小高山红脂大小蠹的风险性分值为2.05，为高度危险发生害虫。[结论] 红脂大小蠹已对盐源县小高山地区的云南松林造成一定的危害，应加强监测预警，防控其危害进一步扩大，为林业生态安全提供保障。     

气候变化条件下红脂大小蠹在中国的潜在适生区预测

红脂大小蠹作为一种国际性重大林业害虫,传入我国后,立即成为油松的致命性害虫并迅速在我国扩散开来。本研究利用中国历史气候数据(1981-2010年)和未来气候数据(2011-2040年),以CLIMEX软件和红脂大小蠹的生物学特性资料为理论依据,分析、预测、比较在历史气候条件下和未来气候条件下红脂大小蠹在中国的气候适生区。结果表明:在历史和未来气候条件下,红脂大小蠹的适生区域均集中在我国南方和华北地区,高度适生区所占比例最大。而在未来气候变暖条件下,由于各地的气候条件将发生变化,红脂大小蠹的适生区将向西北和东北方向扩增。研究表明气候变化会对红脂大小蠹的适生区有一定的影响,会导致其适生范围变大,适生边界北移,大部分地区适生程度增大。研究结果可为未来红脂大小蠹在我国的检疫防控、控制其扩散暴发提供一定的理论依据。     

Genetic diversity and biogeography of red turpentine beetle Dendroctonus valens in its native and invasive regions

Sequences of 479 bp region of the mitochondrial COI gene were applied to detect population genetic diversity and structure of Dendroctonus valens populations. By comparing the genetic diversity between native and invasive populations, it was shown that the genetic diversity of Chinese populations was obviously lower than that of native populations with both indices of haplotype diversity and Nei's genetic diversity, suggesting genetic bottleneck occurred in the invasive process of D. valens , and was then followed by a relatively quick population buildup. According to phylogenetic analyses of haplotypes, we suggested that the origin of the Chinese population was from California, USA. Phylogenetic and network analysis of native populations of D. valens revealed strong genetic structure at two distinct spatial and temporal scales in North America. The main cause resulting in current biogeographic pattern was supposedly due to recycled glacial events. Meanwhile, a cryptic species might exist in the Mexican and Guatemalan populations.     

Mitochondrial COI gene transfers to the nuclear genome of Dendroctonus valens and its implications

Mitochondrial gene transfer to the nuclear genome could affect the accuracy of results in population genetics and evolutionary studies using mitochondrial gene markers. In a population genetics study of the red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens), an invasive species in China, we found numerous ambiguous sites existing in the Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene sequences obtained directly from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products amplified from total genomic DNA using universal primers. By comparing the profiles of restriction endonuclease digestions and the sequences of PCR products amplified from mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA of the same individuals, we confirmed it was a phenomenon of mitochondrial gene transfer to the nuclear genome. Large numbers of COI pseudogenes were detected in this species. According to different levels of condon position bias and phylogenetic analysis, these should have originated from independent integration events. The impact of nuclear mitochondrial DNA sequences on population genetics analyses was discussed.     

强大小蠹植物源引诱剂林间应用技术

20 0 1～ 2 0 0 2年在山西省榆次区庆城林场对自行研制生产的强大小蠹DendroctomusvalensLeConte植物引诱剂诱芯和诱捕器在林间的应用技术进行了研究 ,并在山西省的 1 3个县、林场悬挂 2 0 0 0个诱捕器开展了强大小蠹发生期监测和大面积诱杀防治推广试验工作。结果显示 ,该诱捕技术对强大小蠹成虫有较好的诱捕效果 ,2 0 0 0个诱捕器在成虫羽化期 61d共诱到大小蠹成虫近 2 0万头 ,可明显降低当代成虫虫口密度。试验表明 ,诱虫数量随林地虫口密度增加而增大 ,诱捕器设置高度对诱虫量有一定影响 ,以悬挂在主干下端距地面 5～ 1 0cm处效果最好。诱捕器之间水平距离建议间隔 1 0 0m为好。     

A population survey of Beauveria bassiana in the microhabitat of the red turpentine beetle,Dendroctonus valens,in Chinese pine forests

Field survey of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in association with the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens, was undertaken in three pine plantations in Northern China. In total, 88 strains of B. bassiana sensu lato were isolated from the soil, bark, beetle frass, living adult and cadaver samples and soil was proved to be an important inoculum reservoir for fungal entomopathogens. Of these, 77 isolates were included for genetic diversity analysis by PCR for inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR). Genetic diversity and population structure analysis of the isolates from three sites and five niches demonstrated high genetic diversity and heterogeneity between and/or within populations. Wright's statistics revealed a high gene flow rate (4.529) among the three populations, especially among the soil-derived isolate subpopulations. Low variation was mainly caused (94.8%) by variation among different substrates, suggesting the importance of microhabitat substrates on genetic diversity of B. bassiana. Phylogenetic variation was not associated with geographic distance.     

一种红脂大小蠹天敌切头郭公虫Clerus sp.生物学初探

红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte,原产于北美,于20世纪80年代随木材贸易传入我国山西,是一种危害油松、白皮松、华山松等松科植物的毁灭性入侵害虫。本文对红脂大小蠹天敌切头郭公甲虫Clerus sp.的基本生物学特征进行了初步探讨。野外诱捕发现,红脂大小蠹诱剂3-蒈烯能诱捕到切头郭公甲虫Clerus sp.,并观察到此郭公甲虫紧抱红脂大小蠹的捕食行为及红脂大小蠹头部被切下的残骸。诱捕动态监测表明切头郭公甲虫与红脂大小蠹的发生在时间和数量上具有跟随关系。室内测定结果显示切头郭公甲虫平均体重约15.5 mg且个体大小与捕食能力呈正相关。切头郭公虫平均存活时间约38 d,10 d内平均每头郭公虫捕食3头红脂大小蠹,最多达8头。行为嗅觉试验表明切头郭公虫Clerus sp.对红脂大小蠹诱芯反应敏感,红脂大小蠹信息素组分frontalin不能增加其对红脂大小蠹诱芯的敏感性。本研究初步探明了红脂大小蠹天敌切头郭公虫Clerus sp.生物学特征,其较长捕食周期和较强的捕食能力决定其可作为红脂大小蠹的生物防治因子具有一定的优势和较好的天敌应用前景。     

红脂大小蠹后肠挥发性物质的鉴定、触角电位和室内趋向实验

对外来松树害虫红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte的信息化学物质进行了研究。通过GC-MS测定,鉴定出红脂大小蠹后肠挥发性物质中除了含有松树挥发性物质α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、月桂烯和柠檬烯外,还含有马鞭草烯醇和马鞭草烯酮;利用触角电位技术,对马鞭草烯醇、马鞭草烯酮以及在林间引诱效果最好的3-(+)-蒈烯进行了触角电生理测试;利用Y-型双向选择嗅觉仪对这些物质进行了室内趋向实验。实验结果表明: 1 μg的马鞭草烯醇、马鞭草烯酮和3-(+）-蒈烯引起雌雄触角的电位反应分别达416 μV/470 μV、597 μV/630 μV和926 μV/1 099 μV。浓度为1 μL/mL的马鞭草烯酮引起红脂大小蠹的正趋向反应,而在100 μL/mL浓度下引起红脂大小蠹的负趋向反应;在1 μL/mL的浓度下,3-(+ )-蒈烯引起了红脂大小蠹正趋向反应,而马鞭草烯醇则对红脂大小蠹具有驱避作用,说明这些物质在红脂大小蠹搜寻寄主和调节虫口密度方面起着重要作用。     

Colonization patterns of the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in the Luliang Mountains, China

The alien red turpentine beetle (RTB), Dendroctonus valens LeConte, is one of the most economically destructive forest pests in China, having killed more than 6 million pines in recent years. There is a need to understand the basic biology and ecology of the beetle in order to develop an effective monitoring and management strategy. In this study, the effects of hillside exposure (south- and north-facing), host-tree locations according to relief (valley, mid-slope, and ridge-top) and tree diameters on RTB colonization were investigated in one valley (3 sites). The results showed that (i) RTB clearly preferred colonizing pines growing on south-facing hillsides, especially in the valley; (ii) RTB preferred to colonize the pines growing at the valley rather than pines growing at mid-slope or on ridge-top; (iii) RTB preferred to colonize trees with large diameter over small and medium-sized pines; (iv) the attack density of RTBs (measured by pitch tubes/pine) was obviously higher on larger trees standing in the valley than other trees standing at other places. We conclude from RTB colonization patterns, that RTB prefers to attack large trees in the valley, which may be useful in developing a pest-management strategy.     

Colonization patterns of the red turpentine beetle,Dendroctonus valans （Coleoptera： Curculionidae）, in the Luliang Mountains,China

The alien red turpentine beetle （RTB）, Dendroctonus valens LeConte, is one of the most economically destructive forest pests in China, having killed more than 6 million pines in recent years. There is a need to understand the basic biology and ecology of the beetle in order to develop an effective monitoring and management strategy. In this study, the effects of hillside exposure （south- and north-facing）, host-tree locations according to relief （valley, mid-slope, and ridge-top） and tree diameters on RTB colonization were investigated in one valley （3 sites）. The results showed that （i） RTB clearly preferred colonizing pines growing on south-facing hillsides, especially in the valley; （ii） RTB preferred to colonize the pines growing at the valley rather than pines growing at mid-slope or on ridge-top; （iii） RTB preferred to colonize trees with large diameter over small and medium-sized pines; （iv） the attack density of RTBs （measured by pitch tubes/pine） was obviously higher on larger trees standing in the valley than other trees standing at other places. We conclude from RTB colonization patterns, that RTB prefers to attack large trees in the valley, which may be useful in developing a pest-management strategy.     

Effect of associated fungi on the immunocompetence of red turpentine beetle larvae,Dendroctonus valens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Abstract Dendroctonus–fungus symbioses are often considered as the ideal model systems to study the development and maintenance of ectosymbioses, and diverse interactions, including antagonism, commensalism and mutualism, have been documented between these organisms. The red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is a pine‐killing invasive beetle in northern China. Fungi species Ophiostoma minus, Leptographium sinoprocerum, L. terebrantis and L. procerum were associated with this bark beetle. Antagonistic interactions between D. valens and its associated fungi, such as O. minus and L. sinoprocerum, have been demonstrated, but the underlying causes of this phenomenon are unknown. Here, we first found the two tested fungi species retarded the net weight gain of D. valens larvae after completing 3‐day feeding on their media. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence indicating the effect of associated fungi on the immunocompetence of D. valens larvae to explain the documented antagonism. Our results showed that the activity of phenoloxidase and total phenoloxidase in D. valens larvae were significantly upregulated by two strains of associated fungi, O. minus and L. sinoprocerum as compared with the controls. The phenoloxidase ratio increased significantly in the larvae which had fed for 3 days on media inoculated with O. minus. Because insect immune defenses are costly to be deployed, these results could be explored as one of the underlying mechanisms of the documented antagonism.