云南稻区稻水象甲Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel种群发生特征

【背景】2007年6月,云南省首次在嵩明县发现稻水象甲,为掌握其年发生世代、成虫和幼虫种群消长动态及其越冬特点开展此项研究。【方法】2008—2010年,采用田间系统调查法对云南省昆明市嵩明县大桥村稻区稻水象甲的种群发生规律进行了研究。【结果】每年4月初气温回升(4月气温9.0~24.1℃,均温16.1℃),稻水象甲越冬成虫开始出土活动,从稻田周边越冬场所迁移至稻埂或秧田取食杂草和秧苗。5月中旬,随水稻的移栽,迁移至大田为害并产卵,孵化后的幼虫取食水稻根系。6月中旬水稻分蘖期,幼虫发生量达到高峰,虫量为3.17~11.33头·丛-1;7月中下旬水稻孕穗期,也是形成土茧的高峰期,土茧量5.90~9.00头·丛-1;7月下旬—8月中旬水稻抽穗和扬花期,成虫大量出现,数量达0.21~4.85头·网-1;8月中旬水稻乳熟期,成虫逐渐迁移至稻田附近向阳坡面的田埂和沟埂上,主要集中在0~3 cm有杂草覆盖的浅土层越冬,直至翌年的4月底,最大越冬虫量98.33~266.00头·m-2。【结论与意义】稻水象甲在云南省嵩明县水稻区年发生1~1.5代;种群发生动态与水稻的生育期紧密相关,4月初越冬成虫为害秧苗,7月份是防治成虫的关键时期。     

广东省稻水象甲生活史及越冬规律

【目的】明确广东省稻水象甲Lissorhoptrus orvzophitus生活史、越冬生境、发生规律及寄主植物和天敌种类,为这一害虫的科学防治提供指导。【方法】2019年3月-2021年4月通过实地调查、室内笼罩饲养观察和卵巢解剖研究稻水象甲在广东的生活史和越冬生境;通过对稻水象甲成虫中肠内容物进行分子检测探明其越冬过渡寄主植物;利用特征序列扩增区(sequence characterized amplified region, SCAR)标记技术明确稻水象甲的主要天敌种类。【结果】2019年3月-2021年4月稻水象甲在广东双季稻区一年发生2代,具有越冬和越夏习性。广东稻水象甲经历一个完整世代需要(140.86±1.05)d,幼虫历期为20 d左右。广东稻水象甲以成虫越冬,越冬生境模式为稻田-过渡带(草地)-沼泽地(水草丰盛),且越冬期稻水象甲成虫卵巢存在滞育现象,发育等级Ⅰ级。稻水象甲成虫中肠内容物分子检测发现,其越冬期主要的过渡寄主植物为再生稻及李氏禾Leersia hexandra。基于SCAR的PCR结果表明,游猎型蜘蛛沟渠豹蛛Pardosa laura为稻水象甲的主要天敌...     

贵州稻水象甲危害损失和防治指标研究

【目的】为了摸清贵州稻水象甲Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel危害与水稻产量损失的关系,明确贵州稻水象甲的防治指标。【方法】采用田间笼罩接虫法系统的研究了不同密度的稻水象甲成虫与水稻被害叶率、幼虫密度、水稻分蘖数、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、产量损失等的关系。【结果】稻水象甲成虫密度与水稻被害叶率和幼虫密度呈正相关关系;稻水象甲的危害明显减少水稻分蘖数和穗数,但对穗粒数和千粒重的影响不大。建立了产量损失率与被害叶率、成虫密度、幼虫密度的回归方程,计算获得了插秧后的第5天、第10天、第15天、第20天的叶片被害率的防治指标为59.65%、52.97%、50.96%、48.52%,成虫的防治指标为20头/m~2(1头/丛),幼虫的防治指标为130头/m~2(6.5头/丛)。【结论】该结果对贵州省稻水象甲的预测预报及防治具有重要的指导意义。     

稻水象甲生物学特性及药效测定

对稻水象甲的生物学特性及几种杀虫剂对稻水象甲的防治药效进行了研究,结果表明：稻水象甲在宁德市1a发生2代,双早秧田（4月下旬至5月初）、本田（5月上旬至中旬）是越冬成虫防治关键时期,田间防治以5％氟虫腈1200倍液为佳。     

云南稻区白背飞虱越冬种群发生及其与田间种群的相关性

【目的】掌握云南稻区白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera,越冬虫源特征及其与田间种群大发生的相关性。【方法】2010-2015年,对云南省主要稻区白背飞虱的越冬虫情进行田间调查;2013年南京农业大学与云南省农科院的科研人员行程6 000 km联合对滇西、滇西南、滇南和滇东南等10县20个稻区进行了实地越冬调研。【结果】云南省各稻区白背飞虱越冬种群主要集中在23?57?N以南,海拔高度为1 608 m以下的稻区。同一稻区白背飞虱越冬虫口密度波动较大,一般在1 200头/667 m2之内,以若虫和成虫越冬,且若虫占总越冬虫量的97.33%,主要聚集在有水源的再生稻、稻桩、落粒苗和早稻秧苗上。本地越冬种群密度(越冬虫量)与秧田虫量、移栽期虫量、孕穗期虫量、大田总虫量的相关性并不显著(P0.05)。【结论】云南稻区本地越冬虫源数量对白背飞虱种群大发生的形成贡献十分有限。     

稻水象甲田间种群动态及化学控制技术

稻水象甲在福建省霞浦县长春镇田间种群发生动态的调查结果表明:5月中旬是稻水象甲越冬代成虫迁入稻田为害高峰期,5月下旬成虫种群数量迅速降低,并有少量幼虫开始为害水稻根部;6月初是幼虫发生为害高峰期,蛹高峰期出现在6月中旬,并开始有一代成虫羽化。药剂筛选试验结果表明:20%丁硫克百威乳油、48%毒死蜱乳油、40%三唑磷乳油、5%锐劲特悬浮剂对稻水象甲成虫具有良好的田间控制效果,药后7d防效均在92.31%—100%;5%丁硫克百威颗粒剂、15%乐斯本颗粒剂、3%呋喃丹颗粒剂施药后7d对稻水象甲幼虫的防效90.03%—93.56%。化学综合防治示范区水稻分蘖数和株高均显著大于对照区。     

不同生物药剂对稻水象甲的毒力、拒食活性及防效分析

【目的】防治稻水象甲的现有常规化学药剂的大量施用所引发的环境问题越发突出,而其生物药剂单一,加之天敌匮乏,故开展符合绿色生产标准的低毒、低残留、无污染生物药剂的筛选已成为稻水象甲防治工作所面临的首要任务。【方法】以越冬代稻水象甲成虫为试虫,采用室内点滴、田间喷雾等方法,对5种符合绿色生产标准药剂的毒力、拒食活性、防效及药后取食量等指标进行了测定和综合评价。【结果】室内生测方面:72 h后对处理稻水象甲成虫的室内毒力显著;此外,对试验前后的取食斑面积进行比较,发现药后各药剂拒食活性差异显著,均表现出较好的拒食作用。田间药效方面:除0.6%苦参碱AS外,其他药剂对稻水象甲均表现出较好的防效,100亿个孢子·m L~(-1)白僵菌OD、1.5%除虫菊素AS、7.5%鱼藤酮EC和6%乙基多杀菌素SC这4种药剂15 d的田间防效为51.24%~82.55%;3 d后各处理组田间新增取食斑数、取食长度均显著低于对照组。【结论】在绿色水稻生产中,100亿个孢子·m L~(-1)白僵菌OD、1.5%除虫菊素AS、7.5%鱼藤酮EC和6%乙基多杀菌素SC均具有较好的推广价值,可用于稻水象甲的防治。     

新疆荒漠绿洲稻区稻水象甲危害损失及防治阈值研究

【目的】稻水象甲是水稻的一种毁灭性害虫,也是我国重要的对外检疫性对象之一。该虫自2010年传入新疆后,其发生面积和危害呈不断加重趋势,已对新疆水稻尤其是绿色有机水稻的生产构成了严重威胁。稻水象甲危害造成的产量损失及防治阈值的确定对其准确预测预报及化学防治都具有重要的指导意义。然而,目前尚未见新疆荒漠绿洲稻区的相关报道。【方法】通过田间罩笼试验比较研究了不同虫口密度下的水稻有效穗数、单穗粒数、结实粒及产量等指标,计算得出稻水象甲在新疆的产量允许损失率及防治阈值。【结果】田间稻水象甲成虫数量与水稻有效穗、单穗粒数、结实率存在显著负相关性,但与千粒重关系不显著;逐步线性回归模型分析表明,水稻产量与虫口密度、每公顷穗数、单穗粒数和结实率相关性显著,它们是影响水稻产量的主要因子。此外,新疆荒漠绿洲稻区稻水象甲的产量允许损失率为1.1756%,其防治阈值为5.82头·m~(-2)。【结论】新疆荒漠绿洲稻区允许的稻水象甲越冬代虫口密度最大临界值为5.82头·m~(-2),高于此值应及时进行防治。     

六种新烟碱类杀虫剂和三氟苯嘧啶对黄胸蓟马及南方小花蝽的选择毒性

【目的】评估6种新烟碱类杀虫剂和1种新型杀虫剂三氟苯嘧啶对黄胸蓟马Thrips hawaiiensis及其天敌南方小花蝽Orius strigicollis的选择毒性,为杀虫剂与南方小花蝽联合防控黄胸蓟马提供依据。【方法】采用药膜法测定吡虫啉、呋虫胺、氟吡呋喃酮、氯噻啉、烯啶虫胺和噻虫嗪6种新烟碱类杀虫剂及三氟苯嘧啶对黄胸蓟马成虫的毒力及对南方小花蝽5龄若虫的急性毒性,并评估其对南方小花蝽5龄若虫的暴露风险。【结果】供试的7种杀虫剂对黄胸蓟马成虫的半致死用量(median lethal rate, LR₅₀)均低于田间最大推荐用量。氯噻啉对黄胸蓟马成虫的LR₅₀值最低(0.183 g a.i/hm²),显著低于其他杀虫剂;氟吡呋喃酮和三氟苯嘧啶对黄胸蓟马成虫的LR₅₀值分别为3.066和3.949 g a.i/hm²,显著高于其他杀虫剂;两种烯啶虫胺制剂(20%烯啶虫胺可溶液剂和10%烯啶虫胺水剂)对黄胸蓟马成虫的LR₅₀分别为0.327和0.201 g a.i/hm²;两种噻虫嗪制剂(70%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂和25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂)对黄胸蓟马成虫的LR₅₀值分别为0.970和0.685 g a.i/hm²;不同剂型和含量的烯啶虫胺和噻虫嗪对黄胸蓟马成虫的毒力差异显著。测试的6种新烟碱类杀虫剂对南方小花蝽5龄若虫的LR₅₀值均低于田间最大推荐用量,而三氟苯嘧啶对南方小花蝽5龄若虫的LR₅₀值高于田间最大推荐用量。三氟苯嘧啶对南方小花蝽5龄若虫的毒性最低(LR₅₀>65.736 g a.i/hm²),吡虫啉和呋虫胺次之(LR₅₀值分别为21.317和24.486 g a.i/hm²)。吡虫啉、呋虫胺、三氟苯嘧啶对黄胸蓟马成虫和南方小花蝽5龄若虫具有较高的选择毒性。三氟苯嘧啶和吡虫啉对农田内、农田外南方小花蝽的风险均可接受,氯噻啉和噻虫嗪均不可接受。【结论】黄胸蓟马成虫对6种新烟碱类杀虫剂和三氟苯嘧啶均具极高的敏感性,其中以吡虫啉和三氟苯嘧啶对南方小花蝽5龄若虫的风险较低;三氟苯嘧啶与南方小花蝽兼容性较高,二者在黄胸蓟马的联合防控中具备良好的潜力。     

稻水象甲(Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel)的卵子发生-飞行共轭

１９９４～１９９６年对双季稻区稻水象甲发生消长和迁飞动态的系统研究表明,稻水象甲的飞行肌和卵巢发育随生活史的季节性变化出现兴衰交替,从而迁入迁出稻田和越冬场所,表现出典型的卵子发生－飞行共轭：春季越冬代成虫从越冬场所迁入早稻田后飞行肌消解而卵巢发育,繁殖形成一代致害种群。夏季一代成虫生殖滞育,飞行肌和脂肪体发达,绝大部分个体迁出早稻田行夏蛰并越冬;少量落入秧田者和早稻收割时散落田内而晚稻插秧时尚未迁离的个体卵巢恢复发育,飞行肌消解而构成二代虫源。秋季二代成虫羽化后生殖滞育,迁飞上山越冬;１０月中旬后羽化的个体卵巢和飞行肌均不再发育而滞留田内外越冬。取食高质量食料时,一代夏蛰成虫飞行肌再生,新羽一代成虫则首先发育飞行肌,而后解除生殖滞育。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.