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1.
The endosperm is a terminal seed tissue that is destined to support embryo development. In most angiosperms, the endosperm develops initially as a syncytium to facilitate rapid seed growth. The transition from the syncytial to the cellularized state occurs at a defined time point during seed development. Manipulating the timing of endosperm cellularization through interploidy crosses negatively impacts on embryo growth, suggesting that endosperm cellularization is a critical step during seed development. In this study, we show that failure of endosperm cellularization in fertilization independent seed 2 (fis2) and endosperm defective 1 (ede1) Arabidopsis mutants correlates with impaired embryo development. Restoration of endosperm cellularization in fis2 seeds by reducing expression of the MADS-box gene AGAMOUS-LIKE 62 (AGL62) promotes embryo development, strongly supporting an essential role of endosperm cellularization for viable seed formation. Endosperm cellularization failure in fis2 seeds correlates with increased hexose levels, suggesting that arrest of embryo development is a consequence of failed nutrient translocation to the developing embryo. Finally, we demonstrate that AGL62 is a direct target gene of FIS Polycomb group repressive complex 2 (PRC2), establishing the molecular basis for FIS PRC2-mediated endosperm cellularization. 相似文献
2.
Polycomb group proteins function in the female gametophyte to determine seed development in plants 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Leroy O Hennig L Breuninger H Laux T Köhler C 《Development (Cambridge, England)》2007,134(20):3639-3648
3.
Vinkenoog R Bushell C Spielman M Adams S Dickinson HG Scott RJ 《Molecular biotechnology》2003,25(2):149-184
Genomic imprinting, the parent-of-origin-specific expression of genes, plays an important role in the seed development of
flowering plants. As different sets of genes are imprinted and hence silenced in maternal and paternal gametophyte genomes,
the contributions of the parental genomes to the offspring are not equal. Imbalance between paternally and maternally imprinted
genes, for instance as a result of interploidy crosses, or in seeds in which imprinting has been manipulated, results in aberrant
seed development. It is predominantly the endosperm, and not or to a far lesser extent the embryo, that is affected by such
imbalance. Deviation from the normal 2m:1p ratio in the endosperm genome has a severe effect on endosperm development, and
often leads to seed abortion. Molecular expression data for imprinted genes suggest that genomic imprinting takes place only
in the endosperm of the developing seed. Although far from complete, a picture of how imprinting operates in flowering plants
has begun to emerge. Imprinted genes on either the maternal or paternal side are marked and silenced in a process involving
DNA methylation and chromatin condensation. In addition, on the maternal side, imprinted genes are most probably under control
of the polycomb FIS genes. 相似文献
4.
Kaoru Tonosaki Daisuke Sekine Takayuki Ohnishi Akemi Ono Hiroyasu Furuumi Nori Kurata Tetsu Kinoshita 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2018,93(3):534-544
In most eudicot and monocot species, interspecific and interploidy crosses generally display abnormalities in the endosperm that are the major cause of a post‐zygotic hybridization barrier. In some eudicot species, however, this type of hybridization barrier can be overcome by the manipulation of ploidy levels of one parental species, suggesting that the molecular mechanisms underlying the species hybridization barrier can be circumvented by genome dosage. We previously demonstrated that endosperm barriers in interspecific and interploidy crosses in the genus Oryza involve overlapping but different mechanisms. This result contrasts with those in the genus Arabidopsis, which shows similar outcomes in both interploidy and interspecific crosses. Therefore, we postulated that an exploration of pathways for overcoming the species hybridization barrier in Oryza endosperm, by manipulating the ploidy levels in one parental species, might provide novel insights into molecular mechanisms. We showed that fertile hybrid seeds could be produced by an interspecific cross of female tetraploid Oryza sativa and male diploid Oryza longistaminata. Although the rate of nuclear divisions did not return to normal levels in the hybrid endosperm, the timing of cellularization, nucellus degeneration and the accumulation of storage products were close to normal levels. In addition, the expression patterns of the imprinted gene MADS87 and YUCCA11 were changed when the species barrier was overcome. These results suggest that the regulatory machinery for developmental transitions and imprinted gene expression are likely to play a central role in overcoming species hybridization barriers by genome dosage in the genus Oryza. 相似文献
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6.
Effects of APETALA2 on embryo, endosperm, and seed coat development determine seed size in Arabidopsis 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Masa-aki Ohto Sandra K. Floyd Robert L. Fischer Robert B. Goldberg John J. Harada 《Sexual plant reproduction》2009,22(4):277-289
Arabidopsis APETALA2 (AP2) controls seed mass maternally, with ap2 mutants producing larger seeds than wild type. Here, we show that AP2 influences development of the three major seed compartments:
embryo, endosperm, and seed coat. AP2 appears to have a significant effect on endosperm development. ap2 mutant seeds undergo an extended period of rapid endosperm growth early in development relative to wild type. This early
expanded growth period in ap2 seeds is associated with delayed endosperm cellularization and overgrowth of the endosperm central vacuole. The subsequent
period of moderate endosperm growth is also extended in ap2 seeds largely due to persistent cell divisions at the endosperm periphery. The effect of AP2 on endosperm development is
mediated by different mechanisms than parent-of-origin effects on seed size observed in interploidy crosses. Seed coat development
is affected; integument cells of ap2 mutants are more elongated than wild type. We conclude that endosperm overgrowth and/or integument cell elongation create
a larger postfertilization embryo sac into which the ap2 embryo can grow. Morphological development of the embryo is initially delayed in ap2 compared with wild-type seeds, but ap2 embryos become larger than wild type after the bent-cotyledon stage of development. ap2 embryos are able to fill the enlarged postfertilization embryo sac, because they undergo extended periods of cell proliferation
and seed filling. We discuss potential mechanisms by which maternally acting AP2 influences development of the zygotic embryo
and endosperm to repress seed size. 相似文献
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Julio C. M. Rodrigues Ming Luo Frédéric Berger Anna M. G. Koltunow 《Sexual plant reproduction》2010,23(2):123-133
In sexually reproducing angiosperms, double fertilization initiates seed development, giving rise to two fertilization products,
the embryo and the endosperm. In the endosperm, a terminal nutritive tissue that supports embryo growth, certain genes are
expressed differentially depending on their parental origin, and this genomic imbalance is required for proper seed formation.
This parent-of-origin effect on gene expression, called genomic imprinting, is controlled epigenetically through histone modifications
and DNA methylation. In the sexual model plant Arabidopsis, the Polycomb group (PcG) genes of the plant Fertilization Independent Seed (FIS)-class control genomic imprinting by specifically
silencing maternal or paternal target alleles through histone modifications. Mutations in FIS genes can lead to a bypass in the requirement of fertilization for the initiation of endosperm development and seed abortion.
In this review, we discuss the role of the FIS complex in establishing and maintaining genomic imprinting, focusing on recent
advances in elucidating the expression and function of FIS-related genes in maize, rice, and Hieracium, and particularly including apomictic Hieracium species that do not require paternal contribution and thus form seeds asexually. Surprisingly, not all FIS-mediated functions
described in Arabidopsis are conserved. However, the function of some PcG components are required for viable seed formation in seeds formed via sexual
and asexual processes (apomixis) in Hieracium, suggesting a conservation of the seed viability function in some eudicots. 相似文献
9.
Anja Schmidt Heike J. P. Wöhrmann Michael T. Raissig Julia Arand Jacqueline Gheyselinck Valeria Gagliardini Christian Heichinger Joern Walter Ueli Grossniklaus 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2013,73(5):776-787
In flowering plants, double fertilization of the female gametes, the egg and the central cell, initiates seed development to give rise to a diploid embryo and the triploid endosperm. In the absence of fertilization, the FERTILIZATION‐INDEPENDENT SEED Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (FIS‐PRC2) represses this developmental process by histone methylation of certain target genes. The FERTILIZATION‐INDEPENDENT SEED (FIS) class genes MEDEA (MEA) and FERTILIZATION‐INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM (FIE) encode two of the core components of this complex. In addition, DNA methylation establishes and maintains the repression of gene activity, for instance via DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE1 (MET1), which maintains methylation of symmetric CpG residues. Here, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis MET1 interacts with MEA in vitro and in a yeast two‐hybrid assay, similar to the previously identified interaction of the mammalian homologues DNMT1 and EZH2. MET1 and MEA share overlapping expression patterns in reproductive tissues before and after fertilization, a prerequisite for an interaction in vivo. Importantly, a much higher percentage of central cells initiate endosperm development in the absence of fertilization in mea‐1/MEA; met1‐3/MET1 as compared to mea‐1/MEA mutant plants. In addition, DNA methylation at the PHERES1 and MEA loci, imprinted target genes of the FIS‐PRC2, was affected in the mea‐1 mutant compared with wild‐type embryos. In conclusion, our data suggest a mechanistic link between two major epigenetic pathways involved in histone and DNA methylation in plants by physical interaction of MET1 with the FIS‐PRC2 core component MEA. This concerted action is relevant for the repression of seed development in the absence of fertilization. 相似文献
10.
Polycomb group genes control pattern formation in plant seed 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
11.
基因组印迹与种子发育 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
胚乳介导营养物质从母体到胚的转运过程,是开花植物中发生印迹的重要部位。胚乳的发育异常会导致胚的败育。在拟南芥中已鉴定到三个FIS (fertilization-independent seed) 基因,能制止无需受精即形成种子的发育过程,即FIS1/ MEDEA、FIS2和FIS3/FIE。其中MEDEA基因是胚乳发育的主要调控基因,在胚乳中被印迹。FWA基因也在胚乳中被印迹。系统阐述了植物基因组印迹的机理以及MEA和FWA印迹机制的研究进展,并介绍了印迹发生的亲本冲突学说、印迹的方式及其它已报道的印迹基因。 相似文献
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14.
UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE 26 is required for seed development and the repression of PHERES1 in Arabidopsis
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Luo M Luo MZ Buzas D Finnegan J Helliwell C Dennis ES Peacock WJ Chaudhury A 《Genetics》2008,180(1):229-236
The Arabidopsis mutant Atubp26 initiates autonomous endosperm at a frequency of approximately 1% in the absence of fertilization and develops arrested seeds at a frequency of approximately 65% when self-pollinated. These phenotypes are similar to those of the FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT SEED (FIS) class mutants, mea, fis2, fie, and Atmsi1, which also show development of the central cell into endosperm in the absence of fertilization and arrest of the embryo following fertilization. Atubp26 results from a T-DNA insertion in the UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE gene AtUBP26, which catalyzes deubiquitination of histone H2B and is required for heterochromatin silencing. The paternal copy of AtUBP26 is able to complement the loss of function of the maternal copy in postfertilization seed development. This contrasts to the fis class mutants where the paternal FIS copy does not rescue aborted seeds. As in the fis class mutants, the Polycomb group (PcG) complex target gene PHERES1 (PHE1) is expressed at higher levels in Atubp26 ovules than in wild type; there is a lower level of H3K27me3 at the PHE1 locus. The phenotypes suggest that AtUBP26 is required for normal seed development and the repression of PHE1. 相似文献
15.
DASH transcription factor impacts Medicago truncatula seed size by its action on embryo morphogenesis and auxin homeostasis
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Mélanie Noguero Christine Le Signor Vanessa Vernoud Kaustav Bandyopadhyay Myriam Sanchez Chunxiang Fu Ivone Torres‐Jerez Jiangqi Wen Kirankumar S. Mysore Karine Gallardo Michael Udvardi Richard Thompson Jerome Verdier 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2015,81(3):453-466
16.
JUAN CARLOS LÓPEZ-ALMANSA EDWARD C. YEUNG LUIS GIL 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2004,145(4):455-467
Three genotypes of field elm ( Ulmus minor ) were studied to determine the structural basis of seed abortion in this species. In the non-abortive control, P-VV1, the pattern of seed development is similar to many flowering plants. The embryo progresses through defined morphological stages leading to developmental arrest as the seed matures. Storage products are abundant within embryo cells. Endosperm development is similar to the nuclear type; however, a more extensive cellularization of the endosperm occurs prior to it being crushed by the expanding embryo. For the abortive genotypes, M-SF1 and V-JR1, abnormalities in endosperm development are found. This is judged by the early cellularization and the massive synthesis of the PAS-positive material in the cellular endosperm. In these abortive genotypes, embryo development is delayed and storage products failed to accumulate within embryo cells. After seed desiccation, no living embryo tissue remains within the seed coat in the abortive genotypes. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2004, 145 , 455–467. 相似文献
17.
Identification of new members of Fertilisation Independent Seed Polycomb Group pathway involved in the control of seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Guitton AE Page DR Chambrier P Lionnet C Faure JE Grossniklaus U Berger F 《Development (Cambridge, England)》2004,131(12):2971-2981
In higher plants, double fertilisation initiates seed development. One sperm cell fuses with the egg cell and gives rise to the embryo, the second sperm cell fuses with the central cell and gives rise to the endosperm. The endosperm develops as a syncytium with the gradual organisation of domains along an anteroposterior axis defined by the position of the embryo at the anterior pole and by the attachment to the placenta at the posterior pole. We report that ontogenesis of the posterior pole in Arabidopsis thaliana involves oriented migration of nuclei in the syncytium. We show that this migration is impaired in mutants of the three founding members of the FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT SEED (FIS) class, MEDEA (MEA), FIS2 and FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM (FIE). A screen based on a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter line allowed us to identify two new loci in the FIS pathway, medicis and borgia. We have cloned the MEDICIS gene and show that it encodes the Arabidopsis homologue of the yeast WD40 domain protein MULTICOPY SUPRESSOR OF IRA (MSI1). The mutations at the new fis loci cause the same cellular defects in endosperm development as other fis mutations, including parthenogenetic development, absence of cellularisation, ectopic development of posterior structures and overexpression of the GFP marker. 相似文献
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19.
Pennington PD Costa LM Gutierrez-Marcos JF Greenland AJ Dickinson HG 《Annals of botany》2008,101(6):833-843
Background and Aims: The results of wide- or interploidy crosses in angiosperms areunpredictable and often lead to seed abortion. The consequencesof reciprocal interploidy crosses have been explored in maizein detail, focusing on alterations to tissue domains in themaize endosperm, and changes in endosperm-specific gene expression. Methods: Following reciprocal interploidy crosses between diploid andtetraploid maize lines, development of endosperm domains wasstudied using GUS reporter lines, and gene expression in resultingkernels was investigated using semi-quantitative RT-PCR on endospermsisolated at different stages of development. Key Results: Reciprocal interploidy crosses result in very small, largelyinfertile seeds with defective endosperms. Seeds with maternalgenomic excess are smaller than those with paternal genomicexcess, their endosperms cellularize earlier and they accumulatesignificant quantities of starch. Endosperms from the reciprocalcross undergo an extended period of cell proliferation, andaccumulate little starch. Analysis of reporter lines and geneexpression studies confirm that functional domains of the endospermare severely disrupted, and are modified differently accordingto the direction of the interploidy cross. Conclusions: Interploidy crosses affect factors which regulate the balancebetween cell proliferation and cell differentiation within theendosperm. In particular, unbalanced crosses in maize affecttransfer cell differentiation, and lead to the temporal deregulationof the ontogenic programme of endosperm development. 相似文献