用能量平衡法测定叶子边界层阻力

能量平衡法测定叶子边界层阻力ra的方法以下述几个方面的关系为其理论依据：（1）物体的蒸发速率与它所造成的微环境温度变化的关系;（2）蒸法速率与蒸发表面和环境之间的水汽浓度梯度和ra之间的关系;（3）饮和湿度与温度的关系;（4）包括热传导、热扩散、辐射能吸收和水的汽化耗热在内的叶子能量收支平衡关系。基于这些关系,可以从对一个模拟叶子（湿滤纸）在具体温湿度条件下的实测蒸发速率数据,结合Excel电子表格的使用,快速简便地求算出ra值。     

气孔表面上边界层阻力的进一步计算

把气孔截面看作椭圆面,把每个气孔表面上的边界层区域看作棱柱形区域,在该区域内建立一个三维气体扩散模型。通过应用计算机对模型中的气体扩散方程进行迭代计算,获得比以往更为精确的计算气孔表面上边界层阻力的公式。而该公式与Brown和Escombe的以及Cooke的公式比较,发现在气孔开度变化相当大的范围内,用后面两公式计算气孔外端效应阻力引起的相对误差为10～20％左右。     

Effects of Leaf Shape and Boundary Layer Thickness on Photosynthesis in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

In upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) certain varieties are available with the mutant character “okra” leaves. These deeply lobed leaves were found to have thinner boundary layers than their normal analogues. Apparent photosynthesis and transpiration measurements were made in field-grown stands under a variety of light intensities and carbon dioxide levels to assess the effect of leaf boundary layer diffusion resistance on photosynthetic efficiency. The thinner boundary layers associated with deeply lobed “okra” cotton failed to euhance carbon fixation rates per unit land area. It was concluded that the leaf boundary layer resistance under field conditions is small compared with the total CO₂ diffusion resistance.     

The Partitioning of Resistances to Gaseous Diffusion in the Leaf Epidermis and the Boundary Layer

The partitioning of total leaf resistance to gaseous diffusioninto the cuticular, stomatal, and boundary-layer componentsof the upper and lower leaf surfaces was studied. A generalformula was developed, which showed that the mean stomatal oreven mean epidermal resistances may not be obtained by simplesubtraction of the boundary-layer component from the total,except in very specific cases. The formula was used to studythe relationship between the mean stomatal resistance, _s, and the residual leaf resistance, r_l (obtainedby subtracting the boundary-layer from the total resistance),in leaves differing in their degree of anisolaterality (withrespect to stomatal resistance), cuticular resistance, and totalresistance, as affected by the relative magnitude of the boundary-layercomponent. Graphical presentation of the analyses permits evaluationof the difference between _s, and r_l in awide variety of cases. It was shown experimentally that whenthe stomatal component of each leaf surface is known, the totalresistance calculated from these values according to the formulaclosely matches the measured value.     

植物抗病毒病育种策略

为了得到抗病毒的寄主植物,植物育种学家进行了许多有益研究,形成了许多行之有效的抗病毒病育种策略。利用植物本身对病毒侵染所具有的一些免疫功能及其本身的一些抗性基因来获得抗性;利用来源于病毒自身基因的一些抗病性策略(PDR),如利用病毒外壳蛋白基因,病毒复制酶基因,病毒移动蛋白基因,病毒卫星RNA和反义RNA等,植物也可以获得抗性。近年来对由转录后RNA沉默引起的由RNA介导的病毒抗性策略(RMVR)也进行了深入地研究。除了PDR和RMVR以外,还有一些导致植物抗病毒的策略,包括利用美国商陆的病毒抗性蛋白(PAP),2',5’-寡腺苷酸合成酶,“植物抗体”以及病毒蛋白多肽来获得病毒抗性等。     

Plant Resistance Mechanisms to Air Pollutants: Rhythms in Ascorbic Acid Production During Growth Under Ozone Stress

Relationships between ozone (O₃) tolerance and leaf ascorbic acid concentrations in 0₃-susceptible (O₃S) 'Hark' and O₃-resistant (O₃R) 'Hood'soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., cultivars were examined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Leaf samples were analyzed at 4 h intervals during a 24 h period. Soybean cultivars grown in the greenhouse with charcoal filtered (CF) and nonfiltered (NF) air showed daily oscillations in ascorbic acid production. Highest ascorbic acid levels in leaves during light coincided with highest concentrations of photochemical oxidants in the atmosphere at 2:00 p.m. The resistant genotype produced more ascorbic acid in its trifoliate leaves than did the corresponding susceptible genotype. Under CF air (an O₃-reduced environment) O₃-S and O₃-R cultivars showed rhythms in ascorbic acid production. In NF air (an O₃ stress environment) the O₃-R cultivar alone showed rhythms in ascorbic acid production. Results indicated that superior O₃ tolerance in the Hood soybean cultivar (compared with Hark) was associated with a greater increase in endogenous levels of ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid may scavenge free radicals and thereby protect cells from injury by O₃ or other oxyradical products. Plants defend themselves against photochemical oxidant stress, such as O₃, by several mechanisms. Experimental evidence indicates that antioxidant defense systems existing in plant tissues may function to protect cellular components from deleterious effects of photochemical oxidants through endogenous and exogenous controls.     

Analytic Approximate Solutions to the Boundary Layer Flow Equation over a Stretching Wall with Partial Slip at the Boundary

Analytic approximate solutions using Optimal Homotopy Perturbation Method (OHPM) are given for steady boundary layer flow over a nonlinearly stretching wall in presence of partial slip at the boundary. The governing equations are reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equation by means of similarity transformations. Some examples are considered and the effects of different parameters are shown. OHPM is a very efficient procedure, ensuring a very rapid convergence of the solutions after only two iterations.     

外源甜菜碱与植物抗逆性

甜菜碱是一种季铵型生物碱,广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物体内.甜菜碱在高等植物体内是一种重要的非毒性渗透调节物质,具有稳定生物大分子的结构和功能以及降低逆境条件下渗透失水对细胞膜、酶及蛋白质结构与功能的伤害,从而提高植物对各种胁迫因子的抗性.该文对外源甜菜碱以不同的作用方式(灌根、浸种、喷施叶片)作用于逆境(如干旱、盐碱等)条件下的作物并提高作物抗逆性能进行了综述,经过全面系统的讨论,阐明外源甜菜碱提高逆境下作物抗逆的机理,为甜菜碱的农业利用提供理论依据.     

The Deep Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Its Significance to the Stratosphere and Troposphere Exchange over the Tibetan Plateau

In this study the depth of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over the Tibetan Plateau was measured during a regional radiosonde observation campaign in 2008 and found to be deeper than indicated by previously measurements. Results indicate that during fair weather conditions on winter days, the top of the mixed layers can be up to 5 km above the ground (9.4 km above sea level). Measurements also show that the depth of the ABL is quite distinct for three different periods (winter, monsoon-onset, and monsoon seasons). Turbulence at the top of a deep mixing layer can rise up to the upper troposphere. As a consequence, as confirmed by trajectory analysis, interaction occurs between deep ABLs and the low tropopause during winter over the Tibetan Plateau.     

植物抗病毒分子机制的研究进展

植物在进化过程中为微生物提供了丰富的物质环境,微生物的生存依赖于植物的生物合成和产生能量的能力.有近450种植物致病病毒,可导致一系列的疾病.但植物不是被动地面对病毒的攻击,而是进化了精细而有效的防御机制来抵抗、限制或损害病毒的感染.植物抗病基因(R-gene)可以抵抗包括病毒在内的多种病原体.由特定病毒而引发的防御反应是先天固有的,而且研究人员已经鉴定了与这种防御反应相关的细胞学和生理学特性.作为抵抗外来核酸(包括病毒)的重要细胞防御途径,RNA沉默近来获得了显著性的研究进展.在植物中这些途径的协同作用有效地防御了病毒的感染.     

How the Plant Temperature Links to the Air Temperature in the Desert Plant Artemisia ordosica

Plant temperature (Tp) is an important indicator of plant health. To determine the dynamics of plant temperature and self-cooling ability of the plant, we measured Tp in Artemisia ordosica in July, in the Mu Us Desert of Northwest China. Related factors were also monitored to investigate their effects on Tp, including environmental factors, such as air temperature (Ta), relative humidity, wind speed; and physiological factors, such as leaf water potential, sap flow, and water content. The results indicate that: 1) Tp generally changes in conjunction with Ta mainly, and varies with height and among the plant organs. Tp in the young branches is most constant, while it is the most sensitive in the leaves. 2) Correlations between Tp and environmental factors show that Tp is affected mainly by Ta. 3) The self-cooling ability of the plant was effective by midday, with Tp being lower than Ta. 4) Increasing sap flow and leaf water potential showed that transpiration formed part of the mechanism that supported self-cooling. Increased in water conductance and specific heat at midday may be additional factors that contribute to plant cooling ability. Therefore, our results confirmed plant self-cooling ability. The response to high temperatures is regulated by both transpiration speed and an increase in stem water conductance. This study provides quantitative data for plant management in terms of temperature control. Moreover, our findings will assist species selection with taking plant temperature as an index.     

Modulation of Plant Resistance to Diseases by Water-Soluble Chitosan

Low-molecular-weight water-soluble chitosan (5 kDa) obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis of native crab chitosan was shown to display an elicitor activity by inducing the local and systemic resistance of Solanum tuberosum potato and Lycopesicon esculentum tomato to Phytophthora infestans and nematodes, respectively. Chitosan induced the accumulation of phytoalexins in tissues of host plants; decreased the total content; changed the composition of free sterols producing adverse effects on infesters; activated chitinases, -glucanases, and lipoxygenases; and stimulated the generation of reactive oxygen species. The activation of protective mechanisms in plant tissues inhibited the growth of taxonomically different pathogens (parasitic fungus Phytophthora infestans and root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita).     

Protease Inhibitors in Improvement of Plant Resistance to Pathogens and Insects

This review concerns the possibility of using plant inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes to improve plant resistance to insects and phytopathogens. The main argument in favor of this approach is that protease inhibitors are widespread in plant tissues and highly active with respect to various proteases of insects, bacteria, and fungi. Genetic engineering yields promising results in the field, as recent studies demonstrate. The main drawbacks of the approach and ways to improve its efficiency are discussed. Still, the approach has several advantages over the standard methods and is ecologically safe.__________Translated from Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, Vol. 39, No. 4, 2005, pp. 702–708.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Dunaevsky, Elpidina, Vinokurov, Belozersky.     

整株水平上Na^＋转运体与植物的抗盐性

植物可以利用不同的机制来维持Na^＋稳态,从而增强植物的抗盐性。这些机制包括：限制Na^＋的内流;增大Na^＋的外排;减少Na^＋向地上部分的运输;把进入地上部分的Na^＋分散到特殊部分（如老叶）或通过泌盐结构排出体外或通过韧皮部的再循环回到根部。本文简要介绍整株水平上Na^＋转运体与植物抗盐性的研究进展。     

Biomass changes and bentho-pelagic transfers throughout the Benthic Boundary Layer in the English Channel

One hundred and eight suprabenthic hauls were taken from sixsites in the English Channel with a modified Macer-GIROQ sledgethat permitted the sampling of three kinds of organisms in thebenthic boundary layer: mesozooplankton, macrozooplankton andsuprabenthos. A complete annual cycle was sampled in the Bayof Saint-Brieuc but only spring and autumn samplings were takenfrom the other sites. Meso- and macrozooplankton biomasses wereusually higher at every site during the daytime than at night;in contrast, suprabenthic biomasses were lower during the daythan at night. However, at site 5, on pebble substrates, everyfaunistic group showed a higher biomass during the day thanat night, while at site 2 the opposite occurred. Meso- and macrozooplanktonbiomasses were at their maximum during spring whereas the highestbiomass of suprabenthos was observed from summer to autumn.Daytime exchanges were by mesozooplanktonic organisms and night-timeexchanges were by suprabenthic species, especially amphipods,mysids and large decapods. Daily transfers showed the same patternfor every faunistic group, and transfers were higher in autumnthan in spring, except at site 1 where it was similar duringboth seasons. Three groups of sites were identified from theirannual transfers: sites 1 and 3, on the Brittany coasts, withlowest annual transfers; site 2, offshorePlymouth, with thehighest transfer, and the three eastern sites (4, 5 and 6) showingsimilar annual transfers. The rate between macrobenthic productionand annual transfers was high at coarse sand and pebble siteswhere the benthic macrofauna was endobenthic and sessile, suggestinga concentration of carbon in the bottom. On the other hand,this rate was low on medium sand substrates where the benthicmacrofauna was vagile, suggesting that carbon remained concentratedin the benthic boundary layer where exchanges were most importantby the migration of both pelagic and benthic organisms in thiscompartment.     

植物营养与作物抗旱性

本文综述了近30年来植物营养与作物抗旱性关系的研究进展,重点讨论了植物必需的营养元素氮、磷、钾等对作物抗旱性的影响,指出这些营养元素主要通过水分调节、渗透调节、气孔调节和光合调节等一系列生理生化机制来增强作物的代谢活性、提高作物抗旱性。并对今后这方面研究中的重点内容进行了评述。     

Fungal Resistance to Plant Antibiotics as a Mechanism of Pathogenesis

Many plants produce low-molecular-weight compounds which inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi in vitro. These compounds may be preformed inhibitors that are present constitutively in healthy plants (also known as phytoanticipins), or they may be synthesized in response to pathogen attack (phytoalexins). Successful pathogens must be able to circumvent or overcome these antifungal defenses, and this review focuses on the significance of fungal resistance to plant antibiotics as a mechanism of pathogenesis. There is increasing evidence that resistance of fungal pathogens to plant antibiotics can be important for pathogenicity, at least for some fungus-plant interactions. This evidence has emerged largely from studies of fungal degradative enzymes and also from experiments in which plants with altered levels of antifungal secondary metabolites were generated. Whereas the emphasis to date has been on degradative mechanisms of resistance of phytopathogenic fungi to antifungal secondary metabolites, in the future we are likely to see a rapid expansion in our knowledge of alternative mechanisms of resistance. These may include membrane efflux systems of the kind associated with multidrug resistance and innate resistance due to insensitivity of the target site. The manipulation of plant biosynthetic pathways to give altered antibiotic profiles will also be valuable in telling us more about the significance of antifungal secondary metabolites for plant defense and clearly has great potential for enhancing disease resistance for commercial purposes.