乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶Ⅴ在肿瘤转移中的作用及其分子机理

目前研究表明N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶Ⅴ在肿瘤转移中有重要作用.在恶性肿瘤中, N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶Ⅴ活性增高,其催化产物β1,6分支也增加,β1,6分支与肿 瘤的侵袭转移密切相关.本文综述了N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶Ⅴ催化形成N-糖链 β1,6分支的特点以及在N-糖链生物合成中的重要作用;还介绍了N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶Ⅴ基因组成和参与其基因调控的转录因子Ets-1,及基因表达组织特异性;着重综述了近年来N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶Ⅴ与肿瘤侵袭转移相关的分子机理的最新研究进展,包括了粘附分子钙粘蛋白(cadherin)和整合素α5β1的作用,修饰表皮生长因子受体调节信号 转导,及通过对上皮衍生的细胞表面丝氨酸蛋白酶matriptase的β1,6分支修饰促进仲瘤的 侵袭等方面.提示有效抑制N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶Ⅴ参与作用的位点,为设计抗肿瘤新药提供潜在的治疗靶点.     

N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶（OGT）研究进展

O-GlcNAc是一种广泛存在于蛋白质丝/苏氨酸残基上的动态、可逆的蛋白翻译后修饰,它广泛分布在细胞浆和细胞核中,参与调节多种细胞途径。研究表明蛋白的O-GlcNAc糖基化与神经退行性疾病、糖尿病和癌症等疾病相关。在体内,O-GlcNAc动态修饰由N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶（OGT）和N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶（OGA）协同完成。近年来,OGT逐渐成为糖生物学领域的研究热点,在其结构、作用机制及晶体学方面取得了快速发展。     

N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶-V过表达对人肝癌细胞迁移及粘附分子表达的影响

为了探讨转染N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶Ⅴ(GnT-V)正义cDNA后对7721细胞迁移影响及其机制,我们研究了GnT-V/7721和pcDNA3/7721(对照组)两株细胞的迁移力及其与侵袭转移能力密切相关的细胞表面重要粘附分子整合蛋白和E-钙粘蛋白的表达情况.通过琼脂滴法检测两株细胞的迁移力;间接免疫荧光法测定细胞表面整合蛋白α5和β1的含量及用RT-PCR方法检测细胞整合蛋白α5和β1的mRNA水平;免疫细胞化学ABC法检测了细胞E-钙粘蛋白表达水平;Western杂交方法检测β-连环蛋白含量.结果发现,7721细胞经转染GnT-V cDNA后,迁移力明显增高;整合蛋白α5亚基的含量比对照组增加2.9倍;β1亚基未见明显变化.α5亚基mRNA水平为对照细胞的2.1倍,β1亚基的mRNA含量无明显改变.GnT-V/7721细胞E-钙粘蛋白及β-连环蛋白表达也有不同程度的升高.本文结果提示与N-糖链加工有关的GnT-V过表达,可促进7721细胞表面整合蛋白的表达以及E-钙粘蛋白β-连环蛋白的表达,从而增加肿瘤细胞的迁移能力.     

N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶干扰慢病毒载体系统的建立及应用

目的构建针对N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶（GnT）Ⅲ、Ⅳa和Ⅴ的RNA干扰（RNAi）慢病毒系统,并检测干扰慢病毒在体外小鼠肝癌细胞中对不同GnT表达的抑制作用。方法针对三种基因序列设计合成特异的shRNA序列,并构建干扰慢病毒表达载体,利用病毒包装细胞293T包装生产病毒,感染靶细胞Hca-F后,应用RT-PCR和免疫印迹检测干扰慢病毒对三种N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶表达的抑制。结果经测序证实三种干扰慢病毒表达载体构建成功,并获得高滴度的感染慢病毒。干扰慢病毒感染靶细胞后能够有效下调三种N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶的表达。结论干扰慢病毒可有效地抑制三种N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶GnT-Ⅲ、GnT-Ⅳa和GnT-Ⅴ的表达。     

N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶Ⅲ在大鼠实验性肝癌发病中的表达

应用Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠饲喂甲氨基偶氮苯（３′－ＭｅＤＡＢ）造成实验性肝癌模型,与此同时饲喂刺五加多糖动态观察了癌变过程中,肝脏ｒ－谷氨酰转肽酶（ｒ－ＧＴ）活性,肝脏Ｎ－乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶Ⅲ（ＧｎＴⅢ）和ｒ－ＧＴ免疫组化定位、肝脏病理组织等和脏器系数等改变,结果显示：（１）ｒ－ＧＴ活性于实验第４天即明显升高（２．３倍）,至实验结束时可达对照组的４０倍,ＧｎＴⅢ和ｒ－ＧＴ免疫组化定位,在癌变前期增生结节的胞浆中已有明显表达,随病程进展其改变的强度均与病理组织学检测结果相吻合,表明ＧｎＴⅢ和ｒ－ＧＴ在反映肝细胞癌变方面,确实是一个早期应用价值的指标。（２）刺五加多糖对实验性肝癌的形成似有一定的减缓作用。     

酪氨酸蛋白激酶和蛋白激酶C对N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶V的双重调控

在人肝癌细胞７７２１中研究了酪氨酸蛋白激酶（ＴＰＫ）和蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）的激活剂［分别为表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）和佛波酯（ＰＭＡ）］和各种蛋白激酶抑制剂对Ｎ－乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶Ｖ（ＧｎＴ－Ｖ）活力的影响,以探讨ＴＰＫ和ＰＫＣ对ＧｎＴ－Ｖ的调节。结果发现,ＥＧＦ或ＰＭＡ处理细胞４８ｈ后,ＧｎＴ－Ｖ的活力明显增高;蛋白激酶的非特异性抑制剂槲皮素和染料木黄酮（ｇｅｎｉｓｔｅｉｎ）在抑制ＴＰＫ和ＰＫＣ的同时,抑制ＧｎＴ－Ｖ的基础活力,并完全阻断ＥＧＦ或ＰＭＡ对ＧｎＴ－Ｖ的增高作用;ＴＰＫ的特异性抑制剂Ｔｙｒｐｈｏｓｔｉｎ－２５和ＰＫＣ的特异性抑制剂Ｄ－鞘氨醇分别应用时,各自只能部分地取消ＥＧＦ或ＰＭＡ对ＧｎＴ－Ｖ的诱导。但当Ｔｙｒｐｈｏｓｔｉｎ－２５和Ｄ－鞘氨醇同时加入培养基中则可完全阻断ＥＧＦ或ＰＭＡ对ＧｎＴ－Ｖ的诱导激活。蛋白质合成抑制剂环己亚胺和蛋白激酶抑制剂作用相仿,不但可抑制ＧｎＴ－Ｖ的基础活力,也可完全消除ＥＧＦ或ＰＭＡ对ＧｎＴ－Ｖ的激活。以上结果提示ＥＧＦ或ＰＭＡ通过蛋白激酶调节ＧｎＴ－Ｖ的酶蛋白合成,并且ＧｎＴ－Ｖ受到膜性ＴＰＫ和ＰＫＣ的双重调节,其中ｍ－ＴＰＫ较ｍ－ＰＫＣ更为重要。     

N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖化在信号转导中的作用

蛋白质磷酸化在生命活动以及信号转导过程中的重要作用已经被研究证实,但不少研究发现在大多数核,胞液蛋白质上不仅存在磷酸化动态修饰,还存在广泛的动态N－乙酰氨基葡萄糖修饰,N－乙酰氨基葡萄糖基转移酶和N－乙酰氨基葡萄糖基酶以类似于蛋白质激酶和磷酸酶的方式调节蛋白质是否发生N－乙酰氨基葡萄糖化。N－乙酰氨基葡萄糖化蛋白质主要分布在细胞核与胞液,其生理功能涉及细胞基本生命活动和调节信号传递。N－乙酰氨基葡萄糖的作用基础与阻断或影响蛋白质的磷酸化有关。     

Correlated gene expression between beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase V and N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V in human cancer cell lines

Since our previous study showed that the gene expression level of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta-1,4-GalT) V is only increased in mouse NIH3T3 transformant and that beta-1,4-GalT V preferentially galactosylates the GlcNAcbeta1 --> 6Man branch of oligosaccharides [Shirane et al. (1999) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 265, 434-438], whether its gene expression is correlated with malignant transformation was investigated. Northern blot analysis of beta-1, 4-GalTs I, II, III, IV, V, and VI and N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GlcNAcT)V in human cancer cell lines showed that the gene expression levels of beta-1,4-GalT V but not other beta-1,4-GalTs are strongly correlated with those of GlcNAcT V whose activity was shown to increase by malignant transformation. These results indicate that beta-1,4-GalT V is involved in the galactosylation of highly branched oligosaccharides characteristic of malignantly transformed cells.     

Minimal catalytic domain of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V

UDP-GlcNAc: Manalpha1-6Manbeta-R beta1-6 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (EC 2.4.1.155, GlcNAc-TV) is a Golgi enzyme that substitutes the trimannosyl core in the biosynthetic pathway for complex-type N-linked glycans. GlcNAc-TV activity is regulated by oncogenes frequently activated in cancer cells ( ras, src, and her2/neu ) and by activators of T lymphocytes. Overexpression of GlcNAc-TV in epithelial cells results in morphological transformation, while tumor cell mutants selected for loss of GlcNAc-TV products show diminished malignant potential in mice. In this report, we have expressed and characterized a series of N- and C-terminal deletions of GlcNAc-TV. Portions of GlcNAc-TV sequence were fused at the N-terminal domain to IgG-binding domains of staphylococcal Protein A and expressed in CHOP cells. The secreted fusion proteins were purified by IgG Sepharose affinity chromatography and assayed for enzyme activities. The peptide sequence S(213-740)of GlcNAc-TV was determined to be essential for the catalytic activity, the remaining amino acids comprising a 183 amino acid stem region, a 17 amino acid transmembrane domain and a 12 amino acid cytosolic moiety. Further deletion of 5 amino acids to produce peptide R(218-740)reduced enzyme activity by 20-fold. Similar K(m)and V(max)values for donor and acceptor were observed for peptide S(213-740), the minimal catalytic domain, and peptide Q(39-740), which also included the stem region. Truncation of five amino acids from the C-terminus also resulted in a 20-fold loss of catalytic activity. Secondary structure predictions suggest a high frequency of turns in the stem region, and more contiguous stretches of alpha-helix found in the catalytic domain.     

N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖基转移酶V在肿瘤发生及转移中的作用机制

N-糖链的β-1,6分支与肿瘤关系密切。N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶V(N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V,GnT-V)可催化β-1,6糖链分支的生成。GnT-V是一种双功能蛋白,可以定位在高尔基体中,也可以分泌形式存在。该酶通过一种金属离子依赖的丝氨酸蛋白酶来破坏细胞外基质或者直接催化促血管因子的生成来促进肿瘤的生长或转移,也可以通过分泌型的GnT-V催化糖链生成改变血管生成因子的功能,或者直接促进它们的转录从而起到促进肿瘤转移的作用。另外,GnT-V可以与癌基因产物及其受体相互作用来促进肿瘤的发生及侵袭。本综述主要就GnT-V的基本性质、促肿瘤生成及转移的机理进行展开,并展望了其在肿瘤治疗中的应用。     

NMR structural characterization of substrates bound to N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V

N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. It is responsible for the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) from the nucleotide sugar donor, uridine 5'-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), to the 6 position of the alpha-1-6 linked Man residue in N-linked oligosaccharide core structures. GnT-V up-regulation has been linked to increased cancer invasiveness and metastasis and, appropriately, targeted for drug development. However, drug design is impeded by the lack of structural information on the protein and the way in which substrates are bound. Even though the catalytic domain of this type II membrane protein can be expressed in mammalian cell culture, obtaining structural information has proved challenging due to the size of the catalytic domain (95 kDa) and its required glycosylation. Here, we present an experimental approach to obtaining information on structural characteristics of the active site of GnT-V through the investigation of the bound conformation and relative placement of its ligands, UDP-GlcNAc and beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->2)-alpha-D-Manp-(1-->6)-beta-D-GlcpOOctyl. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy experiments, inducing transferred nuclear Overhauser effect (trNOE) and saturation transfer difference (STD) experiments, were used to characterize the ligand conformation and ligand-protein contact surfaces. In addition, a novel paramagnetic relaxation enhancement experiment using a spin-labeled ligand analogue, 5'-diphospho-4-O-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (UDP-TEMPO), was used to characterize the relative orientation of the two bound ligands. The structural information obtained for the substrates in the active site of GnT-V can be useful in the design of inhibitors for GnT-V.     

N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III antagonizes the effect of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V on alpha3beta1 integrin-mediated cell migration

N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) catalyzes the addition of beta1,6-GlcNAc branching of N-glycans, which contributes to metastasis. N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) catalyzes the formation of a bisecting GlcNAc structure in N-glycans, resulting in the suppression of metastasis. It has long been hypothesized that the suppression of GnT-V product formation by the action of GnT-III would also exist in vivo, which will consequently lead to the inhibition of biological functions of GnT-V. To test this, we draw a comparison among MKN45 cells, which were transfected with GnT-III, GnT-V, or both, respectively. We found that alpha3beta1 integrin-mediated cell migration on laminin 5 was greatly enhanced in the case of GnT-V transfectant. This enhanced cell migration was significantly blocked after the introduction of GnT-III. Consistently, an increase in bisected GlcNAc but a decrease in beta1,6-GlcNAc-branched N-glycans on integrin alpha3 subunit was observed in the double transfectants of GnT-III and GnT-V. Conversely, GnT-III knockdown resulted in increased migration on laminin 5, concomitant with an increase in beta1,6-GlcNAc-branched N-glycans on the alpha3 subunit in CHP134 cells, a human neuroblastoma cell line. Therefore, in this study, the priority of GnT-III for the modification of the alpha3 subunit may be an explanation for why GnT-III inhibits GnT-V-induced cell migration. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that GnT-III and GnT-V can competitively modify the same target glycoprotein and furthermore positively or negatively regulate its biological functions.     

人乳头瘤病毒与食管癌的关系

食管癌是我国最常见的十大恶性肿瘤之一,其确切病因及发病机制仍未明了,有研究认为高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)是食管癌发生的危险因素。该介绍HPV的生物学特性、HPV致食管癌机制、HPV与食管癌关系的研究方法及其评估、HPV疫苗治疗食管癌等方面的研究。     

Regulation on the expression and N-glycosylation of integrins by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V

The expressions of integrin alpha5, beta1, and alpha6 were studied in H7721 cells by means of flow cytometric and RT-PCR method after transfected with sense and antisense cDNA of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V). The transfected cells were characterized by Northern blot. It was found that the order of expression from high to low was beta1>alpha5>alpha6. Transfection of sense GnT-V up-regulated alpha5 and alpha6, but not beta1 subunit, while antisense GnT-V down-regulated alpha5 and beta1, but not alpha6. The alterations of surface integrin subunits were quite compatible with the changes of their mRNAs. Using enzyme-labeled lectin analysis, it was shown that alpha5 subunit contained only C(2)C(2) biantennary N-glycan, which was not regulated by sense and antisense GnT-V. In contrast, beta1 subunit contained both biantennary and tri-/tetra-antennary N-glycans with GlcNAcbeta1,6Manalpha1,6-branch, and the latter was up- and down-regulated by the sense and antisense GnT-V, respectively. Therefore, the amount of biantennary N-glycans on beta1 subunit, but not the integrin protein, was correlated to the cell adhesion to fibronectin and laminin, which was reduced and elevated in the sense and antisense GnT-V-transfected cells, respectively, as we previously reported.     

Elevated expression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V in first trimester human placenta

In early pregnancy, placental trophoblast cells rapidly grow and invade into maternal uterine tissue. N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) and its product, beta1-6-GlcNAc branching glycan, are known to correlate with tumor invasion and metastasis. Since the placentation process resembles invasion of cancer cells, we examined the expression of beta1-6-GlcNAc branching glycan and GnT-V in human placenta. Placentas derived from the first trimester contained a larger amount of beta1-6-GlcNAc branching glycan, detected by leukoagglutinating phytohemagglutinin lectin blotting, than those at term. Immunohistochemical study revealed that beta1-6-GlcNAc branching glycans and GnT-V protein were localized in the trophoblast layer. Both protein expression and the enzyme activity of GnT-V in first trimester placentas were higher than those at term. These results suggest that GnT-V would contribute to placentation in the early phase of pregnancy, possibly regulating the process of invasion of trophoblast cells.