弯齿风毛菊花部器官的海拔变异及其与种子质量和数目的关系

以青藏高原东北缘的12个弯齿风毛菊居群为对象,分析花部器官随海拔的变异机制及其与种子质量和数目的关系.结果表明:当海拔在3500~4500 m时,花丝长、花药长、花柱长和花柱分支长分别为0.52~1.01、0.23~0.63、0.74~1.58和0.11~0.22 cm,且均随海拔的升高而显著增长,而花粉数量(26.5×10^4~73.5×10^4)显著下降;花粉数量与花丝长、花柱长及花柱分支长均呈显著负相关,花柱长与花丝长呈显著正相关;种子数目与花丝长、花柱长及花柱分支长均呈显著负相关,与花粉数量呈显著正相关;百粒重与花丝长、花柱长及花柱分支长均呈显著正相关,与花粉数量呈显著负相关.随着海拔的升高,弯齿风毛菊在花期选择延长花部器官的长度来增大昆虫对花粉的携带量和输入量,到果期生产出具有更强竞争优势和生存能力的大种子(质量大、数量少)来提高适合度.     

羌塘雪兔子繁殖特征及资源分配的海拔差异

植物种群的生殖特性和资源配置策略是植物生活史研究的重要内容之一,对于理解和预测植被结构和全球变化过程中的适应策略至关重要。该文以青藏高原特有风毛菊属植物羌塘雪兔子(Saussurea wellbyi)为试验材料,分析6个海拔梯度18个居群的花期繁殖特征的变化,并用异速生长模型分析资源投入及资源分配的个体大小依赖关系。结果显示:(1)个体大小、繁殖器官生物量、营养器官生物量、管状小花数目、雄蕊重量、花药长度及花粉数与海拔高度呈负相关(P<0.05),管状小花重量、雌蕊重量、花丝长度及花柱长度与海拔高度呈正相关(P<0.01);(2)营养分配与海拔高度呈负相关(P<0.01),繁殖分配与海拔高度呈正相关(P<0.01);(3)管状小花的数量与重量(P<0.05)、雌蕊重量与雄蕊重量(P<0.01)、花丝长度与花药长度(P<0.01)、花丝长度与花粉数(P<0.01)之间均存在权衡关系;(4)资源投入及资源分配在不同海拔间与个体大小都呈显著正相关(P<0.05),且截距在海拔间差异极显著(P<0.01)。综合分析认为:羌塘雪兔子在不同海拔下的繁殖特征以及大小依赖的资源投入和资源分配模式是羌塘雪兔子与其所处的高山环境长期适应和进化的结果。     

刺五加花的形态学及雄蕊异长现象的观察

刺五加Eleuthercoccocus senticosus (Rupr．et Maxim．)Maxim．具有花丝长度不同的三种植株类型,本文报道了其花序和花的形态结构,开花式样,异长雄蕊现象及相应的花柱长度。结果表明：长花丝长3．96～4. 44mm ,短花丝长0．45～0．93mm,中花丝长2．16～3．08mm。伴随异长雄蕊特征的其它表现在于花药大小、花药形状和颜色、花粉大小、花粉数量、柱头宽度和雌雄蕊育性。其中,长花丝对应的花药饱满、白色、花粉量大、花柱较短、雌性败育;短花丝对应的花药小、黄褐色、无花粉、花柱较长、雌性可育;中花丝对应的花药中等、花粉粒较大、雄性半不育、雌性可育。据此,刺五加被认为是单全异株的,其长花丝类型是雄性、短花丝类型是雌性、中花丝类型是两性的。另外,对三种性别形态类型的关系进行了讨论,并认为将雌株作为变种“短蕊刺五加”var.brevistaminea 显然是不恰当的。     

青藏高原老芒麦落粒动态与农艺性状及地理分布关系研究

该试验以6份来自青藏高原东北缘老芒麦为研究材料,利用断裂拉伸张力(BTS)法评价其不同发育时期落粒率,并分析落粒率与其他农艺性状和地理信息的相关性,为老芒麦种子生产及低落粒种质筛选提供参考。结果表明:(1)老芒麦种子落粒率在抽穗后1周和2周较低,而在抽穗后3周与4周有所升高,在抽穗后5周种子落粒率最高(BTS=0.52N);供试材料ZHN03在测定时期内种子落粒率均低于其他材料,而材料XH09在抽穗后5周种子落粒率最高(BTS=0.33N)。(2)在种子脱落期间,低落粒与高落粒老芒麦的6个农艺性状变化趋势相似;老芒麦落粒性与5个农艺性状有密切关联,其中BTS值与穗长、小穗数和小穗小花数呈显著正相关关系,与芒长和千粒重具有极显著正相关关系。(3)老芒麦穗长与纬度间具有极显著负相关关系,芒长与纬度间具有显著负相关关系;千粒重与经度间具有极显著负相关关系,与海拔间具有极显著正相关关系;BTS值与小穗数呈显著正相关关系,与芒长和小穗小花数呈极显著正相关关系,而与地理分布并无显著相关性。(4)依据农艺性状可将供试材料分为3类,第Ⅰ类(HZ02、LT04与XH09)材料落粒较高,第Ⅱ类材料(MQ01与LQ03)具中等落粒性,第Ⅲ类为落粒最低的ZHN03。研究发现,供试老芒麦落粒性随种子成熟而增加;落粒率因材料及种子发育时期不同而有所变化,且在抽穗后4~5周各材料间的落粒性差异显著;老芒麦的落粒性与其穗长、小穗数、芒长、千粒重和小穗小花数存在较密切的相关性。     

狮牙草状风毛菊果期资源分配对海拔的响应

植物资源分配是目前植物生态学研究的热点问题, 主要集中在性分配和繁殖分配两个方面。该研究以分布在青藏高原的狮牙草状风毛菊(Saussurea leontodontoides)作为研究材料, 研究了6个海拔高度上果期植株的繁殖特征及资源分配的差异, 并用异速模型分析了繁殖性状及资源分配与个体大小的关系。结果显示: 1)狮牙草状风毛菊的个体大小、繁殖器官生物量、营养器官生物量、种子数和营养分配均与海拔存在极显著负相关关系, 百粒质量和繁殖分配与海拔存在极显著正相关关系。2)在不同海拔高度下, 百粒质量、种子数、繁殖器官生物量及营养分配与植株个体大小呈正相关关系; 繁殖分配与植株个体大小呈负相关关系; 而营养器官生物量与植株个体大小呈极显著正相关关系。这表明海拔和个体大小对狮牙草状风毛菊的繁殖对策有不同程度的影响, 狮牙草状风毛菊通过增加繁殖部分的生物量和百粒质量来适应高海拔的胁迫环境。     

Response of resource allocation of Saussurea leontodontoides during its fruiting stage to the elevation

植物资源分配是目前植物生态学研究的热点问题, 主要集中在性分配和繁殖分配两个方面。该研究以分布在青藏高原的狮牙草状风毛菊(Saussurea leontodontoides)作为研究材料, 研究了6个海拔高度上果期植株的繁殖特征及资源分配的差异, 并用异速模型分析了繁殖性状及资源分配与个体大小的关系。结果显示: 1)狮牙草状风毛菊的个体大小、繁殖器官生物量、营养器官生物量、种子数和营养分配均与海拔存在极显著负相关关系, 百粒质量和繁殖分配与海拔存在极显著正相关关系。2)在不同海拔高度下, 百粒质量、种子数、繁殖器官生物量及营养分配与植株个体大小呈正相关关系; 繁殖分配与植株个体大小呈负相关关系; 而营养器官生物量与植株个体大小呈极显著正相关关系。这表明海拔和个体大小对狮牙草状风毛菊的繁殖对策有不同程度的影响, 狮牙草状风毛菊通过增加繁殖部分的生物量和百粒质量来适应高海拔的胁迫环境。     

青藏高原东缘星状风毛菊生殖分配对海拔的响应

通过采样调查法和烘干称量法, 检测了青藏高原东缘不同海拔20个居群星状风毛菊(Saussurea stella)的花部特征, 研究其花部特征对海拔及个体大小的响应。结果表明: 1)繁殖分配是依赖个体大小的, 个体越大, 繁殖分配越小; 2)花期繁殖器官和营养器官的生物量、头状花序的数量及大小、雌雄功能以及雄性内部花丝与花粉之间均存在资源分配上的权衡; 3)星状风毛菊通过花部特征的变异响应海拔的变化。研究发现, 星状风毛菊通过花部特征的变异, 特别是花柱和花丝的伸长及投入更多资源于吸引结构花瓣, 以此来补偿该种在高海拔地区因传粉者减少、活动频率降低和花粉数减少等因素对传粉带来的影响, 使其能够在高海拔的胁迫环境下有效地传粉, 完成有性繁殖。     

亏缺灌溉对干旱区两种乡土植物种子生产性能及其水分利用效率的影响

科学灌溉对植物种子生产具有重要意义。本研究以荒漠草原优良乡土植物沙芦草和牛枝子为对象,以充分灌溉为对照,探究不同生育时期亏缺灌溉对两种牧草种子生产和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明: 与对照相比,亏缺灌溉下两种植物土壤含水率下降,其中沙芦草土壤含水率下降主要发生在0～60 cm土层,牛枝子土壤水分下降未出现明显的分层现象。亏缺灌溉下沙芦草种子产量各构成因子差异均显著,开花期亏缺灌溉种子产量最高;牛枝子仅生殖枝数、小花数和荚果数差异显著,种子产量各处理差异不显著。相关分析显示,沙芦草种子产量与生殖枝数(r=0.776)、小穗数(r=0.717)呈显著正相关;牛枝子花序数与生殖枝数呈极显著负相关(r=-0.685),与小花数呈显著正相关(r=0.412)。与充分灌溉相比,亏缺灌溉下两种乡土植物种子生产耗水量减少,水分利用效率提高,其中,沙芦草开花期亏缺灌溉水分利用效率提高最多(32.9%);牛枝子分枝期亏缺灌溉提高最多(27.4%)。因此,适当亏缺灌溉可以提高两种植物水分利用效率。从水分利用效率和种子产量来看,干旱区沙芦草和牛枝子种子人工繁育时可采取亏缺灌溉,适宜亏缺的生育期分别为开花期和分枝期。     

植物组织培养简报摘编

花粉粒处于单核期的花丝接种在培养基(1)上10天后,切口处产生淡黄色的愈伤组织。愈伤组织转移到培养基(2)上14天后分化出芽或根。小苗抽苔后长出黄色的花蕾,开出小花。花器小、数量少。雄蕊的花丝长度不是明显的四强雄蕊。花药壁发育尚好,花粉数量少,发育不正常,未获得种子。     

天津沿海滩涂互花米草种群生殖分株数量特征及生殖分配研究

通过对天津沿海滩涂单优群落的取样调查,研究了互花米草种群生殖分株的数量特征和生殖分配规律。结果表明,在籽实成熟期,互花米草种群单个生殖分株重为15.62±9.26 g,穗和种子重分别为2.68±2.08和1.39±1.12 g,小穗和种子数分别为537.7±362.2和490.2±376.3个,生殖分配Ⅰ和生殖分配Ⅱ分别为15.02±5.83和7.62±3.8%,结实率为81.9 ±28.6%。穗和种子的形成分别需要分株积累3.2和3.6 g以上的生物量。穗长、穗重、种子数、小穗数、生殖分配Ⅰ和生殖分配Ⅱ分别与分株高度呈极显著(p<0.01)的正相关关系。穗重、小穗数、种子重、种子数、生殖分配Ⅰ和生殖分配Ⅱ分别与分株重呈极显著(p<0.01)的线性正相关关系。种子数、小穗数、生殖分配Ⅰ和生殖分配Ⅱ分别与茎和叶鞘生物量分配呈极显著(p<0.01)的负相关关系。穗各构件在空间上的分布也存在较强的规律性。     

Floral organ growth and carbohydrate content during pollen development in Lilium

In order to understand floral sugar physiology, we correlated the growth of the organs with carbohydrate content in the flower of Lilium cv. “enchantment” during pollen development. In a previous work, we distinguished two phases in pollen ontogenesis: the anther growth phase, from the microspore mother cell until the vacuolated microspore, and the anther maturation phase, from the vacuolated microspore until anthesis. In the present work, we showed that during the growth phase, the anther underwent most of its size and dry weight growth, whereas the growth rate of nonanther organs was reduced. Anther and filament possessed the highest amounts of carbohydrates, which decreased progressively until the vacuolated microspore stage. During the maturation phase, sucrose and starch increased in all floral organs. Anther growth was completed at the Mi stage, whereas the nonanther organs began exponential growth. From these observations, we concluded that hierarchic nutritional correlations exist between the flower organs, in which the anther is the main actor: during the anther growth phase, the anther represents the highest sink strength floral organ, and mainly attracts assimilates through the filament. During the anther maturation phase, anther growth is achieved, its needs decrease, and assimilates are thus available for neighboring organs, which undergo intense growth until anthesis.     

Development of distylous flowers and investment of biomass in male and female function in Palicourea padifolia (Rubiaceae)

Knowledge of developmental pathways for achieving differences in style and anther heights, in concert with those of ancillary features accompanied with data in regard to biomass investment to male and female function, provide an excellent opportunity for examining the developmental correlations between primary and ancillary floral traits so as to understand the evolution of heterostyly. The ontogenetic relationships between bud length and anther height and between bud length and style height, and between bud length versus bud width, anther length, and number of pollen grains per anther for long-styled (LS) and short-styled (SS) morphs of P. PADIFOLIA are described. We also described the ontogenetic biomass allocation to male and female function and to corolla with elongation of buds harvested at regular intervals. We observed an early termination of stylar growth in SS buds, whereas LS styles steadily increased in size. Morph differences for relative growth rates were significant for anther height, anther length, and pollen number but not for bud width. Bud width and anther length had a negative allometric relationship with bud elongation. The relationship between bud length and number of pollen grains per anther was positive and morph differences in pollen number were detected at later stages of development. An increase in corolla mass involved a disproportionate allocation to the female function in SS flowers and male allocation was similar for the two morphs over the course of development. Our results are consistent with theoretical and empirical data for distylous species with an approach herkogamous ancestor, and with the more general hypothesis of ontogenetic lability of heterostyly, in which morph differences in style and anther heights are achieved in various ways. Variations observed in sexual investment between floral morphs suggest differences in sex expression during flower development.     

Auxin regulates Arabidopsis anther dehiscence, pollen maturation, and filament elongation

We provide evidence on the localization, synthesis, transport, and effects of auxin on the processes occurring late in Arabidopsis thaliana stamen development: anther dehiscence, pollen maturation, and preanthesis filament elongation. Expression of auxin-sensitive reporter constructs suggests that auxin effects begin in anthers between the end of meiosis and the bilocular stage in the somatic tissues involved in the first step of dehiscence as well as in the microspores and in the junction region between anther and filament. In situ hybridizations of the auxin biosynthetic genes YUC2 and YUC6 suggest that auxin is synthesized in anthers. In agreement with the timing of auxin effects, the TIR1, AFB1, AFB2, and AFB3 auxin receptor-encoding genes are transcribed in anthers only during late stages of development starting at the end of meiosis. We found that in tir1 afb triple and quadruple mutants, anther dehiscence and pollen maturation occur earlier than in the wild type, causing the release of mature pollen grains before the completion of filament elongation. We also assessed the contribution of auxin transport to late stamen developmental processes. Our results suggest that auxin synthesized in anthers plays a major role in coordinating anther dehiscence and pollen maturation, while auxin transport contributes to the independent regulation of preanthesis filament elongation.     

花内雄蕊分化及其适应意义

对花内雄蕊存在显著分化的现象进行了分析与归纳, 总结了花内雄蕊分化的各种主要形式及其繁殖适应意义。“花内雄蕊分化”是指花内雄蕊与雄蕊之间存在显著分化的现象, 这一概念可以把二强雄蕊、四强雄蕊和异型雄蕊等以往单独进行研究的相关性状结合起来, 并明确区分了几种新的花内雄蕊分化形式, 以期更准确全面地认识这些相关性状的适应意义与进化。该文将花内雄蕊分化区别为花丝的分化、花药的分化、雄蕊合生的分化、雄蕊运动的分化、退化雄蕊5大类。花丝的分化主要是花丝长度的分化, 如四强雄蕊、二强雄蕊和单强雄蕊; 花药分化主要指花药颜色、花药与花粉粒大小和花药开裂时间等的分化; 雄蕊合生的分化主要体现为花内部分雄蕊合生而部分雄蕊离生; 雄蕊运动的分化指的是花内雄蕊在运动时间或方式上存在差异, 造成雄蕊处于不同的成熟阶段和位于不同的空间位置; 退化雄蕊则是花内部分雄蕊失去了生产花粉的繁殖功能, 通常也发生了花药形态上的巨大改变。异型雄蕊不仅存在花丝和花药的形态分化, 还存在着明显的功能分化, 是分化程度很高的一类特殊的花内雄蕊分化形式。一些特殊的繁育系统, 如异长花柱和镜像花柱等在种内不同个体上存在着不同形式的花内雄蕊分化。花内雄蕊分化在花内造成了多个不同的花药位置, 在很大程度上影响了雌雄异位程度, 对植物自交与异交水平、花内雌雄功能干扰等有着潜在作用; 花内雄蕊分化形成的多个不同空间位置的雄蕊还增加了对多种访花者的吸引与适应潜力, 有可能影响到访花者的类型与访花行为, 得以适应多种传粉者。此外, 花内雄蕊分化可将花粉逐渐分批次分发给访花者, 提高花粉散布效率, 可看成是“花粉呈现理论”所指的花粉装配与分发机制之一。现有的实验研究发现, 花内雄蕊分化能够吸引传粉者、保护正常花药和花粉、促进花粉散发(降低花粉竞争)、实行延迟自交和降低花内雌雄功能干扰等。花内雄蕊分化还缺少系统研究, 有些雄蕊分化形式如单强雄蕊和雄蕊运动的分化还没有针对性的实验揭示其适应意义, 鸭跖草科和某些豆科植物的雄蕊三型分化等现象也缺少进化适应意义的研究。花内雄蕊分化对植物雌性和雄性适合度可能不同的影响、如何与访花者相互作用、如何与其它花部特征一起影响植物繁殖过程等, 可能是这一领域值得今后优先研究的课题。     

Epidermal jasmonate perception is sufficient for all aspects of jasmonate‐mediated male fertility in Arabidopsis

Jasmonate (JA) signaling is essential for several environmental responses and reproductive development in many plant species. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the most obvious phenotype of JA biosynthetic and perception mutants is profound sporophytic male sterility characterized by failure of stamen filament elongation, severe delay of anther dehiscence and pollen inviability. The site of action of JA in the context of reproductive development has been discussed, but the ideas have not been tested experimentally. To this end we used targeted expression of a COI1‐YFP transgene in the coi1‐1 mutant background. As COI1 is an essential component of the JA co‐receptor complex, the null coi1‐1 mutant is male sterile due to lack of JA perception. We show that expression of COI1‐YFP in the epidermis of the stamen filament and anther in coi1 mutant plants is sufficient to rescue filament elongation, anther dehiscence and pollen viability. In contrast, filament expression alone or expression in the tapetum do not restore dehiscence and pollen viability. These results demonstrate that epidermal JA perception is sufficient for anther function and pollen viability, and suggest the presence of a JA‐dependent non‐autonomous signal produced in the anther epidermis to synchronize both anther dehiscence and pollen maturation.     

Genetic and environmental variation in anther,pollen and pistil dimensions in sesame

Measurements of anther (length, width, depth), pollen grain (percent fertility, polar diameter, equatorial diameter, polar diameter/equatorial diameter ratio, volume) and pistil (stigma length, style length, ovary length, total pistil length, stigma width, style width, ovary width) were taken on 12 diverse sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes on each of four collection dates in 1994. Highly significant differences among genotype means were obtained for all characters except polar diameter. Highly significant differences among environment (collection date) means were found for ten of the 15 characters measured. Highly significant genotype x environment interactions were obtained for all characters except anther length. For the anther characters measured, relatively high repeatability values were found, ranging from 99.8% for length to 87.6% for depth. For the pollen grain characters measured, the repeatability values ranged from 67.6% for percent fertility to 23.1% for polar diameter. For the pistil characters measured, the repeatability values ranged from 94.0% for style width to 49.6% for total pistil length. These results indicate that genotype and environment influence anther, pollen grain and pistil characters. Variation in some of these morphological aspects could influence the consistency and interpretation of male transmission studies on both the applied and evolutionary levels.