Der Einfluß von Störreizen auf die Antwortbereitschaft bei der Richtbewegung der Erdkröte (Bufo bufo L.)

Löst man bei der Erdkröte (Bufo bujo L.) die Richtbewegung (Taxis) als 1. Teilglied der Beutefanghandlung mit einer bewegten Beuteattrappe unter konstantem Darbietungswinkel auf einem Auge wiederholt aus, so sinkt die Richtbereitschaft langsam ab (Reizserie). Innerhalb einer Reizserienfolge (mehrere Reizserien, getrennt durch Erholungspausen konstanter Dauer) vermindert sich die Anzahl der Richtbewegungen je Reizserie annähernd exponentiell. Es wurde geprüft, in welcher Weise der Verlauf der taxisspezifischen Ermüdung durch optische, akustische und taktile Reize gestört werden kann. Optische Störreize waren Bewegungsreize (bewegte Beuteattrappe) auf das andere Auge oder auf eine andere Retinapartie. Als akustisches Störsignal diente eine elektrische Klingel. Taktile Störreize waren Borstenreize (punktförmige Reize) oder Wasser (Flächenreize).

• 1 Optische und taktile Reize während einer Erholungspause förderten die Erholung der zuvor ermüdeten Richtbewegung (Bahnung bzw. Aufmerksam-keitssteigerung).
• 2 Akustische und taktile Störreize während einer Reizserie konnten die Richtbereitschaft anhaltend oder kurzfristig unterdrücken (Aufmerksamkeitsverschiebung). Im ersten Fall gewöhnte sich die Kröte an den Störreiz relativ langsam; dann nahm die Anzahl der Richtbewegungen ab. Im zweiten Fall gewöhnte sie sich schnell an ihn, und die Phase maximaler Richtbereitschaft wurde innerhalb der Reizserie nur zeitlich verschoben.

     

Rethinking the evolution of extant sub‐Saharan African suids (Suidae,Artiodactyla)

Gongora, J., Cuddahee, R. E., do Nascimento, F. F., Palgrave, C. J., Lowden, S., Ho, S. Y. W., Simond, D., Damayanti, C. S., White, D. J., Tay, W. T., Randi, E., Klingel, H., Rodrigues‐Zarate, C. J., Allen, K., Moran, C. & Larson, G. (2011). Rethinking the evolution of extant sub‐Saharan African suids (Suidae, Artiodactyla). —Zoologica Scripta, 40, 327–335. Although African suids have been of scientific interest for over two centuries, their origin, evolution, phylogeography and phylogenetic relationships remain contentious. There has been a long‐running debate concerning the evolution of pigs and hogs (Suidae), particularly regarding the phylogenetic relationships among extant Eurasian and African species of the subfamily Suinae. To investigate these issues, we analysed the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences of extant genera of Suidae from Eurasia and Africa. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that all extant sub‐Saharan African genera form a monophyletic clade separate from Eurasian suid genera, contradicting previous attempts to resolve the Suidae phylogeny. Two major sub‐Saharan African clades were identified, with Hylochoerus and Phacochoerus grouping together as a sister clade to Potamochoerus. In addition, we find that the ancestors of extant African suids may have evolved separately from the ancestors of modern day Sus and Porcula in Eurasia before they colonised Africa. Our results provide a revision of the intergeneric relationships within the family Suidae.     

Besprechungen

Book reviewed in this article: Potash , Lawrence M. (1970): Vocalizations elicited by electrical brain stimulation in Coturnix coturnix japonica (Durch Hirnreizung bei Japanischen Wachteln ausgelöste Laute). Michael , Richard P., und D. Zumpe (1970): Sexual initiating behaviour by female Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) under laboratory conditions (Paarungsaufforderung von Rhesusäffinnen im Laboratorium). Davies , S. J. J. F. (1970): Patterns of inheritance in the bowing display and associated behaviour of some hybrid Streptopelia doves (Erbgänge des Dienerns und verwandter Verhaltensweisen bei Taubenbastarden). Dunford , Cristopher (1970): Behavioral aspects of spatial organization in the Chipmunk, Tamias striatus (Verhalten und Siedlungsweise beim Backenhörnchen, T.s.). Peeke , Harman V. S. und Shirley C. (1970): Habituation of conspecific aggressive responses in the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) (Spezifisches Ermüden artgemäßer Angriffsweisen beim Kampffisch). Burghardt , Gordon M. (1970): Intraspecific geographical variation in chemical food cue preferences of newborn Garter Snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) (Unterartspezifisch angeborene Nahrungsbevorzugungen bei Strumpfbandnattern). Klingel , H. und U. (1968): Equus quagga (Equidae); Hautpflegeverhalten (E 1043), Paarungsverhalten (E 1044), Kampfverhalten (E 1045), Begrüßung (E 1390). Altevogt , R. (1968): Uca tangeri (Ocypodidae); Nahrungsaufnahme (E 691), Drohen und Kampf (E 692), Klopfen und Winken (E 693). Haefelfinger , H. R., und A. Kress (1967): Gasteropterum rubrum (Opisthobranchia), Kriechen und Schwimmen (E 945). Richter , I.-E. (1968): Limulus polyphemus (Xiphosura); Schwimmen (E 1031), Laufen (E 1032), Umdrehen und Eingraben (E 1033). Hinde , Robert A. (1966): Animal behaviour, a synthesis of ethology and comparative psychology (Tierverhalten, Zusammenschau von Ethologie und Vergleichender Psychologie). Tembrock , Günter (1968): Grundriß der Verhaltenswissenschaften. Kühnelt , W. (1965): Grundriß der Ökologie mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Tierwelt.     

酵母双杂交相关方法的改良及应用

对酵母双杂交实验过程中较为耗时的阳性克隆鉴定过程进行改进,以期建立一种快速有效的鉴定方法。分别采用液氮冻融法、超声破碎法、渗透压破壁法以及煮沸裂解法裂解酵母细胞,获得质粒作为PCR模板,直接测序鉴定筛选到的相互作用蛋白。以液氮冻融法和超声破碎法裂解细胞获得的质粒为模板进行PCR,得到特异的产物,测序鉴定结果明确,与经典的鉴定方法相比效果相当,但更加经济快捷;而渗透压破壁法和煮沸裂解法则效果不好。说明前两种方法可代替常规方法用于阳性克隆的鉴定,从而加快酵母双杂交实验中大量阳性克隆的筛查工作。     

T细胞亚群CD4测定方法的研究

为比较外周血T淋巴细胞亚群CD4不同测定方法的差别,以流式细胞术为定量手段,测定了猴外周血中三种不同方法处理后CD4的表达.结果表明：先标后溶法——先用异硫氰荧光素标记的单克隆抗体（FITC-CD4 McAb）标记后,再加入红细胞溶解液溶掉红细胞的处理方法,结果基本等同于传统的淋巴细胞分离法,但样本用量仅为传统方法的1/5,且操作简单.激光共焦显微术的形态学研究也证实：先标后溶法与淋巴细胞分离法相似,其细胞膜表面荧光标记清晰,优于先溶后标法.     

基于不同可加性方法的黑龙江省红松人工林林分生物量模型

大尺度估算森林生物量一直是人们关注的焦点,而构建林分水平的生物量模型是一种估算森林乔木层生物量的方法。本研究基于聚合法1、聚合法2、平差法、分解法构建红松人工林林分生物量模型,并对比分析4种可加性方法的预测精度,为黑龙江省红松人工林的生物量预测提供科学依据。各模型均使用权函数来消除各模型的异方差,并以留一交叉验证法(LOOCV)作为各模型的检验方法。结果表明: 平差法的整体预测能力略优于聚合法1、聚合法2和分解法,预测精度排序为平差法>聚合法1>聚合法2>分解法;分别对比不同林分断面积的预测能力时,4种可加性方法的预测精度不一致。当红松人工林的林分断面积分布于0～10或50～60 m²·hm^-2区间时,建议采用分解法的参数估计值,而林分断面积分布于其他区间时,建议采用平差法的参数估计值。     

Comparative studies of polyethylene glycol-modified liposomes prepared using different PEG-modification methods

To address the issue of excess polyethylene glycol (PEG)-lipid degradation observed when PEG-modified liposomes are prepared using the pH-gradient method, a concept using a novel PEG-modification method, called the post-modification method, was proposed and evaluated. To assess the proof concept, a preservation-stability study and a pharmacokinetic study were performed that compared the conventional PEG-modification method, called the pre-modification method, with the post-modification method. The results show that PEG-lipid degradation could be markedly inhibited in the post-modification method. Furthermore, the post-modification method could be used without any manufacturing process difficulties, especially with high PEG-lipid content. In addition, a higher blood circulation capability was observed in the post-modification method. Through comparative studies, it was found that the post-modification method was advantageous compared to the pre-modification method. In conclusion, the post-modification method has the potential to be a novel PEG-modification method that can achieve a higher preservation stability of PEG-lipid, a greater ease of manufacturing, and a higher blood circulation capability, especially in the manufacturing of pH-gradient liposomal products.     

蜜环菌菌种分离新法——天麻组织分离法

报道了一蜜环菌菌种分离方法——天麻组织分离法,并对此法与常用分离法——菌索分离法进行比较试验。结果发现,天麻组织分离法分离成功率高（78％）,远高于常用的菌索分离法（16％）,且前者操作简便、难度低,所得菌种生活活力、生长形态均优于后法。     

免疫-PCR法检测梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体

以梅毒螺旋体重组蛋白为抗原,应用免疫-PCR方法检测梅毒螺旋体抗体,并同常规ELISA法进行比较,探讨免疫-PCR方法检测梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体的可行性。结果免疫-PCR法敏感性是常规ELISA法的104倍,阳性检出率高于ELISA法;对照血清标本梅毒螺旋体抗体检测为阴性。表明免疫-PCR方法具有较高敏感性和特异性,有一定的临床推广价值,对梅毒患者的早期诊断及时治疗等具有重要意义。     

全自动直接定量法与定量比值法检测红细胞葡糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶活性的比较

目的:与定量比值法比较,探讨全自动直接定量法检测红细胞葡糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G-6-PD)活性的可行性。方法:同时采用定量比值法(即硝基四氮唑蓝定量法)和全自动直接定量法,检测219例肝素抗凝静脉血标本的红细胞G-6-PD活性。结果:定量比值法检测G-6-PD缺乏的阳性率为9.13%,全自动直接定量法检测的G-6-PD缺乏阳性率为9.58%,两种方法检测结果无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:定量比值法简单易行,适用于卫生条件有限的基层医疗单位;全自动直接定量法快速准确,是一种可批量检测的理想筛选方法。     

Comparison of two methods for extraction of enchytraeids

A comparison was made of two methods for the extraction of enchytraeids, the O’Connor (1957) method and the Römbke (1995) method; the latter was originally proposed as a standard method for monitoring environmental pollution. The average number of enchytraeids extracted by the Römbke method was significantly greater. This simple and convenient method was shown to be as efficient as the traditional method when applied in both laboratory and field studies.     

Application of the median method to the determination of kinetic constants for competitive enzyme inhibition

A procedure was developed to determine kinetic constants for competitive inhibition (Km, Ki, Vmax) by the median method. Simulated experiments were used to compare the accuracy and precision of kinetic constants determined by the median method with unweighted and weighted least-squares analysis. The median method was superior to unweighted least-squares analysis. The weighted least-squares method was superior to the median method when the error was normally distributed but the median method was superior when two or more outliers were present. The dependence of the accuracy and precision of kinetic constants obtained by the median method on several experimentally important parameters, including the number of experimental points, the number and range of substrate concentrations, and the number and range of inhibitor concentrations, was determined.     

粪便中大肠埃希菌分离方法的筛选

比较了滤膜法、涂布法和纸片法对粪便中大肠埃希菌的分离效果。通过对分离粪便大肠埃希菌的数量可知,纸片法与m—TEC培养基上滤膜法分离的大肠埃希菌数量结果基本一致。m—TEC培养基滤膜法分离的大肠埃希菌平均数量分别是伊红美蓝培养基涂布法分离大肠埃希菌平均数量的1．4倍、伊红美蓝培养基滤膜法分离大肠埃希菌平均数量的2．8倍、m—TEC培养基涂布法分离大肠埃希菌平均数量的2．25倍。分离粪便样品中大肠埃希菌选择滤膜法用m—TEC培齐基进行分离为最佳分离方法。     

不同包埋材料和加热方法对镍铬金属全冠精度的影响研究

目的:研究快速和慢速包埋方法对铸造全冠精度的影响.方法:在同一模具上制作36个熔模冠,随机分为6组,分别用德国BEGO、南昌飞马、洛阳北苑磷酸盐包埋材料进行快速包埋和慢速包埋.测定各组铸造冠的边缘浮升量.结果:慢速包埋组铸造冠的平均边缘浮升量为41.67±3.94?m,快速包埋组铸造冠的平均边缘浮升量为96.63±7.46?m,两组间的差别有统计学意义.结论:慢速包埋方法比快速包埋方法制作的铸造冠边缘浮升量小,铸造精度高.     

三种提取RNA的方法对汉滩病毒检测敏感性影响的研究

分别采用标准法、ＧＰ法和ＭＢＰ法抽提汉滩病毒ＲＮＡ,结合套式ＰＣＲ比较这三种方法的敏感性。结果表明,所用引物对这两株病毒具有相同的特异性。这三种提取ＲＮＡ的敏感性差异不大,敏感性从高到低依次为：ＧＰ、ＭＢＰ和标准法,检测汉滩病毒的效价分别为０．０１、０．０１和０．１ＴＣＩＤ５０／２００μｌ;提取ＲＮＡ的时间长短分别为：标准法为２．５ｈ,ＧＰ为１ｈ,ＭＢＰ为０．５ｈ,可见ＭＢＰ用时最少。使用ＧＰ和ＭＢＰ提取ＲＮＡ时,可以在室温下进行,不需要低温离心。所以,ＭＢＰ最适合于实验室和临床病原体的快速检测,特别是对采集的环境样品的快速检测     

Estimation of cardiac output by the CO2 rebreathing method during tethered swimming

The reproducibility of cardiac output (Q) estimated by the CO2 rebreathing method during tethered swimming was studied in five highly trained college swimmers. The reproducibility of the CO2 rebreathing method for estimations of Q during tethered swimming was similar to the reproducibility reported for the CO2 rebreathing method, direct Fick method, or dye-dilution method during either cycling or treadmill walking. All duplicate estimates of Q by the CO2 rebreathing method were within 15% of one another. A comparison was made between the Q's estimated by the CO2 rebreathing method during tethered swimming and previously published data on Q determined by the dye-dilution method during free swimming in a flune. At any given oxygen uptake, Q obtained by the CO2 rebreathing method during tethered swimming was not significantly different from the Q obtained by the dye-dilution method during flume swimming. Estimates of Q by the CO2 rebreathing method made during high intensities of tethered swimming were reproducible and appear to be valid.     

Improvement of the micromethod for the limulus lysate test.

Frauch's micro-slide method was improved to facilitate the endpoint-determination of the Limulus test. Two precise observations, by inverted phase contrast microscopy and with a staining procedure, were newly performed as additions to the slide test. The staining procedure was proposed as an improved method for the Limulus test since it is simple and convenient. In the staining method, bromophenol blue (BPB) solution was used as the staining solution. A negative (-), a strong positive (++) and a weak positive reaction (+) were characterized by a "ring" formation, a "cloud-like" spread of gel and a "spot" in the "cloud" respectively. Since the distinction between (-) and (+) reactions was obvious in the proposed method, determination of the endpoint was easier than in the ordinary tube and Frauch's method. The sensitivity of the present method was equal to or higher than that of other methods. Inverted phase contrast microscopy was utilized to confirm the findings obtained by the staining method. The volume of the lysate used in this method was as little as 1/10 of that used in the tube method.     

桑黄菌丝体粗多糖的提取方法研究

采用正交试验设计,以桑黄菌丝体粗多糖含量为考察指标,用苯酚—硫酸法,分别确定了热水浸提法、微波辅助提取法和超声提取法的最佳工艺。通过极差分析得出:热水浸提法的最优工艺为浸提时间3 h、浸提3次、液料质量比50∶1、浸提温度90℃,粗多糖提取率为2.10%;微波提取法的最优工艺为微波处理15 min、液料质量比50∶1、提取3次,提取率为4.18%;超声提取法的最优工艺为超声30 min、提取2次、液料质量比60∶1、温度60℃、频率60 Hz,提取率为3.02%。微波辅助法与热水浸提法相比,时间缩短,且提取率提高近1倍;与超声提取法相比,时间缩短1/2,但提取率提高40%。因此,微波辅助提取法速度更快、提取效率更高、操作更简便,优于其他2种方法。     

大肠杆菌O157:H7核酸探针检测方法的建立

目的：应用核酸探针方法快速检测大肠杆菌O157：H7。方法：通过使用吖啶酯标记的特异DNA探针方法检测大肠杆菌O157：H7,对此种方法的特异性、敏感性、准确性进行研究,比较该方法与传统国标法的检测结果。结果：核酸探针方法检测大肠杆菌O157：H7特异性以及敏感性强,检出大肠杆菌O157：H7菌液浓度最低限约为106cfu/ml,检测大肠杆菌O157：H7的结果与国标法相一致;对O157：H7鉴定时间仅需30min,简便快捷。结论：核酸探针方法可用于大肠杆菌O157：H7的快速检测。     

茉莉花渣多糖含量测定方法的建立及抗氧化作用研究

建立了茉莉花渣多糖含量的测定方法,并对茉莉花渣多糖进行了抗氧化作用研究,结果表明:采用蒽酮-硫酸比色法以624 nm为测定波长在质量浓度为10~60 mg.L-1(R2=0.9993)范围内与吸光度呈良好线性关系,该法的平均加样回收率为100.17%,重复性良好(RSD=0.57%),测定准确可靠。茉莉花渣多糖在0.2~1.0 g.L-1范围内对.OH具有明显的清除作用,IC50为0.52 g.L-1。