玫烟色拟青霉对小菜蛾致病力的时间-剂量-死亡率模型模拟

小菜蛾Plutella xylostella是我国南方十字花科蔬菜上的重要害虫,已对田间常用的化学杀虫剂产生了严重的抗性。为寻找有效的小菜蛾生物防治措施,本实验研究了一株分离自家白蚁的玫烟色拟青霉Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (SCAU-PFCF01)对小菜蛾2～4龄幼虫的致病力。实验采用浸液法,供试浓度为1×10³、1×10⁴、1×10⁵、1×10⁶和1×10⁷个孢子/mL。结果表明：随玫烟色拟青霉孢子浓度的升高,小菜蛾的感病死亡率增加,在浓度为1×10⁷ /mL时,小菜蛾2、3和4龄幼虫的累计死亡率分别为96%、85%和80%。玫烟色拟青霉对小菜蛾各龄幼虫的致病力与供试龄期有关,其感病的敏感顺序为2龄、3龄和4龄。用时间 剂量 死亡率模型（time-dose-mortality model,TDM）对各龄幼虫的致病力数据进行模拟,所建模型均顺利通过Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合异质性检验,表明模型拟合良好,并由模型估计出了该菌株对小菜蛾各龄幼虫的致死剂量与致死时间。2龄幼虫接种后第7天、3龄幼虫接种后第5天、4龄幼虫接种后第4天的LC₅₀估计值分别为1.17×10⁴、1.44×10⁴和5.21×10⁴ /mL,LC₉₀估计值分别为1.98×10⁶、3.82×10⁷和1.29×10⁸ /mL。玫烟色拟青霉对小菜蛾幼虫的致死时间与浓度相关,供试各龄幼虫的LT₅₀值随着孢子悬浮液浓度的增加而递减,在1×10⁵～1×10⁷ /mL的范围内,2龄幼虫的LT₅₀值从3.16天降低到1.72天,3龄幼虫的LT₅₀从3.21天降低到1.83天,4龄幼虫的LT₅₀从3.69天降低到2.04天。即2龄幼虫致死所需的时间最短,其次为3龄幼虫,4龄幼虫致死所需的时间最长。结果显示了该株玫烟色拟青霉在小菜蛾的生物防治中具较强的应用潜力。     

艾美耳球虫对高原鼠兔繁殖的影响

寄生物对宿主繁殖的影响取决于宿主对当前繁殖值和剩余繁殖值的权衡。球虫为微型寄生物,而微型寄生物对宿主当前繁殖值的影响较剩余繁殖值要大。因此,本研究检验了寄生在高原鼠兔肠道内的艾美耳球虫可影响其当前繁殖的假设。在繁殖早、中、晚期,野外共观测高原鼠兔170只。结果表明,不同繁殖期感染率有显著差异。在繁殖中期,未感染雌性的妊娠率显著高于感染雌性。且未妊娠雌性较妊娠雌性有更高的感染强度,但在另外两个繁殖期没有发现此效应。在雄性中,任何繁殖期的感染强度和感染率与睾丸和附睾指数均无显著相关性,且感染和未感染球虫雄性睾丸及附睾指数无显著差异。此外,野外观测实验结果表明,感染雌性的胚胎重较未感染雌性显著降低,与野外感染对胚胎重量影响的实验结果相一致。说明艾美耳球虫感染可影响胚胎的发育。上述结果说明,艾美耳球虫对高原鼠兔繁殖的影响随繁殖期而有不同效应,且存在性别间差异,这种效应可能与不同性别间的繁殖对策有关。     

艾美尔球虫防治高原鼠兔实验及对其胚胎发育的影响

高原鼠兔是青藏高原地区危害高寒草甸植被的主要有害小哺乳动物。生物控制为有害动物防治的主要发展方向,但存在防治效果见效慢的缺点。艾美尔球虫是高原鼠兔肠道内的主要寄生物,并对宿主具有专一性寄生的特点。为将艾美尔球虫研发成新型的高原鼠兔无公害生物防治制剂,本文测定了球虫毒饵对高原鼠兔致死率并在野外进行了灭鼠实验。结果表明,添加增效剂的300 万球虫毒饵在室内可导致63. 6% 的成年个体死亡,在野外可导致54. 9% 成体和71. 0% 幼体死亡。灭鼠后残存高原鼠兔的球虫感染率和感染强度显著大于对照个体,且妊娠雌体的胚胎重较对照显著降低。上述结果说明,艾美尔球虫防治高原鼠兔具有较好的速效性,并能影响残存妊娠雌体的胚胎发育。     

自同安钮夜蛾幼虫分离的一种核型多角体病毒

对在林间导致同安钮夜蛾Anua indiscriminate Moore幼虫死亡的一种病原物进行了分离和鉴定,并对该病原物进行了室内毒力测定。结果表明：该病原物为核型多角体病毒, 定名为同安钮夜蛾核型多角体病毒(AiNPV)。其对同安钮夜蛾幼虫的致死浓度LC₅₀和LC₉₀分别为3.4×10⁴和3.8×10⁷ PIB/mL。     

高原鼠兔寄生艾美耳球虫(顶复器门,艾美耳科)二中国新纪录种

记述从高原鼠兔Ochotona curzoniae新鲜粪便收集的艾美耳属Eimeria球虫二中国新纪录种:E.worleyi Lepp,Todd & Samuel,1972和E.klondikensis Hobbs & Samuel,1974,高原鼠兔是其寄生新宿主.鼠兔标本保存于青藏高原生物标本馆,孢子化卵囊标本保存于中国科学院西北高原生物研究所高原生物适应与进化重点实验室.     

球孢白僵菌九个菌株对赤拟谷盗成虫的毒效（英文）

球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin是最重要的昆虫病原真菌, 广泛用于防治世界各地的多种害虫。本研究评价了球孢白僵菌9个菌株对赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)成虫的致病性。将15头赤拟谷盗成虫浸入到4个浓度 (1×10⁶, 1×10⁷, 1×10⁸ 和 1×10⁹ 个分生孢子/mL)的白僵菌菌株中 20 s, 14 d内每日记录成虫的死亡率。结果表明： IRAN 440C菌株对赤拟谷盗成虫的LC₅₀最低 (5.04×10⁷ 个分生孢子/mL), IRAN 187C菌株的最高(5.05×10⁸ 个分生孢子/mL); DEBI 005菌株对赤拟谷盗成虫的LT₅₀最短(2.88 d), DEBI 014菌株的最长(4.96 d)。根据LC₅₀, LT₅₀和死亡率结果得出IRAN 440C是防治这一害虫的理想菌株。     

亚洲玉米螟幼虫应对大肠杆菌注射的血淋巴免疫应激反应

为研究大肠杆菌Escherichia coli侵染引发亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée幼虫免疫应激反应的机理,本实验测定了分别注射生理盐水以及3×10³,3×10⁴,3×10⁵和3×10⁶个细胞/mL大肠杆菌后亚洲玉米螟5龄幼虫血淋巴中血细胞总数（THC）、颗粒细胞和浆血细胞数量,血清中酚氧化酶（PO）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-px）、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)的活性,通过流式细胞仪分析了血细胞活性氧自由基(ROS)水平的动态变化。结果表明：与对照组相比,注射3×10⁵和3×10⁶个细胞/mL大肠杆菌细胞后12 h,可引起亚洲玉米螟5龄幼虫THC及浆血细胞、颗粒细胞数量明显上升(P<0.01),同时应激产生大量ROS。3×10⁴,3×10⁵和3×10⁶个细胞/mL大肠杆菌3个不同浓度处理组均引起幼虫体内PO活性显著升高(P<0.01),诱导幼虫血清中GSH-px,GST及GR的活性上升(P<0.01)。这些结果表明, 亚洲玉米螟幼虫受到大肠杆菌侵染后,其血淋巴细胞免疫和体液免疫能力受到显著影响, 可诱导血清中GSH-px,GST和GR活性升高以清除过多的ROS, 防止其毒害。     

球形芽孢杆菌C3-41对致倦库蚊的毒效及在蚊体内的再循环

球形芽孢杆菌Csub3-41菌株(Bacillus sphaericus C3-41)对致倦库蚊(Culex puinquefa-seiatus)幼虫有很高毒效,对2龄和3-4龄幼虫的半致死剂量(LD₅₀)分别为63.1 和89.7芽孢/蚊幼虫。处理浓度越高,取食时间越长,蚊幼虫取食到的杀蚊活性物质量越多,死亡率越高。当蚊幼虫取食亚致死剂量杀蚊活性物质后,球形芽孢杆菌在感染的活幼虫体内不增殖;但当蚊幼虫取食致死剂量杀蚊活性物质后,蚊幼死亡,球形芽孢杆菌在死蚊幼虫体内增殖明显,6天内芽孢从感染初期的1.86X10²蚊幼虫增加到1.59X10⁶/蚊幼虫。芽孢在死蚊幼虫体内能正常萌发、生长、产孢和形成毒素。增殖的芽孢同样对致倦库蚊幼虫有较高毒力。     

绿僵菌MaFZ-13对橙带蓝尺蛾幼虫致病力及林间防治效果

【目的】橙带蓝尺蛾Milionia basalis近年来在我国南方地区严重危害罗汉松Podocarpusmacrophyllus和竹柏Podocarpus nagi,扩散蔓延速度快,造成了很大的损失。本研究旨在评估金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae MaFZ-13菌株对橙带蓝尺蛾幼虫的致病力,探寻橙带蓝尺蛾生物防治新资源。【方法】通过绿僵菌MaFZ-13不同浓度(1.0×10⁵~1.0×10⁹孢子/mL)孢子悬浮液接种橙带蓝尺蛾幼虫,运用时间-剂量-死亡率(TDM)模型对生物测定结果进行分析,同时通过林间喷施1.0×10⁸孢子/mL绿僵菌孢子悬浮液进行林间防治效果试验。【结果】橙带蓝尺蛾幼虫累计死亡率随着绿僵菌MaFZ-13孢子悬浮液孢子浓度的增加和接种时间的延长而增大。接种1.0×10⁹孢子/mL孢子悬浮液8 d后以及接种1.0×10⁸孢子/mL孢子悬浮液10 d后,幼虫死亡率均达到100%;接种1.0×10⁷孢子/mL孢子悬浮液15 d后幼虫死亡率为95.6%。应用TDM模型对生测数据进行分析,结果表明所建模型通过Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合异质性检验,并由模型估算出了该菌株对橙带蓝尺蛾幼虫的致死剂量和致死时间。绿僵菌MaFZ-13菌株接种4, 5, 6和7 d后的半致死剂量(LC₅₀)对数估计值分别为7.99, 7.12, 6.46和5.83。以1.0×10⁷, 1.0×10⁸和1.0×10⁹孢子/mL的孢子浓度接种时,绿僵菌MaFZ-13菌株对橙带蓝尺蛾幼虫的LT₅₀值分别为5.19,3.99和2.81 d。林间用1.0×10⁸孢子/mL绿僵菌孢子悬浮液喷洒9 d后橙带蓝尺蛾幼虫死亡率可达到85.8%,防治效果为85.05%。【结论】绿僵菌MaFZ-13对橙带蓝尺蛾幼虫具有较强的致病力,林间防治效果良好,具有较好的应用潜力。     

重庆地区人类免疫缺陷病毒携带者的微孢子虫感染情况调查

目前我国关于微孢子虫感染人的研究相对较少,更没有关于重庆地区人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)携带者感染微孢子虫的数据统计。对重庆市公共卫生医疗救治中心收治的22例HIV抗体阳性,但尚未接受抗病毒治疗的患者进行研究。将22例患者粪便样本分别提取总DNA,通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)法和DNA测序等技术对微孢子虫在患者中的感染情况进行检测,并对微孢子虫种类进行鉴定。同时对22例患者的免疫细胞亚群进行计数和分析。结果显示,微孢子虫的感染率为36.3%(8/22),主要由脑炎微孢子虫属(Encephalitozoon spp)的海伦脑炎微孢子虫(E. hellem)和肠脑炎微孢子虫(E. intestinalis)引起。22例患者的免疫细胞亚群分析显示,平均淋巴细胞数0.93±0.13×10⁹/L,CD4^＋T细胞数132±22 个/mL,CD8^＋T细胞数495±91 个/mL,CD4/CD8细胞比值0.37±0.1,表明患者免疫功能受到严重抑制。进一步将微孢子虫感染患者与未感染患者的免疫细胞亚群进行比较发现,感染患者淋巴细胞数为0.51±0.1×10⁹/L,未感染患者为1.17±0.17 ×10⁹/L,两者具有显著差异(P<0.05);感染患者CD4^＋T细胞数为71±27 个/mL,未感染患者为167±28 个/mL,两者具有显著差异(P<0.05);感染患者CD8^＋T细胞数为209±35 个/mL,未感染患者为658±123 个/mL,两者具有显著差异(P<0.05),以上表明微孢子虫感染组的免疫功能受损情况更严重。本研究结果提示微孢子虫的机会性感染与患者免疫功能受损情况密切相关,脑炎微孢子虫属在重庆地区有较高的感染率,这为进一步阐明微孢子虫与宿主相互作用关系奠定基础,也为公共卫生健康管理提供重要参考。     

Eimeria fraterculae sp. n. in the kidneys of Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) from Newfoundland, Canada: species description and lesions

Renal coccidiosis is reported for the first time in an auk (Alcidae). Infection was detected in seven of 50 nestling Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) and a new species of coccidia, Eimeria fraterculae sp. n., is described. The structure and sporulation of oocysts are characterized. Meronts, gamonts, and developing oocysts were present in collecting duct epithelium of medullary cones. The predominant host response was hypertrophy of infected cells, tubule dilation, and a mild localized peritubular infiltration with mononuclear inflammatory cells.     

Year-long presence of Eimeria echidnae and absence of Eimeria tachyglossi in captive short-beaked echidnas ( Tachyglossus aculeatus )

The short-beaked echidna ( Tachyglossus aculeatus ) is 1 of 5 extant species of monotreme, found only in Australia and Papua New Guinea. The aim of this study was to identify the species of coccidia present and establish a range of subclinical Eimeria spp. (Coccidia: Apicomplexa) oocyst shedding in echidnas from eastern Australia over 18 mo. The coccidia were detected in 89% (49/55) of fecal samples from 12 long-term monitored and healthy captive echidnas, 75% (3/4) of 4 healthy long-term captive echidnas, 83% (5/6) of 6 short-term captive echidnas, and 60% (6/10) of 10 wild echidnas. Echidnas captive for 4 to 23 yr shed 100-46,000 oocysts g(-1) of E. echidnae and remained clinically healthy during this study. Sub-adult and adult wild, and short-term captive, echidnas shed oocysts of both E. echidnae and E. tachyglossi . The lack of coccidia in juvenile short-beaked echidnas suggests these animals are probably non-immune and should not be placed in environments heavily contaminated with oocysts. In addition, no oocysts were found in captive long-beaked echidnas ( Zaglossus bartoni bartoni , n = 2) housed at Taronga Zoo. This study represents an important step in understanding the host-parasite interaction between coccidia and short-beaked echidnas.     

Attempted Cross-Transmission of Coccidia Between Sheep and Goats and Description of Eimeria ovinoidalis sp. n.

SYNOPSIS.
Attempted infection of 2 young lambs with oocysts of Eimeria christenseni from a goat was unsuccessful. Negative results were obtained also when young kids were fed oocysts of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae from sheep. There was no difficulty in infecting lambs with the sheep coccidium resembling E. ninakohlyakimovae nor goats with the goat coccidium E. christenseni. Oocysts from the goat measured 38.4 × 26.7 m, but were easily distinguished from Eimeria ahsata from the sheep by sporocyst size and shape, and from Eimeria ovina by oocyst size. Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae -like oocysts from sheep averaged 23.0 ×18.2 m and were morphologically indistinguishable from previously reported goat coccidia.
Since no cross infections of sheep and goats could be accomplished with oocysts of Eimeria sp. characteristic of one or the other host, I concluded that sheep coccidia previously known as E. ninakohlyakimovae are distinct from morphologically similar goat coccidia and therefore constitute a separate species. Since the name E. ninakohlyakimovae was first used for coccidia from the goat, the sheep coccidium is renamed Eimeria ovinoidalis with oocyst structure and endogenous stages similar to those previously described from the sheep.     

Disseminated visceral coccidiosis in a wild white-naped crane (Grus vipio)

Disseminated visceral coccidiosis (DVC) was unexpectedly recognized in a wild white-naped crane (Grus vipio) killed by phosphamidon insecticide. On gross pathologic examination, widely disseminated white nodules were found on the serosa of the pro-ventriculus, gizzard, and intestine, as well as on the surface and in the parenchyma of liver, spleen, and cardiac muscle. Microscopically, asexual stages of a coccidia were observed in some nodules. However, the species of coccidia could not be determined because no oocysts were found on fecal examination. This is believed to be the first reported case of DVC in a wild white-naped crane infected with Eimeria spp.     

Attempted cross-transmission of coccidia between sheep and goats and description of Eimeria ovinoidalis sp. n.

Attempted infection of 2 young lambs with oocysts of Eimeria christenseni from a goat was unsuccessful. Negative results were obtained also when young kids were fed oocysts of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae from sheep. There was no difficulty in infecting lambs with the sheep coccidium resembling E. ninakohlyakimovae nor goats with the goat coccidium E. christenseni. Oocysts from the goat measured 38.4 X 26.7 microns, but were easily distinguished from Eimeria ahsata from the sheep by sporocyst size and shape, and from Eimeria ovina by oocyst size. Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae-like oocysts from sheep averaged 23.0 X 18.2 microns and were morphologically indistinguishable from previously reported goat coccidia. Since no cross infections of sheep and goats could be accomplished with oocysts of Eimeria sp. characteristic of one or the other host, I concluded that sheep coccidia previously known as E. ninakohlykimovae are distinct from morphologically similar goat coccidia and therefore constitute a separate species. Since the name E. ninakohlyakimovae was first used for coccidia from the goat, the sheep coccidium is renamed Eimeria ovinoidalis with oocyst structure and endogenous stages similar to those previously described from the sheep.     

Renal coccidiosis in interior Canada geese, Branta canadensis interior Todd, of the Mississippi Valley population

Kidneys from 309 Interior Canada geese from three locations in the Mississippi Flyway were examined for renal coccidia. Oocysts and/or young zygotes of Eimeria sp. were found in 6.8% of goose kidneys sampled. Only one type of renal coccidian oocyst was observed. Significantly more immature geese were infected than adults; however, there was no significant difference observed between the prevalences of infection in male and female birds. A host cellular response to zygotes and oocysts was noted in the majority of infected adult geese. Heavily infected kidneys were hypertrophic with minute foci on the surface of the organ. Histological examinations showed large numbers of unsporulated oocysts accumulated in distended collecting tubules, resulting in pressure necrosis to adjacent tissue and urate retention. Zygotes were observed in the cytoplasm of tubule cells and extracellularly in interstitial tissue. Infected tubule cells were characterized by the peripheral location of the nuclei, cytoplasmic basophilia, and cellular hypertrophy. This is the first report of an Eimeria sp. in the kidneys of Canada geese of the Mississippi Valley population.