成人T细胞白血病

<正>前言 1979年高月等发现成人T细胞白血病(ATL),指出是以日本冲绳,南九洲,四国,纪伊和三陆,以及加勒比海沿岸各国为中心多发的淋巴瘤和白血病,据Gallo和日沼等证实病原病毒是逆转录病毒的人I型T淋巴细胞病毒(HTLV—I)。吉田等确定了病毒基因的全部碱基序列。 HTLV—I的主要传播途径,是以母乳为媒介的母子间垂直传播、经性行为的横向传播及输血,但详细的传播机制还不完全清楚。HTLV—I如进入人的淋巴细胞内,就与其他逆转录病毒一样,两条病毒RNA经自身的逆转录酶作用转化为DNA,形成双链DNA后随机插入宿主DNA中,以前病毒DNA的形式继续存在。因此,可用HTLV—IDNA诊断ATL患者的淋巴细胞DNA。     

职业献血员中人类T淋巴细胞白血病病毒感染状况的分析

了解陕西,甘肃,青海,宁夏四省区职业献血员中人类T淋巴细胞白血病病毒（HTLV）的感染状况,以便为在职业献血员中开展HTLV普检提供一定的参考依据。采用双抗原夹心ELISA法检测了四省区10个单采浆站的7416份血浆样本。结果 HTLV（1＋2）抗体阳性7例,总阳性率0．09％,其中男性4例,感染率0．09％,女性3例,感染率0．10％;18－25年龄组2例,感染率0．09％,25－35年龄组4例,感染率0．10％,35－45年龄组1例,感染率0．08％。经过分析比较发现,HTLV感染率在职业献血员中与所报道的正常人群的感染率无显著差异,同时发现,在职业献血员中,HTLV感染的阳性率无性别差异,无年龄差异。     

应用明胶凝集颗粒试验检测人群中T细胞白血病病毒抗体

曾毅等报道,应用间接免疫荧光法(IIF)检测了8,279份正常成年人血清标本,发现3例T细胞白血病病毒(HTLV)抗体阳性:一例马杨氏,丈夫是日本人(HTLV抗体也阳性),侨居南京46年;第二例是台湾籍妇女;第三例是位侨居北京的日本人。650份各类白血病病人血清中,一例成人T细胞白血病患者HTLV抗体阳性,此人是船员,常去日本。     

P13K／Akt／mTOR信号传导通路与成人T淋巴细胞白血病关系的研究进展

成人T淋巴细胞白血病（ATL）是严重危害人类健康的一种疾病,它是由与HIV类似的逆转录病毒HTLV—I感染CD4^＋T细胞而诱发的恶性肿瘤。HTLV—I导致ATL中起主要作用的是Tax蛋白,其反式激活作用占有重要地位,它可以激活P13K／AKT／mTOR信号途径。P13K／Akt／mTOR被认为是蛋白质合成的主要信号调节通路,研究表明该信号传导通路是与细胞增殖和细胞凋亡关系最密切的信号传导通路之一,其在成人T淋巴细胞白血病的发生、发展治疗及转归中发挥重要作用,并且已经成为治疗的新靶点。本文就P13K／Akt／mTOR信号传导通路以及与ATL关系的研究进展作如下综述。     

新型人类逆转录病毒XMRV研究进展

异嗜性鼠白血病病毒相关病毒(xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus,XMRV)是迄今发现的第一种可以感染人类的r逆转录病毒。XMRV最初于2006年在RNase L基因缺陷型的前列腺癌组织中首次被鉴定,其序列与鼠科白血病病毒(murine leukemia virus,MLV)十分相似。目前,北美、欧洲和亚洲的多个研究机构在人类前列腺癌和慢性疲劳综合征(chronic fatigue syndrome,CFS)患者中检测到XMRV。但不同研究间结果差异很大,XMRV感染与人类疾病之间的相关性尚不明确。该文综述了目前XMRV的相关研究进展,包括与人类疾病的关系、XMRV的基本特征、病理生理学可能的机制等方面,并就今后研究趋势和注意问题进行了讨论。     

人T细胞白血病病毒Ⅰ型的研究现状

人T细胞白血病病毒Ⅰ型 (HTLV I)是一类在人体可引起严重疾病的逆转录病毒。有数据表明国内局部地区存在小的流行 ,本文从病原学、流行病学、监床表现、实验室诊断等方面对其作一综述。     

查明一种“超级癌症”的病因

“超级癌症”就是爱滋病,潜伏期较长的一种不治之症,科学家已查明其病因以采取对策,目前,这种死亡率特高的病在西方国家里引起恐慌。在成年人当中有两种病-T细胞的血病和获得性免疫缺损综合症(AIDD)或称爱滋病,后者广为流行,至今成为无法治愈的严重疾病,这两种病均由人类T细胞白血病病毒(HTLV)所引起的。     

更多的致癌因素正被发现

<正> 据美国哈佛大学和国立卫生研究所的科学家报告,他们发现了病毒基因。认为这种基因可能改变人类细胞从而引起大量的多种多样的生物效应,譬如象癌症和后天免疫缺乏综合症。他们用新的分子生物学机理理论解释一组HTLV病毒C或人T-细胞淋巴病毒)是如何改变被感染细胞的机器,使病毒有效地增殖和改变细胞的生长性能。     

肿瘤病毒及艾滋病病毒的分子生物学

肿瘤病毒——凡能在人和动物体内诱发肿瘤或转化体外培养细胞的病毒叫肿瘤病毒。人类的肿瘤病毒是在动物肿瘤病毒学基础上发展起来的。Ellerman和Bang首先(1908年)发现了鸡白血病,三年后Rous又发现了鸡肉瘤,30年代后相继发现兔、蛙、狗、鼠等种属的肿瘤病毒,特别是1951年Gross首先发现小鼠白血病病毒。近年来发现一些人类肿瘤和病毒的关系极为密切,如:EB病毒(Epstein-Barr Virus,1964年)和伯基特淋巴瘤、鼻咽癌;乙型肝炎病毒和原发性肝癌;人乳头状瘤一些病毒株和子宫颈癌等都有些证据。更重要是     

艾滋病毒

<正> 艾滋病毒的发现是二十世纪后半个世纪最主要的伟大成就之一。流行病学家将艾滋病毒引起的疾病称为获得性免疫缺陷综合征,简称AIDS。人类在1981年首次描述了这种疾病,这种感染也许在50年代开始于中非,由中非又迅速地传播到加勒比,并由此再传播到美国和欧洲,现在在美国大约有200万人受到感染,在非洲和加勒比的流行情况则更坏。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.