单殖吸虫的生态学

单殖吸虫是一类宿主专一性较强的寄生虫,外环境和宿主特征对单殖吸虫有明显的影响。本文对目前单殖吸虫生态学方面的研究作了一个概述,主要论述了宿主、环境等对单殖吸虫的影响、单殖吸虫之间的关系以及单殖吸虫种群的空间分布。     

单胺氧化酶抑制剂在临床方面的应用

单胺氧化酶(monoamine oxidase,MAO)是人体内天然存在的一种酶,催化单胺类物质氧化脱氨反应的酶。人体内含有两种单胺氧化酶:单胺氧化酶A和单胺氧化酶B。单胺氧化酶A主要分布在儿茶酚胺能神经元中;单胺氧化酶B主要分布在5-羟色胺能神经元、组胺能神经元和神经胶质细胞中,这两种亚型都均可以使单胺类神经递质失活。而单胺氧化酶抑制剂则能够通过抑制单胺氧化酶的对单胺类物质的氧化活性,从而达到减轻或者消除由各种原因引起的单胺类物质减少或单胺氧化酶活性过高导致的疾病。本文主要总结了近几年单胺氧化酶抑制剂在临床上用于治疗帕金森病、抑郁症和幽门螺旋杆菌方面的最新进展。     

单胺氧化酶抑制剂在临床方面的应用

单胺氧化酶（monoamine oxidase, MAO）是人体内天然存在的一种酶,催化单胺类物质氧化脱氨反应的酶。人体内含有两种单胺氧化酶：单胺氧化酶A 和单胺氧化酶B。单胺氧化酶A 主要分布在儿茶酚胺能神经元中;单胺氧化酶B 主要分布在5- 羟色胺能神经元、组胺能神经元和神经胶质细胞中,这两种亚型都均可以使单胺类神经递质失活。而单胺氧化酶抑制剂则能够通过抑制单胺氧化酶的对单胺类物质的氧化活性,从而达到减轻或者消除由各种原因引起的单胺类物质减少或单胺氧化酶活性过高导致的疾病。本文主要总结了近几年单胺氧化酶抑制剂在临床上用于治疗帕金森病、抑郁症和幽门螺旋杆菌方面的最新进展。     

山东汉、回族男性人群父系遗传结构研究

本研究基于75个Y-SNP位点和23个Y-STR基因座对山东汉、回族男性人群进行研究,旨在揭示两个人群的父系遗传结构,为法医学应用及群体遗传学等提供基础数据。研究基于微测序技术检测187份山东汉族和130份山东回族样本,获取75个Y-SNP位点分型;采用PowerPlex^®Y23试剂盒检测23个Y-STR基因座;采用直接计数法统计等位基因频率、单倍型频率及单倍群频率,根据公式D=n(1-∑pi²)/(n-1)计算基因多样性、单倍型多样性以及单倍群多样性;根据Median-joining方法,使用NETWORK 5.0和NETWORK Publisher构建并展示网络图。研究结果显示,单倍群O-M175、C-M130、N-M231、Q-M242为山东汉族男性人群主要的Y单倍群,单倍群O-M175、J-M304、R-M207、C-M130、N-M231为山东回族男性人群最主要的单倍群;23个Y-STR基因座在山东汉族男性样本中检出187种单倍型,单倍型多样性为1.0000,在山东回族中检出121种单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.9988;网络图显示同一Y单倍群的样本相对独立地聚集在一起,山东汉族与回族人群之间存在共享单倍群,同时也存在一些特异性单倍群,如单倍群J-M304、R-M207均以山东回族为主,单倍群Q-M242则以山东汉族为主。山东汉族和回族男性人群的主要单倍群均为单倍群O-M175;单倍群J-M304、R-M207在山东回族中的高频分布,单倍群Q-M242则在山东汉族中高频分布。研究表明山东回族人群中保留有一定比例的欧亚西部和中东特有的Y染色体类型。     

链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病大鼠胰腺外分泌部A、B细胞密度的变化

本文应用A蛋白金银—过氧化物酶抗过氧化物酶(PAGS-PAP)双重染色法,观察了链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)诱导的糖尿病大鼠胰腺外分泌部含高血糖素的单个A细胞(单A细胞)及合胰岛素的单个B细胞(单B细胞)密度的变化.在一次大剂量腹腔注射STZ后第5天和第10天,大鼠胰腺外分泌部单A细胞密度较对照组大鼠增加,而单B细胞密度在注射STZ后第5天较对照组大鼠减少,但在第15天与对照组大鼠接近.在第15天,一些单B细胞分布在靠近胰岛的腺泡中,岛周腺泡含单B细胞的胰岛百分率明显高于对照组.由于胰腺外分泌部的单A、单B细胞在分布特征上与中间细胞相似,在糖尿病时其数量变化也与中间细胞一致,因此,本研究所观察到的单A、单B细胞与前人报道的中间细胞有密切关系.上述单A、单B细胞密度的变化提示,在STZ诱导的糖尿病大鼠,胰腺中的B细胞被STZ破坏后,其外分泌部可能有某些细胞通过中间细胞向单A、单B细胞发生了转化或者单A、单B细胞即此转化过程中的中间细胞.     

深圳无偿献血人群中李姓、王姓和张姓无关男性个体Y-STR单倍型遗传多态性

为研究姓氏群体Y染色体特异STR单倍型的遗传多态性, 采用PCR复合扩增和ABI PrismTM 3100基因测序仪荧光检测方法对DYS426等9个Y-STR基因座进行基因分型, 检测深圳地区李姓无关男性个体血样139份、王姓无关男性个体118份、张姓无关男性个体119份。结果在139份李姓群体中, 共检出126种单倍型, 其中118种单倍型仅出现1次, 检出频率最高的1种单倍型出现6次, 单倍型多样性为0.9974; 118份王姓无关男性样本中, 共检出105种单倍型, 其中94种单倍型仅出现1次, 检出频率最高的1种单倍型出现4次, 单倍型多样性为0.9953; 张姓无关男性样本中, 共检出101种单倍型, 其中88种单倍型仅出现1次, 检出频率最高的1种单倍型出现4次, 单倍型多样性为0.9964。结果表明: 深圳地区李、王、张姓氏无关男性个体Y-STR单倍型的遗传多态性丰富, 与以往的汉族无关男性群体遗传资料相比较, 差异不显著。     

南海野生斑节对虾的线粒体16S rRNA基因序列单倍型分析

采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术对我国南海海域5个地点(三亚、深圳、阳江、湛江、北海)的野生斑节对虾100个个体的mtDNA 16S rRNA序列进行扩增,扩增产物经纯化后进行测序.用Clustal_X排序软件对所得的100个mtDNA 16S rRNA序列进行比对.通过ARLEQUIN软件对所得100个mtDNA 16S rRNA序列进行比较分析,共检测出28个变异位点,19种单倍型.19单倍型序列的碱基组成显示出较高的A T比例(69.0%).19种单倍型序列的遗传距离在0.002～0.033.根据构建的单倍型进化关系网,5个地点群体中的单倍型呈现一种混杂的分布格局.此外,根据单倍型在5个地点群体出现的频率和单倍型进化关系网,单倍型7是最为原始的单倍型,其他18种单倍型均起源于单倍型7.     

餐单营养标识的公众态度及认知状况——基于杭州城市居民的调查

目的：了解公众对餐馆餐单营养标识的态度及认知状况。方法：采用方便抽样的方法,对杭州市2 589名居民进行问卷调查,收集对餐单营养标识重要性、实用性和可推广性的态度以及对餐单营养标识内容、形式、存在的困难和推广范围的认知情况。数据清理及分析使用SAS 9.4统计软件包。结果：认为餐单营养标识重要、餐单营养标识会对点餐有影响和赞同推广餐单营养标识的人群比例分别为62.4%、80.7%和74.8%。通过微信参与调查者、女性、高教育程度者对餐单营养标识给予正面支持的人群比例更高（P<0.05）。受访者关注比例较高的营养信息包括原材料、能量和脂肪,分别为72.4%、50.4%和47.5%。支持率较高的餐单营养标识形式为营养素含量值和食物组成+营养素含量值,分别为57.3%和56.6%。推广餐单营养标识可能存在的困难主要有增加点餐时间、餐馆可能不配合和关注的人不多。67.2%的受访者希望未来先在中餐馆中推广使用餐单营养标识,支持率高于西式快餐店和中式快餐店。结论：公众对在我国推广餐单营养标识的支持度较高,比较关注在外就餐食物的原材料、能量和脂肪含量。未来应继续开展餐单营养标识相关研究,改善在外就餐的膳食质量。     

渭北旱地不同玉米品种苗期抗旱适应性的研究

选用５个玉米品种在渭北旱地条件下对苗期进行了抗旱适应性研究,从形态和水分生理两方面着手．观察研究了叶卷曲、基叶衰老、干物质累积、根部形态、含糖量、电阻值及蒸腾强度等多项指标;并综合分析得出在水分亏缺条件下抗旱适应性强弱依次为：正交陕单９号、反交陕单９号＞丹玉１３,掖单１３＞陕单８４１０。     

不同水分处理下双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌对疏叶骆驼刺生长及氮素转移的影响

以疏叶骆驼刺为研究对象,设定3个水分梯度正常水分(土壤相对含水量(70±5)%)、干旱胁迫(土壤相对含水量(20±5)%)和复水处理(干旱胁迫60天后恢复至正常水分)与四组接种处理(单接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)、单接种根瘤菌、双接种AMF+根瘤菌和不接种),分析不同水分条件下双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌对疏叶骆驼刺的生长以及供、受体疏叶骆驼刺之间氮素转移的影响。结果表明,正常水分处理时,双接种疏叶骆驼刺的AMF侵染率、地上生物量、地下生物量、总生物量以及氮含量均要高于单接种处理;根瘤数量、最大荧光(Fm)、初始荧光(Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)与单接种处理之间无差异;在遭遇干旱胁迫时,双接种疏叶骆驼刺的AMF侵染率、总生物量、Fv/Fm均小于单接种处理;地上生物量、地下生物量、根瘤数、Fm、Fo以及氮含量与单接种之间无差异。复水后,双接种疏叶骆驼刺的地上生物量、地下生物量、总生物量、根瘤数均优于单接种;AMF侵染率、氮含量低于单接种;Fm、Fo、Fv/Fm均与单接种之间无差异。在氮素转移方面,正常水分时,双接种与单接种的氮素转移率无差异,在遭遇干旱胁迫时,双接种疏叶骆驼刺的氮素转...     

Selection of Verticillium lecanii Isolates with High Potential for Biocontrol of Cucumber Powdery Mildew by Means of Components Analysis at Different Humidity Regimes

To identify characteristics for the selection of Verticillium lecanii isolates with high potential for biocontrol of Sphaerotheca fuliginea under glasshouse conditions, an exploratory study was performed on the effect of water limitation on the development of 14 isolates. The conidial germination, growth and sporulation of isolates of V. lecanii were studied in a tritrophic system on cucumber leaves and in a ditrophic system in Petri dishes. Their mycoparasitic ability was studied in S. fuliginea and Cladosporium cladosporioides . All characteristics were clearly affected by humidity. Four isolates showed good biocontrol potential. The performance of isolates on agar had less predictive value than on powdery mildew. The germination of isolates of V. lecanii was lower and the mycelial growth faster on agar than on mildewed leaves under corresponding humidity conditions. The results suggest that conditions in the phyllosphere differed from the set humidity in the surrounding air. A correlation was found between the lysis of C. cladosporioides growing in dual culture on agar with isolates of V. lecanii and the parasitism of powdery mildew on detached, rooted leaves. C. cladosporioides might offer a suitable substrate for testing isolates of V. lecanii for mycoparasitic potential under various environmental conditions. Conidial germination, growth and sporulation had limited predictive value.     

Pandanus subg. Martellidendron (Pandanaceae) part II: revision of sect. Martellidendron Pic. Serm. in Madagascar

This paper provides a taxonomic revision of Pandanus sect. Martellidendron , which so far comprises six species of which only one is known from both staminate and pistillate plants. Research in herbaria and in the field in Madagascar has provided the data on which a revision of the unclear taxonomy of this section can be based. Based on micromorphology, architecture and phytogeography, the number of these dioecious species is reduced. One new species (P. gallinarum Callmander) from the Biosphere reserve of Mananara-North on the east coast is described, and P. karaka Martelli is transferred to this section 30 years after it was assigned to section Dauphinensia. A key to all species of subg. Martellidendron is provided. Finally, the important role of the section for the understanding of the phylogeny of the Pandanaceae is discussed in the context of Indian Ocean biogeography.     

Phylogenetic relationships and character evolution in New Zealand and selected Australian Gnaphalieae (Compositae) inferred from morphological and anatomical data

Most of the estimated 70–80 species of New Zealand Gnaphalieae are endemic. Those of Anaphalioides , Ewartia , Helichrysum , Leucogenes , Rachelia and Raoulia belong to a putatively monophyletic group which is supported by analysis of nuclear ITS DNA sequences and is virtually confined to New Zealand. All species of Craspedia , Euchiton , Ozothamnus and Pseudognaphalium are excluded from this group. A phylogenetic analysis of 42 species of Gnaphalieae, using 57 morphological, anatomical and palynological characters, was conducted to test the monophyly of this group and to seek evidence of generic relationships. The analysis does not resolve basal relationships among the Gnaphalieae studied here. The putative monophyletic New Zealand group is not retrieved. Monophyly is supported for each of Euchiton , Leucogenes , the whipcord species of Helichrysum , the pulvinate species of Raoulia , and Raoulia subg. Raoulia (excluding the aberrant R. cinerea ), but not for Anaphalioides or Raoulia s.l. There are these two distinct groups in Raoulia s.l. but also a substantial number of isolated species. The sole New Zealand species of Ewartia is not a sister species to Australian Ewartia . The Australian species Ewartia planchonii is the sister species to Euchiton rather than to the other Australian species of Ewartia .  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 141 , 183–203.     

The Natural Host Range of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp. and Their Impact on Insect Populations

The natural host range of entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis can be defined as the range of insects which indigenous nematode populations use for propagation. Information on the natural host range is rare. However, based on records of insects found to be naturally infected with nematodes, some conclusions regarding the natural host range of some Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. are presented. Reports of indigenous nematode populations impacting on insect populations can be divided between relatively balanced, long-lasting nematode-host associations and unbalanced, short-lasting epizootics. Examples of the augmentation and inoculative introduction of nematodes in agriculture and forestry ecosystems are presented. Based on current knowledge, nematode reproduction strategies are discussed and indications of the risk involved in the release of non-indigenous nematodes are given.     

Laboratory Effects of Ingestion of Azadirachtin by Two Pests ( Ceratitis capitata and Spodoptera exigua ) and Three Natural Enemies ( Chrysoperla carnea , Opius concolor and Podisus maculiventris )

The effects of azadirachtin on two pests: neonate larvae and newly emerged adults of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and last instar larvae of Spodoptera exigua (Hubner); and three natural enemies: newly emerged adults of Opius concolor Szepligeti, second instar larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), and fifth instar nymphs of Podisus maculiventris (Say) were studied in laboratory. Adult insects were exposed to a non-oil formulation of azadirachtin (Align, emulsifiable concentrate, 3.2% azadirachtin, Sipcam Inagra, Spain) via their drinking water and immature instars were reared in the presence of the insecticide-treated diet. The natural enemies were exposed to at least the maximum field recommended concentration of the insecticide (0.15% v/v). Azadirachtin was highly toxic to neonate larvae of C. capitata and prevented adult emergence at a concentration of 1 mg a.i. l -1 . When adults were fed the insecticide at the maximum recommended concentration, their survival was not affected but egg laying was totally inhibited. Last instar S. exigua larvae were also very susceptible (LC 50 = 7.7 mg a.i. l -1 ) and at a concentration of 10 mg a.i. l -1 fecundity of surviving adults, and egg fertility, were reduced by 72 and 85%, respectively. Effects on O. concolor were large, and significant reductions in longevity, percentage of attacked hosts, and progeny size per female, were recorded. The predator P. maculiventris was much less sensitive to azadirachtin, but slight reductions in survival of emerged adults and of reproductive parameters occurred. The insecticide had no significant effect on C. carnea larvae fed with treated Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver) eggs, probably because of its inability to penetrate inside the egg.     

Biological Control of Thrips on Ornamental Crops: Interactions Between the Predatory Mite Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on Cyclamen

Difficulties in controlling outbreaks of Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, have obstructed the widespread adoption of biological control in many ornamental crops. The efficacy of the predatory mite, Neoseiulus cucumeris, in controlling F. occidentalis on two cultivars of cyclamen was tested in glasshouse experiments. The establishment and development of F. occidentalis populations was compared in three treatment introductions of N. cucumeris (50, 200 and 350 mites m -2 per week) and an untreated control. F. occidentalis were sampled in the flowers over eight weeks and counted into different life stages. No differences were observed between the two cultivars. All treatments with the predator resulted in a decline in numbers of F. occidentalis compared to the untreated control. Although the proportion of first instar F. occidentalis was similar in all treatments, the level of control varied with the number of N. cucumeris introduced. Lower populations of F. occidentalis, combined with a more rapid decline in their numbers, were observed at the 200 and 350 mites m -2 rates. Numbers of F. occidentalis remained low in the 350 N. cucumeris m -2 rate and the proportion of second instar F. occidentalis in the samples was consistently lower than in the other treatments. Trap counts of adult F. occidentalis were strongly correlated with the numbers of both adult and total F. occidentalis in flower samples. High inoculative releases of N. cucumeris early in the flowering cycle followed by frequent low introductions of predators should provide a strong basis for preventative control of F. occidentalis and other thrips species on cyclamen.     

Screening Isolates of Hirsutella Species for Biocontrol of Heterodera glycines

The fungi, Hirsutella rhossiliensis and Hirsutella minnesotensis, are two endoparasites of second-stage juveniles (J2) of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines. The objective of this study was to screen for effective fungal isolates to control the nematode in laboratory and greenhouse assays. A total of 93 isolates of H. rhossiliensis and 25 isolates of H. minnesotensis were evaluated for parasitism of SCN J2 on cornmeal agar. Percentage of SCN J2 parasitized by the fungi varied among the fungal isolates. Most H. rhossiliensis isolates parasitized a high percentage of J2. The isolates of H. rhossiliensis obtained from bacteria-feeding nematodes, however, generally did not parasitize J2 on agar. H. minnesotensis parasitized fewer J2 on agar than did H. rhossiliensis . Forty isolates of H. rhossiliensis and four isolates of H. minnesotensis that parasitized a high percentage of J2 on agar were evaluated for their biocontrol potential in soil treated with microwave heating. Most isolates selected from the agar assay also parasitized a high percentage of J2 in the soil but there was variation among isolates. Pathogenicity of 14 isolates of H. rhossiliensis and four isolates of H. minnesotensis to the SCN was also investigated in the greenhouse using untreated field soil. Most isolates of H. rhossiliensis reduced SCN population density and increased plant growth when compared with 1% corn-grits control (culture media). One isolate (OWVT-1) of H. rhossiliensis reduced the SCN egg density by 95% and J2 density by 98% when compared with the control. Isolates of H. minnesotensis, however, neither reduced SCN density nor increased plant growth in the greenhouse.     

Spore morphology of pteridophytes from China Ⅰ. Lygodiaceae

This paper is the first report of an investigation on the spore morphology of Chinese ferns. Spore morphology of 20 species (10 species from China and 10 species from other countries) in the genus Lygodium (Lygodiaceae) was investigated under scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The spores are tetrahedral-globose, trilete, rarely monolete. The surface ornamentation of the spores can be divided into four main types: In type I , the surface of spores is tuberculate or spheroid-tuberculate. Most of the species of the genus have this type of surface ornamentation of spores. In type II , the surface of spores is smooth. L. palmatum, L . subareolatum , L . yunnanense and L . volubile have this type of surface ornamentation of spores. In type III, both the distal and equatorial areas of spores are coarsely verrucate, while the proximal area is smooth. L. dimorphum, L. digitatum and L. kingii have this type of surface ornamentation of spores. In type IV, the surface of spores is coarsely reticulate. L. scandens and L. reticulatum have this type of surface ornamentation of spores. The surface contours of the reticulate type (type IV) are formed by the exospore, while that of the other types (types I, II, III) are formed by the perispore. The surface ornamentation of spores seems to be stable within species and thus is of important value in the taxonomy of the genus Lygodium.     

Hybridization and introgression between Callicarpa japonica and C. mollis (Verbenaceae) in central Japan, as inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences

Callicarpa x shirasawana is a natural hybrid between C. japonica and C. mollis, and has a morphology that is intermediate between those of the parent species. Characterization of natural Callicarpa populations in the Atsumi Peninsula of central Japan, which all three of the above species inhabit sympatrically, revealed hybrids with various morphologies. Molecular analysis revealed a high occurrence of introgression of the C. japonica genome into that of C. mollis. Moreover, all individuals examined with morphology similar to that of C. mollis had genetic traces of hybridization with C. japonica. Molecular analysis of individual C. mollis and C. japonica from five other areas of Japan showed that introgression of C. japonica into C. mollis occurs widely. Molecular data also strongly suggested that the previously recognized C. x shirasawana individuals with intermediate morphology are not F1 hybrids between C. japonica and C. mollis, but instead are progeny of C. x shirasawana backcrossed with C. japonica. Moreover, it was revealed that individuals with F1-type genotypes are indistinguishable morphologically from pure C. mollis. The results of the present study point to the need for re-evaluation of natural populations of C. mollis and C. x shirasawana.     

Notulae de Ranunculaceis Sinensibus (XIV)

One variety of Eranthis, four species of Delphinium, one species of Anemone, and two species and one variety of Clematis are described as new. The distribution of Anemone reflexa Steph. in western part of Henan Province is reported for the first time. The morphological variation of the inflorescence of Clematis armandii Franch.is elucidated, andaccording to it Clematis hefengensis G.F.Tao is reduced to a variety of C.armandii Franch.