肿瘤光动力疗法诱导细胞凋亡机制研究进展

肿瘤光动力疗法（Photodynamic Therapy,PDT）是利用光敏剂分子接受光照后产生多种活性氧物质（reactive oxyger,ROS),使细胞结构和功能受到损伤,而导致细胞凋亡的一种独特的肿瘤治疗方法,已受到越来越多的重视。本文对近几年有关PDT诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡方面的研究进展作了综述性介绍。     

巨噬细胞凋亡及其调控

巨噬细胞通过介导和调控自身及其他细胞凋亡而实现其免疫调节和效应细胞功能.引起巨噬细胞凋亡的原因有生物、化学、病理、自身等因素.不仅巨噬细胞自身凋亡和凋亡调控有其特点,更为有趣的是,巨噬细胞可根据需要：介导或抑制自身凋亡;介导或抑制其他细胞凋亡;抑制自身凋亡,介导其他细胞凋亡.这可能是巨噬细胞在免疫调节,特别是肿瘤免疫中发挥重要作用的基础.     

细胞感染与细胞凋亡

本文叙述了多种细菌及其毒素感染后对淋巴细胞,巨噬细胞,中性粒细胞和单核细胞凋亡的影响,初步探讨了可能的机制及其意义。     

凋亡素2配体对放射线诱导95-D细胞凋亡的影响的研究

目的:探讨凋亡素2配体(Apo-2L)对放射线诱导肺癌95-D细胞凋亡的影响。方法:MTT法检测不同浓度凋亡素2配体在体外对肺癌95-D细胞的抑制率,将细胞分为4组,对照组、凋亡素2配体组、单纯照射组、凋亡素2配体+放射照射组,流式细胞仪检测各组凋亡率及细胞周期。结果:凋亡素2配体对95-D细胞的体外抑制作用明显,随着药物浓度的增大及时间的延长,抑制率明显增高(P0.05)。流式细胞术显示凋亡素2配体与放射线联用能够使95-D细胞的凋亡率提高,与单用凋亡素2配体组及单纯放疗组相比,凋亡率差异显著(P0.05)。结论:凋亡素2配体在体外具有抑制95-D细胞增殖的作用并能够促进细胞的凋亡,同时凋亡素2配体联合放射线可以明显提高肺癌95-D细胞的凋亡率。     

病原微生物与巨噬细胞凋亡

病原微生物与机体细胞间的相互关系一直是一热点问题,病原微生物之所以成为病原,一定有其成为病原的理由。不论是细菌、真菌、病毒,还是其代谢产物大都能诱导宿主细胞,特别是免疫系统中某些细胞(如巨噬细胞)凋亡,这也许为其抵抗机体免疫系统的免疫防御及免疫监视,以便在宿主体内生存,进而为大量繁殖开辟了一条道路。     

鸡胚巨噬细胞AcP酶变化及AcP酶与凋亡细胞的关系

本研究采用电镜及酶细胞化学的方法观察了鸡胚脾脏不同胚龄组巨噬细胞溶酶体酸性磷酸酶（AcP酶）的变化、凋亡实验组巨噬细胞及其AcP酶与凋亡细胞的关系。取10天、13天和17天鸡胚脾脏,按Gomori法显示AcP酶,各胚龄脾脏巨噬细胞AcP酶细胞化学反应阳性,按AcP酶染色阳性做溶酶体计数,结果显示随着胚龄的增加溶酶体数随之增加,尤以第17天组溶酶体数增加最为明显,所得数据经统计分析表明各胚龄组间溶酶体数的差异有统计学意义。凋亡实验组采用放线菌酮诱导15天鸡胚脾脏细胞凋亡,结果显示凋亡细胞为各类幼稚血细胞,以幼稚淋巴细胞为主。巨噬细胞未见凋亡,而是吞噬了大量的凋亡细胞和凋亡小体,AcP酶反应颗粒不仅出现在巨噬细胞的溶酶体、吞噬体,还见于高尔基复合体、内质网等。细胞AcP酶反应强度数字化结果表明：凋亡组酶活性显著高于对照组,差别有统计学意义,提示胚胎巨噬细胞在凋亡细胞出现时AcP酶活性增强,说明巨噬细胞吞噬和消化凋亡细胞或凋亡小体是通过AcP酶等活性物质来实现的。     

光动力疗法诱导增生滑膜细胞凋亡的初步研究

目的：观察光动力疗法（PDT）诱导类风湿性关节炎（RA）动物模型的增生滑膜细胞的凋亡情况。方法：兔AIA模型在关节类出现第七天进行PDT治疗,随机治疗一侧膝关节,另一侧作自身对照,免耳静脉注入HMME10mg/Kg,20分钟后,膝关节用金蒸气激光照射,激光波长627.8nm,功率密度100mW/cm^2,能量密度100J/cm^2,24小时后取膝关节滑膜作病理检查,并用脱氧核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法（TUNEL）原位检测凋亡结论。结果：PDT治疗组凋亡阳性细胞较对照组明显增多,图像分析结果单位视野内阳性细胞数和面密度PDT治疗组高于对照组,统计学检验差异有显著性,凋亡细胞核直径PDT治疗组较小,与对照组相比,统计学检验差异有显著性。结论：PDT有可能通过诱发滑膜细胞的凋亡,使增生的滑膜细胞减少。     

大剂量地塞米松快速高效诱导巨噬细胞凋亡

运用透射电镜、DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳、流式细胞术、原位末端标记法(TUNEL)染色等技术,检测了大剂量地塞米松处理小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的各种变化.结果显示,大剂量地塞米松处理的巨噬细胞发生胞体皱缩、染色质凝聚、胞质浓缩;TUNEL染色呈阳性;0.5 h后DNA凝胶电泳即呈梯状条带;流式细胞术作周期分析出现凋亡峰等明显的凋亡特征.并且随处理时间延长凋亡率升高.结果表明,大剂量地塞米松快速、高效诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞凋亡.     

活性氧诱导细胞凋亡

细胞凋亡是细胞主动的衰老和死亡方式。细胞凋亡过程极其复杂,其生化机制还不十分清楚。用活性氧如H_2O_2、ONOO及脂质过氧化物等可直接诱导某些细胞发生凋亡,抗氧化剂对细胞凋亡有抑制作用。细胞内产生活性氧的部位主要是线粒体电子传递链、黄嘌呤—黄嘌呤氧化酶途径、磷脂酶A_2激活的花生四烯酸代谢途径及精氨酸-NO合成酶途径。外源性活性氧或通过内源性活性氧的生成,导致细胞内氧化还原状态的失衡,诱导某些基因的表达,引起凋亡。     

三氧化二砷诱导细胞凋亡对线粒体的影响

线粒体作为细胞能量的“动力工厂”,在细胞的生理过程中起着重要的作用,本文采用三氧化二砷（Ａｓ２ Ｏ３） 诱导ＭＧＣ－ ８０３ 细胞凋亡,通过罗丹明１２３ 和Ｈｏｅｃｈｅｓｔ３３２５８ 对细胞进行荧光标记,利用具有光子计数成像能力的超高灵敏度荧光显微镜观察凋亡细胞与未加入Ａｓ２ Ｏ３ 的对照组细胞的区别,发现Ａｓ２ Ｏ３ 在诱导细胞凋亡时可引起线粒体内膜电位差减小     

PTPases抑制剂对外源NO调控蚕豆气孔运动的影响

以蚕豆(Vicia fabaL.)气孔保卫细胞为材料,研究了酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酶(protein tyrosine phosphatases,PTPases)的抑制剂氧化苯胂(phenylarsine oxide,PAO)、钒酸钠(NaVO3)和Zn2 对外源一氧化氮(NO)调控蚕豆气孔运动的影响。结果表明,NO供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)能诱导蚕豆气孔关闭,其效应在0.001~0.1 mmol.L-1浓度范围内随着SNP浓度的增大而增强;不同浓度的PAO、NaVO3和Zn2 对光诱导的气孔张开几乎没有影响,但都可以抑制黑暗或SNP诱导的气孔关闭,表明酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酶参与NO调控蚕豆气孔运动的信号转导过程,在NO调控蚕豆气孔运动中起着重要的作用。     

脂多糖诱导植物细胞产生NO的光学分子成像检测

脂多糖（lipopolysaccharides, LPS）是革兰氏阴性细菌细胞壁的主要成分,被植物感知后,启动植物防御反应。利用荧光探针分子成像及激光共聚焦扫描显微镜技术,在位、直观检测了LPS诱导下,拟南芥细胞产生重要信号分子一氧化氮（ NO）的时空特征。LPS诱导细胞产生大量NO,这些NO主要定位在细胞膜周围,且是在LPS处理90 min后出现。NO合成酶抑制剂L-单甲基精氨酸能明显抑制LPS诱导的NO生成,说明LPS诱导NO产生是NO合成酶途径依赖的。该研究结果有助于深入理解LPS作用机制以及NO信号传导通路的全貌,并为生物物理技术在相关植物生理研究中的应用提供一定的借鉴作用。     

Tim4- and MerTK-Mediated Engulfment of Apoptotic Cells by Mouse Resident Peritoneal Macrophages

Apoptotic cells are swiftly engulfed by macrophages to prevent the release of noxious materials from dying cells. Apoptotic cells expose phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) on their surface, and macrophages engulf them by recognizing PtdSer using specific receptors and opsonins. Here, we found that mouse resident peritoneal macrophages expressing Tim4 and MerTK are highly efficient at engulfing apoptotic cells. Neutralizing antibodies against either Tim4 or MerTK inhibited the macrophage engulfment of apoptotic cells. Tim4-null macrophages exhibited reduced binding and engulfment of apoptotic cells, whereas MerTK-null macrophages retained the ability to bind apoptotic cells but failed to engulf them. The incubation of wild-type peritoneal macrophages with apoptotic cells induced the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of MerTK, which was not observed with Tim4-null macrophages. When mouse Ba/F3 cells were transformed with Tim4, apoptotic cells bound to the transformants but were not engulfed. Transformation of Ba/F3 cells with MerTK had no effect on the binding or engulfment of apoptotic cells; however, Tim4/MerTK transformants exhibited strong engulfment activity. Taken together, these results indicate that the engulfment of apoptotic cells by resident peritoneal macrophages proceeds in two steps: binding to Tim4, a PtdSer receptor, followed by MerTK-mediated cell engulfment.     

干旱胁迫对玉米幼苗根系中NO信号转导的影响

以玉米(Zea mays L.)幼苗根系为材料,研究其生长发育对内外源NO的感应及在干旱条件下内外源NO对其生长发育的影响.结果表明:干旱抑制根系NO释放,NO的产生可能不依赖于NO合酶系统,而依赖于NADPH硝酸还原酶的酶促反应;用活性氧清除剂NAC、NAC与干旱复合处理均能促使内源NO的产生和释放:其根系生物量的分析表明内源NO的释放明显抑制根系的生长发育.     

Macrophages and Apoptotic cells in Human Colorectal Tumours

The numerical relationship between tumour associated macrophages (TAM) and apoptotic cells in 12 human colorectal tumours was evaluated. TAM were labelled immunohistochemically and apoptotic cells were visualized by counterstaining with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The stereological techniques. Cavalieri's estimator of volume and the Disector were used to estimate both tumour volume and numerical density of both cell types. The occurrence of TAM per unit volume of tissue increased with increasing tumour volume to a maximum in a tumour of 110·5 cm³, after which numbers declined. Levels of apoptosis also increased with tumour volume though more erratically than levels of TAM and declined for tumour volumes greater than 80 cm³. This is the first report of an attempt to assess the relationship between apoptotic cells and TAM in human tumours.     

渗透压对血管内皮细胞中NO合成酶活性的影响及其机制研究

目的：研究非等渗压浓度对血管内皮细胞NO合成酶活性的影响,并探索其发生机制。方法：使血管内皮细胞暴露于低渗（205mOsm)或高渗透压（410mOsm)培养液,用Griess法测定NO合成酶（NOS）活性,以Northern blot ting观测细胞iNOS和eNOS基因表达的变化。结果： 非等渗压浓度可使血管内皮细胞中NOS活性显著升高。细胞NOS活性变化具有明显的时间效应规律,低渗透压浓度效应产生的效应早于高渗透压浓度,且低渗透压浓度的影响较高渗透压浓度更为明显。Dexamethasone对这种非等渗透压诱导的NOS活性没有明显作用,给予cycloheximide,不影响非等渗压诱导的这种差异。Nothern blot分析表明：非等渗压浓度不诱导iNOS基因表达,而使eNOSmRNA表达增加。结论：非等渗透压浓度诱导血管内皮细胞NOS活性升高,eNOS基因表达增强是其主要机制之一。     

Arginase II Downregulates Nitric Oxide (NO) Production and Prevents NO-mediated Apoptosis in Murine Macrophage-derived RAW 264.7 Cells

Excess nitric oxide (NO) induces apoptosis of some cell types, including macrophages. As NO is synthesized by NO synthase (NOS) from arginine, a common substrate of arginase, these two enzymes compete for arginine. There are two known isoforms of arginase, types I and II. Using murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells, we asked if the induction of arginase II would downregulate NO production and hence prevent apoptosis. When cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), the inducible form of NOS (iNOS) was induced, production of NO was elevated, and apoptosis followed. When dexamethasone and cAMP were further added, both iNOS and arginase II were induced, NO production was much decreased, and apoptosis was prevented. When the cells were transfected with an arginase II expression plasmid and treated with LPS/IFN-γ, some cells were rescued from apoptosis. An arginase I expression plasmid was also effective. On the other hand, transfection with the arginase II plasmid did not prevent apoptosis when a NO donor SNAP or a high concentration (12 mM) of arginine was added. These results indicate that arginase II prevents NO-dependent apoptosis of RAW 264.7 cells by depleting intracellular arginine and by decreasing NO production.     

Physiopathological Effects of the NO Donor 3-Morpholinosydnonimine on Rat Cortical Synaptosomes

The NO donor 3-Morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) releases NO in the presence of molecular oxygen. In this study, we evaluated the effect of SIN-1 on mitochondria of rat cortical synaptosomes. We demonstrated in vitro that the amount of ONOO⁻ generated and H₂O₂ formation directly correlated with SIN-1 concentration. The mean oxygen consumption by synaptosomal mitochondria was approximately 3.8 nmol of O₂ min⁻¹ mg⁻¹ protein, which decreased significantly in the presence of SIN-1 1 mM to 2.5 nmol O₂ min⁻¹ mg⁻¹. This decrease was not modified by catalase or Trolox, demonstrating that ONOO⁻ was responsible for the effect. The same concentration of SIN-1 caused a significant decrease of ATP production by synaptosomal mitochondria and depolarized the mitochondrial membrane. Moreover, ROS production increased progressively and was completely inhibited by pre-incubation of synaptosomes with Trolox. Finally, phosphatidylserine was externalized and, at the same time, intrasynaptosomal lactate dehydrogenase decreased confirming both, the external membrane breakdown after the addition of SIN-1 and the damage to the synaptosomes.     

二氧化氮对樟树幼苗生长及光合作用的影响

采用开顶式人工熏气装置,对1年生樟树幼苗进行了为期2个月不同体积分数NO₂(0.1、0.5和4.0 μl·L^-1)熏气试验,研究其对幼苗生长及光合作用的影响.结果表明:0.5和0.1 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理促进了樟树幼苗生长,而4.0 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理则抑制其生长.各处理樟树幼苗叶片净光合速率(P_n)日变化呈不对称的双峰型曲线,存在光合“午休”现象;在光合日进程中,0.5 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理使叶片P_n提高,最大值达8.542 μmol CO₂·m^-2s^-1,4.0 μl·L^-1NO₂处理的大多数时段使P_n降低,而0.1 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理对P_n的影响则依时段而不同;0.5和4.0 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理提高了叶片气孔导度(G_s)和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)的最大值和最小值,0.1 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理提高了C_i的最大值和最小值,降低了G_s的最大值和最小值.熏气处理中、后期,0.5μl·L^-1 NO₂处理叶片的日均净光合速率显著高于其他处理.在熏气处理前期,0.5和4.0 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理使叶片最大PSⅡ的光能转换效率(F_v/F_m)显著下降;在熏气处理后期,4.0 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理的叶片F_v/F_m仍显著低于对照.