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1.
Korey J. Brownstein Mahmoud Gargouri William R. Folk David R. Gang 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2017,13(11):133
Introduction
Botanicals containing iridoid and phenylethanoid/phenylpropanoid glycosides are used worldwide for the treatment of inflammatory musculoskeletal conditions that are primary causes of human years lived with disability, such as arthritis and lower back pain.Objectives
We report the analysis of candidate anti-inflammatory metabolites of several endemic Scrophularia species and Verbascum thapsus used medicinally by peoples of North America.Methods
Leaves, stems, and roots were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was performed in MetaboAnalyst 3.0 after processing the datasets in Progenesis QI.Results
Comparison of the datasets revealed significant and differential accumulation of iridoid and phenylethanoid/phenylpropanoid glycosides in the tissues of the endemic Scrophularia species and Verbascum thapsus.Conclusions
Our investigation identified several species of pharmacological interest as good sources for harpagoside and other important anti-inflammatory metabolites.2.
Vanessa Samúdio dos Santos Flávio Alves Macedo Jean Silva do Vale Denise Brentan Silva Carlos Alexandre Carollo 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2017,13(6):72
Background
Plant systematic studies have changed substantially in the last years, stimulated by new strategies for phylogenetic studies. In this regard, chemistry data has been a useful tool for understanding plant phylogenetic relationships.Objective
Our aim was to apply metabolomic approaches, followed by multivariate statistical analysis and dereplication of Tabebuia sensu lato species, and compare our results with classifications based on traditional taxonomy and molecular phylogeny. We also evaluated the application of metabolomics as a chemotaxonomic identification tool, as well as to enlighten plant chemical evolution.Methods
Metabolomic data was generated through a high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization of 27 Tabebuia sensu lato specimens from different populations, consisting of 15 Handroanthus (from four species) and 12 Tabebuia sensu stricto (from three species). Chemometric tools, such as principal component analysis and metabolite heatmaps, were used to scrutinize the metabolic changes among species.Results
Tabebuia and Handroanthus species presented different secondary metabolite storage capacity. The genus Tabebuia revealed higher levels of glycosylated iridoids esterified with a phenylpropanoid moiety, such as specioside, verminoside, and minecoside, while Handroanthus accumulated iridoids linked to a simple phenol, lignans, and verbascoside derivatives.Conclusion
These results corroborate splitting the Tabebuia s.l., which was supported by profound changes in secondary metabolism, suggesting metabolomics as an excellent tool for understanding species evolution.3.
Xiaoxiao Liu Mollie Enright Cornelius S. Barry A. Daniel Jones 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2017,13(7):85
Introduction
Acylsugar specialized metabolites function as defenses against insect herbivores, and are the most abundant specialized metabolites produced in Solanaceous trichomes. Metabolite profiling provides the foundation for determining the genetic basis of specialized metabolism and its evolution.Objectives
To profile and identify acylsugar specialized metabolites in three Petunia species: P. axillaris, P. integrifolia and P. exserta.Methods
Metabolites were profiled using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/TOF MS). Metabolites were purified using solid phase extraction and HPLC, and structures were established using NMR spectroscopy.Results
Twenty-eight distinct acylsucrose formulas, representing a sampling of more than 100 different detected chemical forms, were purified from three Petunia species and structures have been proposed based on one- and two-dimensional NMR data. 15 of the 28 purified acylsugars were sucrose pentaesters that possess a malonyl group on the fructose ring. These malonate esters can be readily distinguished from other acylsugars based on distinct masses of pseudomolecular ions and fragment ions generated using multiplexed collision-induced dissociation. Chemical diversity of acylsugars was observed between Petunia species, particularly with respect to the lengths of acyl chains and specific acylation positions.Conclusions
These findings suggest substrate selectivity of various acyltransferases in Petunia species.4.
Chih-Yueh Liu Chang-Ching Weng Chih-Hsiang Lin Chiou-Ying Yang Kwok-Kong Tony Mong Yaw-Kuen Li 《Biotechnology letters》2017,39(3):407-413
Objectives
A Neissaria bacterial pilus sugar, bacillosamine, was synthesized and, for the first time, used as a probe to screen a single-chain variable fragment (scFv).Results
Four Neisseria, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria sicca and Neisseria subflava, and two negative controls, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, were tested through ELISA, immunostaining and gold nanoparticle immunological assay. All results indicated that the selected scFv is feasible for the specific detection of Neisseria species via the recognition of bacillosamine.Conclusions
The recombinant scFv could detect Neisseria strains at 106 CFU/ml.5.
Isis Leite Medeiros Mascarenhas Andrade Marcelo Schramm Mielke Nivaldo Peroni Alexandre Schiavetti 《Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine》2018,14(1):80
Background
Traditional raft (jangada), piúba wood raft (jangada de pau de piúba), six-log raft (jangada de seis paus), and wooden raft (jangada de pau) are some of the names given to the traditional Brazilian watercrafts created from the buoyancy of bound logs. The traditional raft is a watercraft used and built by artisan fishermen who have, throughout generations, kept and improved knowledge related to this practice and the use of the plant species they need as raw materials. Active groups of these fishermen and their watercrafts are distributed along 200?km of the coast of the state of Bahia. The fishermen interviewed in this study are at the southern limit of distribution for the use of this type of vessel.Methods
This study aimed to characterize the use of the arboreal species applied in the construction of the traditional raft in the municipalities of Uruçuca, Ilhéus, and Canavieiras in the southern State of Bahia, Brazil. For this purpose, structured and semi-structured interviews were individually conducted with 36 fishermen, and walking tours were conducted with specialists in the construction of the watercraft.Results
We observed that the raftsmen use 21 species to construct the traditional raft. The features of the wood, such as density, flexibility, and availability, are the main criteria applied to choose the arboreal species. Some species are preferred, such as pau de jangada (Apeiba tibourbou) and biriba (Eschweilera ovata), which are the most frequently employed in watercraft manufacturing.Conclusions
The southern Bahia population is familiar with the different tree species that are linked to their fishing activities. The main link between the fishermen and the useful species is present in the practice of raft construction. Currently, the restricted access to raw materials limits this practice, which consequently results in the cultural erosion of this community.6.
Cicheng Zhang Xiaoyan Li Huawu Wu Pei Wang Yang Wang Xiuchen Wu Wei Li Yongmei Huang 《Plant and Soil》2017,419(1-2):169-187
Background and aims
Understanding the responses of different plant species to changes in available water sources is critical for accurately modeling and predicting species dynamics. Our study aimed to explore whether there were differences in water-use strategies between the two coexisting shrubs (Reaumuria soongorica and Nitraria sphaerocarpa) in response to different amounts of summer precipitation.Methods
We conducted 3 years of field observations at three sites along an aridity gradient from the middle to lower reaches of the Heihe River basin, northwestern China. Stable oxygen composition (δ18O) in plant xylem water, soil water and groundwater were analyzed concurrently with ecophysiological measurements at monthly intervals during the growing seasons.Results
Water source for coexisting R. soongorica and N. sphaerocarpa did not differ at the sites with high precipitation, but significantly differed in more arid locations. The N. sphaerocarpa was more sensitive to summer precipitation than R. soongorica in terms of predawn water potential, stomatal conductance and foliage carbon-isotope discrimination.Conclusions
The plants relying on groundwater maintained consistent water use strategies, but not plants that took up precipitation-derived water. We also found that the difference in water source uptake between the coexisting species was more apparent in more arid locations.7.
Leaf litter thickness,but not plant species,can affect root detection by ground penetrating radar 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Toko Tanikawa Hidetoshi Ikeno Masako Dannoura Keitarou Yamase Kenji Aono Yasuhiro Hirano 《Plant and Soil》2016,399(1-2):271-282
Aim
Ground penetrating radar (GPR), a nondestructive tool that can detect coarse tree roots, has not yet become a mature technology for use in forests. In this study, we asked two questions concerning this technology: (i) Does the leaf litter layer influence root detection and major indices based on the time interval between zero crossings (T) and the amplitude area (A)? (ii) Can GPR images discriminate roots of different plant species?Methods
Roots buried in a sandy bed, which was covered with different thicknesses of leaf litter, were scanned using a 900 MHz GPR antenna. Roots of four plant species in the bed were also scanned.Results
Leaf litter decreased root reflections without distorting the shape of the hyperbolas in the radar profile. A values decreased with increasing litter thickness, whereas T was independent of litter thickness. For all species combined, GPR indices were significantly correlated with root diameter.Conclusions
Leaf litter dramatically decreased root detection, but the influence of the litter could be ignored when the sum of T for all reflection waveforms (ΣT) is adopted to estimate root diameter. To use A values to detect roots, litter should be removed or equalized in thickness. Radar profiles could not reliably differentiate among roots belonging to plants of different species.8.
F. Cheikhrouhou R. Guidara A. Masmoudi H. Trabelsi S. Neji H. Sellami F. Makni A. Ayadi 《Mycopathologia》2017,182(5-6):583-589
Aim
Malassezia folliculitis is caused by the invasion of hair follicles by large numbers of Malassezia cells. Several Malassezia researches still use cultures, morphology and biochemical techniques. The aim of this study was to identify Malassezia species isolated from patients diagnosed with folliculitis, at the Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory of Sfax University Hospital, and to explore the genetic diversity of Malassezia by using PCR-RFLP and PCR-sequencing targeting the rDNA region of the Malassezia genome.Patients and Methods
Specimens were taken from 27 patients with Malassezia folliculitis. For the molecular identification, PCR amplification of the 26S rDNAD1/D2 region was carried out using the Malup and Maldown primers and three restriction enzymes (BanI, MspI and HeaII) for RFLP analysis. The nucleotide sequences of each isolate were compared to those in the NCBI GenBank by using BLASTIN algorithm.Results
Three species of Malassezia yeasts were identified among the 31 Malassezia strains isolated: M. globosa (83.9%), M. sympodialis (12. 9%) and M. furfur (3.2%). The sequence analysis of M. globosa showed six genotypes.Conclusion
There is a high genotypic variability of M. globosa colonizing patients with folliculitis.9.
10.
Thijs Welle Anna T. Hoekstra Ineke A. J. J. M. Daemen Celia R. Berkers Matheus O. Costa 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2017,13(7):83
Introduction
Swine dysentery caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is a production limiting disease in pig farming. Currently antimicrobial therapy is the only treatment and control method available.Objective
The aim of this study was to characterize the metabolic response of porcine colon explants to infection by B. hyodysenteriae.Methods
Porcine colon explants exposed to B. hyodysenteriae were analyzed for histopathological, metabolic and pro-inflammatory gene expression changes.Results
Significant epithelial necrosis, increased levels of l-citrulline and IL-1α were observed on explants infected with B. hyodysenteriae.Conclusions
The spirochete induces necrosis in vitro likely through an inflammatory process mediated by IL-1α and NO.11.
Alice Noble Sheila M. Palmer David J. Glaves Alistair Crowle Joseph Holden 《Plant and Soil》2017,419(1-2):41-52
Background and aims
Peatland moss communities play an important role in ecosystem function. Drivers such as fire and atmospheric pollution have the capacity to influence mosses via multiple pathways. Here, we investigate physical and chemical processes which may influence establishment and growth of three key moss species in peatlands.Methods
A controlled factorial experiment investigated the effects of different peat bulk density, ash deposition and rainwater chemistry treatments on the growth of Sphagnum capillifolium, S. fallax and Campylopus introflexus.Results
Higher peat bulk density limited growth of both Sphagnum species. S. capillifolium and C. introflexus responded positively to ash deposition. Less polluted rain limited growth of C. introflexus. Biomass was well correlated with percentage cover in all three species.Conclusions
Peat bulk density increases caused by fire or drainage can limit Sphagnum establishment and growth, potentially threatening peatland function. Ash inputs may have direct benefits for some Sphagnum species, but are also likely to increase competition from other bryophytes and vascular plants which may offset positive effects. Rainwater pollution may similarly increase competition to Sphagnum, and could enhance positive effects of ash addition on C. introflexus growth. Finally, cover can provide a useful approximation of biomass where destructive sampling is undesirable.12.
Jéronime Marie-Ange Sènami Ouachinou Gbèwonmèdéa Hospice Dassou Akomian Fortuné Azihou Aristide Cossi Adomou Hounnankpon Yédomonhan 《Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine》2018,14(1):66
Background
We undertook ethnobotanical and ecological studies on fodder plants grazed by cattle across Benin national area. The study aims to ascertain the top priority fodder plants in order to catalogue the indigenous knowledge regarding their use.Methods
Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and covered 690 breeders and 40 days of pasture walk. These were analysed using similarity index of Jaccard (IS), relative frequency citation (RFC) and fodder value during pasture walk (FVPW).Results
We documented a total of 257 fodder plant species, of which 116 recorded during ethnobotanical investigations and 195 during pasture walk. These species belong to 181 genera and 54 families. Both methods shared 52 species. Leaves (58%) and leafy stem (28%) were the most grazed parts of plant. The most common species used as fodder included Andropogon gayanus, Panicum maximum, Pterocarpus erinaceus and Flueggea virosa. The top species with a highest FVPW were Panicum maximum and Pterocarpus erinaceus. A total of 16 species were considered as top fodder plants in Benin.Conclusions
The wide diversity of plants reported indicates that there is a number of promising fodder species in the flora of Benin. The insight gained in this study relating to bovine feeds could guide in the selection and introduction of feed innovations that could improve livestock production.13.
Muriel Vincent Marta Romano Francis Corazza Kris Huygen Olivier Michel Olivier Denis 《Mycopathologia》2017,182(3-4):319-329
Background
Data on mould sensitization in the general population are scarce and mostly on Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium herbarum.Objectives
To validate a dot-blot assay for the detection of specific IgE and evaluate the prevalence of mould sensitization in a healthy population.Methods
The dot-blot assay was validated against the CAP test. Sensitization rate to ten common indoor and outdoor mould species in 344 serum samples was calculated. For each serum with more than one reactivity, the “major sensitization” defined as the strongest response against a single mould species was calculated.Results
Intra- and inter-assay variations were both below 20%, and the positivity threshold of the test was of 0.418 kU/L for A. fumigatus. Correlation with CAP results was strong. The overall prevalence of sensitization was 32.8%, and the commonest sensitizations were against A. alternaria, A. flavus and A. niger (around 15%). The most frequent “major reactivities” were against A. niger and A. alternata (20–30%). In 25.1% of the samples, “major reactivities” were directed against a group of moulds commonly found indoor (Penicillium spp., Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium sphaerospermum and Cladosporium cladosporioides).Conclusions
The dot-blot assay was validated for the detection of mould-specific IgE. In the general population, sensitization to indoor species was common and accounted for 25% of overall mould sensitizations.14.
Gaoxiang Huang Changfeng Ding Fuyu Guo Taolin Zhang Xingxiang Wang 《Plant and Soil》2018,425(1-2):231-240
Background and aims
Intraspecific aggregation of plant individuals can promote species coexistence by delaying competitive exclusions. However, such impacts may differ among species with contrasting spatial architecture and rely on the spatial distribution of resources.Methods
We grew a phalanx clonal plant Carex neurocarpa (with aggregated ramets) and a guerilla one Bolboschoenus planiculmis (with diffused ramets) in monocultures or in 1:1 mixtures with an even or a clustered distribution pattern of the two species in homogeneous or heterogeneous soils.Results
After 16 months, shoot biomass and ramet number were greater in mixtures than in monocultures in C. neurocarpa, but smaller in B. planiculmis. However, the growth of neither C. neurocarpa nor B. planiculmis differed between even and clustered mixtures. Soil nutrient heterogeneity did not significantly affect the growth of either species, but increased relative yield of B. planiculmis and decreased that of C. neurocarpa.Conclusions
The relative importance of intra- vs. interspecific competition depends on the spatial architecture of plants, and soil nutrient heterogeneity slows down competitive exclusion by decreasing differences in competitive ability between plants. However, our results do not support the idea that intraspecific aggregation of individuals alters competitive interactions between species.15.
Nicholas J. Bond Albert Koulman Julian L. Griffin Zoe Hall 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2017,13(11):128
Introduction
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) experiments result in complex multi-dimensional datasets, which require specialist data analysis tools.Objectives
We have developed massPix—an R package for analysing and interpreting data from MSI of lipids in tissue.Methods
massPix produces single ion images, performs multivariate statistics and provides putative lipid annotations based on accurate mass matching against generated lipid libraries.Results
Classification of tissue regions with high spectral similarly can be carried out by principal components analysis (PCA) or k-means clustering.Conclusion
massPix is an open-source tool for the analysis and statistical interpretation of MSI data, and is particularly useful for lipidomics applications.16.
Qianqian Wang Yixiang Xu Jiaqi Xu Xudong Wang Chen Shen Yan Zhang Xiufeng Liu Boyang Yu Jian Zhang 《Biotechnology letters》2017,39(8):1229-1235
Objectives
To characterize glycosyltransferases from Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and investigate their substrate specificity towards plant polyphenols.Results
Among the cloned and expressed six UDP-glycosyltransferases (BsGT1-6), BsGT-1 showed activity with a wide range of polyphenols: morin, quercetin, alizarin, rehin, curcumin and aloe emodin. The gene of BsGT-1 has an ORF of 1206 bp encoding 402 amino acids. The recombinant enzyme was purified to homogeneity by Ni–NTA affinity chromatograph, and its biochemical characteristics were identified by HPLC–UV/MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. BsGT-1 has an MW of approx. 46 kDa as indicated by SDS-PAGE; its activity was optimal at 40 °C and pH 8.5. The Km value of BsGT-1 towards morin was 110 μM.Conclusions
BsGT-1 from B. subtilis was cloned. It had high catalytic capabilities towards polyphenols which would make it feasible for the structural modification of polyphenols.17.
Olusegun O. Osunkoya Olufemi A. Akinsanmi Layla S. A. Lim Christine Perrett Jason Callander Kunjithapatham Dhileepan 《Plant and Soil》2017,412(1-2):177-188
Background and aims
Competition from the annual grass Bromus tectorum threatens aridland perennial bunchgrass communities. Unlike annuals, perennials must allocate part of their first year nitrogen (N) budget to storage rather than growth, potentially placing them at a competitive disadvantage.Methods
We evaluated N acquisition and conservation for two perennial bunchgrasses, Agropyron desertorum and Pseudoroegneria spicata, at the seedling stage to investigate potential trade-offs between storage and growth when grown with and without B. tectorum under two levels of soil N.Results
Agropyron desertorum had higher growth rates, N uptake, and N productivity than P. spicata when grown without B. tectorum, but trait values were similarly low for both species under competition. Without competition, N resorption was poor under high soil N, but it was equally proficient among species under competition.Conclusions
A. desertorum had higher growth rates and N productivity than P. spicata without competition, suggesting these traits may in part promote its greater success in restoration programs. However, B. tectorum neighbors reduced its trait advantage. As plant traits become more integral to restoration ecology, understanding how N capture and conservation traits vary across candidate species and under competition may improve our ability to select species with the highest likelihood of establishing in arid, nutrient-limited systems.18.
Marie GB Hansen Mette Christoffersen Line R Thuesen Morten R Petersen Anders M Bojesen 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2010,52(1):3
Background
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are able to infect horses. However, the extend to which Danish horses are infected and seroconvert due to these two bacteria is unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum in Danish horses.Methods
A total of 390 blood samples collected from all major regions of Denmark and with a geographical distribution corresponding to the density of the Danish horse population were analyzed. All samples were examined for the presence of antibodies against B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum by the use of the SNAP®4DX ® ELISA test.Results
Overall, 29.0% of the horses were seropositive for B. burgdorferi sensu lato whereas 22.3% were seropositive for A. phagocytophilum.Conclusions
Antibodies against B burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum are commonly found among Danish horses thus showing that Danish horses are frequently infected by these organisms.19.
Objective
To construct a promoter probe vector, pBE-bgaB, to screen strong promoters from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.Results
266 colonies containing active promoter elements from the genomic DNA of B. amyloliquefaciens were identified. Among these, promoter P41 exhibited the strongest β-Gal activity in Escherichia coli and B. amyloliquefaciens. Sequence analysis showed that promoter P41 contained P ykuN , a ykuN gene encoding flavodoxin. Optimization of the ribosome-binding site from P41 to P382 improved β-Gal activity by ~ 200%.Conclusion
A new strong promoter for protein expression and genetic engineering of Bacillus species.20.