三种土壤条件下紫茎泽兰根际的酶活性及细菌群落状况

紫茎泽兰被列为我国危害最严重的外侵植物,为探索其侵入机制,以四川省凉山州的3种主要土壤?红壤、黄壤和紫色土为研究对象,比较了根际和非根际土壤(距离根系约20 cm)的酶活性及细菌群落。结果表明,尽管土壤类型不同,根际酶活性(过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶)及微生物量碳氮显著高于非根际,说明紫茎泽兰的根系生命活动促进根际微生物生长繁殖,数量增加,活性增强,有益于土壤养分供应,促进紫茎泽兰生长,提高生存竞争优势。在不同类型的土壤中,紫茎泽兰根际细菌的分类单元数和主成分方差比非根际降低或无显著变化,说明紫茎泽兰对土壤细菌群落的影响因土壤而异。3种土壤的优势菌株种类差异极大,根际20种优势细菌中仅链霉菌1(Streptomyces1)为共有菌株,非根际仅有绿弯菌(Chloroflexi KD4-96)为共有菌株,说明紫茎泽兰能在细菌群落不同的土壤上生长,具有极强的适应性。但是,3种土壤的优势细菌均为放线菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门,合计占细菌总量的60.69%—78.75%;就同一种土壤而言,根际20种优势细菌中有8—11株与非根际相同。因此,土壤类型是决定细菌群落的主要因素,但因紫茎泽兰入侵而发生一定程度的变化。     

喜树替代紫茎泽兰过程中根际微生物群落特征

为研究我国重要经济树种喜树根际分泌物对根际微生物群落的影响, 以及喜树在控制林业有害植物紫茎泽兰生物入侵的可行性, 采用传统培养技术和分子生物学技术PCR-单链构象多态性(SSCP)、末端限制性片段长度多态性(tRFLP)和16S rDNA文库相结合对喜树(Ca)、紫茎泽兰(Ea)和二者混栽体系(CE)根际土壤中的真核微生物和真细菌微生物群落结构进行了比较. 计数结果表明, 喜树、二者混栽以及紫茎泽兰根际中的真细菌数量依次减少, 而真核微生物数量依次增多. PCR-SSCP分析显示, 紫茎泽兰根际土壤中真核微生物条带数量(多样性)远高于喜树和混栽根际, 对部分条带克隆测序表明喜树根际中Meristolohmannia spp.为主要优势种群; tRFLP对真细菌结构分析表明, 3种根际中真细菌群落多样性丰富, 但没有差别, 对喜树根际真细菌16S rDNA文库测序比较分析, 共包含了10个已分类的门, 其中Proteobacteria 门为优势菌群, 占24.71%(其中δ-Proteobacteria占17.65%), Acidobacteria门占16.47%, Bacteroidetes门占10.59%. 另外, 色谱分析发现喜树和混栽根际土壤中分别含有较低浓度喜树碱和羟基喜树碱, 而紫茎泽兰根际二者均检测不到. 由此可见, 紫茎泽兰的扩散和蔓延依赖于特有的真核微生物群落结构模式, 并不改变真细菌群落的结构, 喜树能够通过根系分泌物改变紫茎泽兰根际真核微生物群落结构模式, 进而制约其外延. 本研究为喜树在紫茎泽兰生物替代中提供了理论基础.     

广东省本地油茶和引种油茶根际土壤微生物群落特征

【背景】近年来,油茶低效林面积较大,根际土壤微生物影响林木抗性和生长,对林业可持续发展具有重要意义。【目的】了解广东省本地油茶和引种油茶根际土壤微生物群落特征。【方法】利用高通量测序分析油茶根际土壤微生物群落组成。【结果】油茶根际土壤细菌有26门77纲201目377科593属676种,真菌有14门50纲121目266科502属631种。油茶根际土壤中的优势细菌为酸杆菌门和变形菌门,优势真菌为子囊菌门和担子菌门。两种油茶根际土壤微生物组成差异显著,本地油茶根际土壤的细菌多样性显著高于引种油茶。在门水平上,脱硫杆菌门细菌和罗兹菌门、被孢霉门真菌的相对丰度在两种油茶间差异显著,Amorphotheca在本地油茶根际土壤中特异性富集。两种油茶根际土壤细菌碳代谢相对丰度差异显著,真菌以腐生营养型为主,其次为病理营养型和共生营养型。本地油茶根际土壤中显著富集土壤腐生菌,而共生营养型真菌(尤其是丛枝菌根真菌)相对丰度(6.43%)显著低于引种油茶中(21.83%)。此外,有机质和养分含量是影响油茶根际土壤微生物群落的关键因子。【结论】本地油茶和引种油茶根际土壤微生物群落组成和结构差异显著,Amorp...     

自然林下与田间根腐三七根际微生物群落特征及比较分析

【背景】三七根际微生物群落特征与其土传根腐病害密切相关,而针对自然林下根腐三七的相关研究鲜见报道。【目的】比较分析自然林下与田间根腐三七根际土壤微生物群落的组成特征,结合土壤理化性质与酶活性分析,为三七根腐病害防治与仿野生栽培提供科学依据。【方法】采集自然林下与田间根腐三七根际土壤,利用高通量测序技术,分析土壤细菌与真菌群落的物种组成与多样性,并测定土壤理化性质和酶活性。【结果】自然林下与田间根腐三七根际土壤中细菌和真菌群落组成具有明显差异,自然林下根腐三七根际土壤中担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)的相对丰度较高,而田间根腐三七根际土壤中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)的相对丰度较高。在属分类水平,镰刀菌属(Fusarium)是自然林下根腐三七根际土壤中的优势菌群,相对丰度为17.30%,而癣囊腔菌属(Plectosphaerella)是田间根腐三七根际土壤中的优势菌群,相对丰度为22.55%;Candidatus Ba...     

沙棘通过自主选择塑造根瘤内生微生物组

【背景】解析植物微生物群落结构是利用微生物组工程强化植物抗生物和非生物胁迫水平、提高农林产品质量和品质的基础。固氮根瘤是沙棘具有抗旱、抗寒和抗贫瘠等多种优良生物性状的关键。【目的】比较分析沙棘根际土和根瘤内细菌群落结构的组成及影响因素,为揭示沙棘-弗兰克氏菌共生和植物-微生物互作协同抗逆机制提供理论基础。【方法】从辽宁、陕西和山西采集样品,通过16SrRNA基因V3–V4可变区的高通量测序技术,采用生物信息学方法比较分析沙棘根际土和根瘤内细菌群落组成和丰度差异,并探索土壤土理化性质对根际土细菌群落结构的影响。【结果】沙棘根际土和根瘤内的细菌群落均以放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为主要优势菌门,且根瘤内弗兰克氏菌属(Frankia)为绝对优势菌属;根际土前10个优势菌门的丰度在三地样品间均存在显著差异,仅存在唯一共有的优势菌属(鞘氨醇单胞菌属,Sphingomonas),且前35个优势属中有27个属在三地间存在明显丰度差异;土壤pH和速效钾是沙棘根际土细菌群落多样性的主要影响因子;根瘤内优势门和属在三省份间存在高度的保守性,仅异根瘤菌属...     

滴灌对苜蓿根际土壤细菌多样性和群落结构的影响

【背景】细菌作为土壤微生物中的重要类群,能够有效促进土壤物质循环和能量流动,细菌多样性以及群落结构能够反映土壤的质量状况。【目的】了解滴灌条件下苜蓿根际土壤细菌群落结构及多样性变化,探讨土壤环境因子对细菌群落结构的影响。【方法】基于细菌16Sr RNAV3-V4区高通量测序技术,分析比较滴灌与自然降雨两种模式下生长的苜蓿根际与非根际土壤中细菌多样性和群落分布规律,然后采用冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)探讨土壤环境因子与细菌多样性的关系。【结果】苜蓿根际土壤中细菌多样性丰富,滴灌根际土壤中细菌多样性显著高于自然降雨根际土壤;土壤样品中共检测到细菌46门53纲116目220科469属,主要的优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria,25.27%-34.42%),其中α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,11.41%-18.97%)为优势亚群,鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas,1.00%-4.54%)为优势属。相较于自然降雨,滴灌条件下苜蓿根际土壤细菌的6个门和16个属的群落结构发生显著变化;此外,RDA分析表明,不同环境因子对微生物群落的影响不同,滴灌根际土壤中9个细菌属的丰度与全磷、全钾、有效磷、碱解氮、有机质、土壤中性磷酸酶以及土壤脲酶的含量显著正相关。【结论】滴灌作为新型节水技术,在促进植物生长、提高产量、节约成本的基础上增加了植物根际土壤中细菌多样性和丰度,该结果为新型灌溉体制的改革以及土壤微生物资源的开发利用提供科学数据。     

黑曲霉菌剂不同处理对西瓜根际细菌群落及土壤理化性质的影响

【背景】针对我国设施栽培西瓜土传病害发生严重、土壤理化性质劣变等问题,探究微生物菌剂对西瓜根际土壤微生物群落调控及土壤营养改良的作用。【目的】研究黑曲霉菌剂不同处理方式对设施栽培西瓜根际细菌多样性、群落结构及土壤理化性质的影响。【方法】通过高通量测序分析黑曲霉菌剂不同处理对西瓜根际土壤细菌多样性和群落结构的影响;采用分析化学方法测定西瓜根际土壤理化性质并解析驱动西瓜根际细菌群落动态变化的主要理化因素。【结果】黑曲霉菌剂(Y)、氨基寡糖素水剂(A)及黑曲霉菌剂与氨基寡糖素水剂配施(YA)处理,细菌α多样性指数如Chao1、Ace和Shannon等较对照均有所增加;不同处理西瓜根际优势细菌在门水平包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)等,其中Proteobacteria相对丰度最高,依次为A (28.26%)>Y (26.74%)>YA (22.61%);黑曲霉菌剂处理西瓜根际土壤芽单胞菌科(Gemmatimonadaceae)和类诺卡氏菌科(Nocardioidaceae)相对丰度较对照明显提高到4.06%和2.43%,氨基寡糖素水剂处理中根际土壤假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)丰度显著提高(P<0.05),不同处理组微枝形杆菌属(Microvirga)相对丰度较对照均有所提高;黑曲霉菌剂单独或与氨基寡糖素水剂配施处理,西瓜根际土壤全氮、全磷及速效磷含量明显提高;冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)表明,土壤pH、全氮、速效磷、速效钾与西瓜根际细菌群落结构具有显著相关性(P<0.05);Spearman相关性分析表明,根际假单胞菌科相对丰度与土壤全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】黑曲霉菌剂在设施栽培西瓜种植中单独或与氨基寡糖素水剂配施处理,具有提高西瓜根际土壤细菌多样性、增加有益菌群相对丰度、改良土壤理化性质从而提高土壤肥力的作用,该结果为黑曲霉菌剂产品开发及在设施栽培西瓜种植中合理应用提供了科学依据。     

盐碱胁迫对小麦幼苗生长和根际细菌群落结构的影响

【背景】植物可通过改变根际微生物群落结构来减轻胁迫,但盐碱胁迫下小麦生长和根际细菌群落结构变化尚待明晰。【目的】明确盐碱胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及根际细菌群落结构变化。【方法】以添加NaCl和Na2CO3调节Hoagland营养液Na+浓度和pH来模拟盐碱胁迫,通过MiSeq高通量测序分析细菌群落结构。【结果】与无胁迫对照相比,单纯盐胁迫使小麦幼苗地上和地下部干重、叶绿素和根际土壤速效氮含量分别显著降低了25.0%、57.1%、21.2%和42.9%(P<0.05);小麦幼苗生长指标和根际土壤速效氮、速效磷、有机质含量及酶活性(除过氧化氢酶)随碱度升高而降低;所有处理的小麦幼苗根际优势菌门(丰度7.1%-71.5%)均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),优势属(丰度0.5%-5.1%)有肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、嗜多甲基菌属(Methyloversatilis)、固氮菌属(Azotobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和异根瘤菌属(Allorhizobium)。盐碱胁迫未显著...     

外来植物紫茎泽兰入侵对土壤理化性质及丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)群落的影响

为了揭示外来植物紫茎泽兰入侵对入侵地土壤丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)群落及相关肥力的影响,比较测定了紫茎泽兰不同入侵程度土壤理化性质、AMF侵染率及AMF群落的差异。结果表明,紫茎泽兰入侵降低了土壤pH,使土壤中有机碳、全氮和速效钾含量分别增加83.0%,106.9%和111.0%;尽管对全磷含量没有显著影响,但有机磷含量呈升高的趋势,而速效磷呈降低的趋势。紫茎泽兰入侵降低了本地植物的AMF侵染率;随着入侵程度的加深,土壤中以膨胀无梗囊霉(Acauospora dilatata)为优势种的AMF群落结构逐渐转变为以近明球囊霉(Glomus claroideum )为优势种的结构,紫茎泽兰可在其根周选择培育近明球囊霉,而对其它AMF种,特别是对膨胀无梗囊霉则存在抑制作用;基于各AMF种多度的聚类分析表明,形成紫茎泽兰单优群落土壤中各AMF种多度与未入侵的本地植物群落及入侵程度较轻的紫茎泽兰与本地植物群落之间存在明显分歧。综合分析推断认为,紫茎法兰入侵改变了入侵地土壤理化性状,抑制AMF对土著植物的侵染,改变AMF群落,并在其根周选择培育近明球囊霉,这可能是紫茎泽兰入侵及扩张的重要途径之一。     

腐熟紫茎泽兰对土壤细菌、养分和辣椒产量品质的影响

【目的】紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)内含对微生物、植物和动物有毒的化学物质,列为我国危害最严重的外侵植物,评价腐熟紫茎泽兰对土壤微生物和作物的毒性,有益于无害化处理生产有机肥。【方法】利用微生物菌剂腐熟紫茎泽兰,田间设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、单施紫茎泽兰有机肥(OF)、化肥配施紫茎泽兰有机肥(50%化肥+50%紫茎泽兰有机肥,CF+OF)等4种施肥处理,研究了紫茎泽兰有机肥对土壤细菌、养分和辣椒产量品质等的影响。【结果】在施用OF的土壤中,微生物碳氮高于CF、OF和CF+OF提高细菌群落的多样性指数,CF增加优势度指数。在4种施肥处理的土壤中,酸杆菌门和变形菌门均为优势门类,丰富度合计超过50%;在20种优势菌株中,有7株细菌普遍存在,6–8株细菌单独存在于不同处理土壤中。此外,在辣椒初果期,CF土壤中的有效养分含量较高;但至末果期,CF+OF处理的有效磷钾显著高于CF,碱解氮CF+OF与CF相似。施用CF+OF使辣椒吸收了较多的氮、磷、钾,辣椒产量比CF增加14.42%,并使果实游离氨基酸和维生素C含量提高,硝酸盐含量降低。【结论】紫茎泽兰有机肥兼具供肥改土作用,能提高土壤微生物生物量,丰富土壤细菌种群,增加辣椒产量,改善果实品质。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.