四川省鱼类寄生粘孢子虫两新种（粘孢子纲：双壳目）

本四川省鱼类寄生粘孢子虫两新种：寄生墨头鱼的宜宾两极虫,新种Ｍｙｘｉｄｉｕｍ ｙｉｂｉｎｅｎｓｅ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和寄生鳙Ａｒｉｓｔｉｃｈｔｈｙｓ ｎｋｂｉｌｉｓ的鳙单尾虫,新种Ｕｎｉｃａｕｄａ ａｒｉｓｔｉｃｈｔｈｙｄｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。     

鱼类寄生粘孢子虫两新种(粘孢子目:粘体科,碘泡科)

本文报道寄生鱼类体表的粘孢子虫两新种：寄生在胡子鲇的珠江粘体虫Ｍｙｘｏｓｏｍａ ｚｈｕｊｉａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和寄生在麦瑞加拉鲮Ｃｉｒｒｈｉｎａ ｍｒｉｇａｌａ的广州碘泡虫Ｍｙｘｏｂｏｌｕｓ ｇｕａｎｇｚｈｏｕｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

粘孢子虫生活史的研究进展

粘抱子虫除少数种类寄生在蠕虫、两栖类、爬行类外,绝大部分寄生于鱼类,可以说是鱼类特有的一类寄生原生动物。自ouge首次发现粘抱子虫以来,至今国内外报道的有近12OO种,其中在我国淡水鱼类中寄生的就有600余种,它几乎能在鱼体的所有器官中寄生,并可在鱼的体表或内脏形成抱囊,使商品鱼失去价值,严重时可导致鱼类大量死亡,给鱼类养殖业带来巨大的经济损失。       

四川省西部鱼类寄生粘孢子虫——1.粘体虫属六新种(粘孢子纲:双壳目)

本文报导四川省西部鱼类寄生粘孢子虫粘体虫属六新种,即异型粘体虫,新种Myxosoma disparis sp.nov.,四川粘体虫,新种Myxosoma sichuanensis sp.nov.,光唇粘体虫,新种Myxosoma acrossochilusi sp.nov.鳅粘体虫,新种Myxosoma nemachilusi sp.nov.斜囊粘体虫,新种Myxosoma obliqua sp.nov.,雅安粘体虫,新种Myxosoma yaanensis sp.nov.。     

两种鮰科鱼类鳃部寄生的普氏趋鮰虫形态描述及系统发育分析

2018年9月至2019年10月,对新疆乌鲁木齐市区及巴楚县的鱼类进行寄生虫病原调查过程中,在斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)和云斑(鱼回)(I. nebulosus)鳃部发现有单殖吸虫寄生,两种鱼所寄生的虫种形态基本一致,仅连接片形态稍有差异,通过形态学鉴定为锚首虫科(Ancyrocephalidae)趋(鱼回)虫属(Ligictaluridus)的普氏趋(鱼回)虫(L.pricei)。为验证形态鉴定的准确性,扩增了寄生虫的28S rDNA序列,并进行了系统发育分析。结果显示,两种鱼所寄生的单殖吸虫与普氏趋(鱼回)虫的相似度均达98%以上,在系统进化树中紧密聚为一支,置信度均为100;同时,两种虫与普氏趋(鱼回)虫间的遗传距离数值接近于零,表现出了很高的相似度和亲缘关系。因此根据形态特征和系统发育分析,确定这两种鱼感染的是同一种寄生虫。研究结果可为新疆人工养殖(鱼回)科鱼类的病害防治提供依据。     

洪湖碘泡虫的再描述及其近缘种的鉴别性研究

研究基于形态特征和18S rDNA序列相似度、遗传距离、变异位点、GC含量和系统发育比较分析,对采自河南龙湖的寄生于异育银鲫鳃部的一种黏孢子虫以及相似性极高且易混淆的黏孢子虫种类(洪湖碘泡 Myxobolus honghuensis Liu,et al. 2012、瓶囊碘泡虫Myxobolus ampullicapsulatus Zhao,et al. 2008、咽碘泡虫Myxobolus pharynae Lu,et al. 2012和吴李碘泡虫Myxobolus wulii (Wu Li,1986) 进行了系统的鉴别研究。研究结果显示: 河南龙湖异育银鲫鳃部所检获的黏孢子虫为洪湖碘泡虫,该种群对所寄生的异育银鲫未造成疾病症状; 咽碘泡虫与洪湖碘泡虫各种群在形态上极相似,两者间18S rDNA序列相似度为99%-100%,遗传距离为0-0.0013,GC含量均为44.31%,变异位点为2个,表明咽碘泡虫与洪湖碘泡虫应为同一物种。     

长江中游长吻鮠、蛇鮈寄生粘孢子虫感染率的季节动态

1.寄生长吻鮠上的粘孢子虫有3种:巨囊两极虫和四极虫一种,寄生在胆囊中,碘泡虫一种寄生在肾脏中;寄生蛇鮈上的粘孢子虫有2种:湖北碘泡虫,寄生在脑、鳃、肾、体腔、肠,主要寄生在脑,楚克拉虫一种,寄生在胆囊中。2.粘孢子虫对长吻鮠、蛇鮈的感染率存在明显的季节变化;对长吻鮠的感染率最高值出现在6月(95%),最低值出现在2月(43%),年平均值为65%;湖北碘泡虫对蛇鮈的总感染率最高值出现在12—2月(63—67%),其次在8月(58%),春秋两季感染率较低(36—44%),年平均值为51%。3.总感染率(IR)与鱼体全长(TL)的关系:长吻鮠IR=0.956-0.009TL;蛇鮈IR=-2.0678+0.3838(TL)-0.0136(TL)2,8厘米以下的蛇鮈未发现感染。4.粘孢子虫的感染率与长吻鮠、蛇鮈的性别无关。5.感染粘孢子虫的长吻鮠,肥满度下降不大(0.04),感染粘孢子虫的蛇鮈,肥满度下降0.12,体重平均下降12.4%。6.长吻鮠中寄生粘孢子虫的总感染率(IR)与长江中游水温(T℃)呈显著正相关,二者关系可用下式描述:IR=0.3129+0.0192(T℃)。蛇鮈寄生粘孢子虫的总感染率(IR)与水温(T℃)之间的关系呈一反抛物线型、两者关系可用下式描述 IR=1.1228-0.073777T+0.001795T2       

大亚湾养殖鱼类寄生车轮虫的种类组成与季节动态

2017年8月至2018年7月对大亚湾8种养殖鱼类的车轮虫感染情况进行了调查, 采用Lom倡导的“统一特定方法”及Van As & Basson提出的“齿体定位描述法”对采获的车轮虫标本进行了形态鉴定与描述。结果在卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)、星点笛鲷(Lutjanus stellatus)、鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus)、眼斑拟石首鱼(Sciaenops ocellatus)和虎龙杂交斑[E. fuscoguttatus (♀) × E. lanceolatus (♂)]等5种鱼上共检获5种车轮虫: 亚卓车轮虫(Trichodina jadranica)、莱普斯车轮虫(T. lepsii)、长须鳠车轮虫(T. guliae)、劳牧小车轮虫(Trichodinella lomi)和斜拟车轮虫(Paratrichodina oblique); 其中卵形鲳鲹5种虫均有寄生, 虎龙杂交斑感染了4种虫, 星点笛鲷、眼斑拟石首鱼和鞍带石斑鱼分别感染了3种、2种和1种虫。周年感染数据表明: 5种虫的感染率均以卵形鲳鲹最高, 眼斑拟石首鱼上2种虫的感染率最低; 莱普斯车轮虫平均感染强度最高的宿主是虎龙杂交斑, 其他4种虫的均是卵形鲳鲹。寄生车轮虫的季节动态表明: 冬季的感染率和平均感染强度较低; 不同虫种感染高峰出现的季节不一, 其中斜拟车轮虫的感染高峰出现在秋季, 其春夏秋季的平均感染强度均大于其他4种虫。研究填补了大亚湾海区鱼类寄生车轮虫研究的空缺, 为该海区车轮虫病的诊断与防控提供了参考。     

重庆淡水鱼寄生粘孢子虫二新种(粘孢子纲:双壳目)

报道了中华倒刺鲃鳃上的粘体虫一新种,即倒刺鲃粘体Myxosoma spinibarbi sp.nov.;寄生于白鲢肾中的碘泡虫一新种,即马氏碘泡虫Myxobolus mai sp.nov.,将2种与近似种进行了比较。     

寄生于洪湖经济鱼类鳃上的单殖吸虫包括二新种的描述

本文报告寄生于洪湖经济鱼类鳃上的单殖吸虫共60种,包括描述指环虫和三代虫各一新种,并有若干寄主新记录及长江流域新记录。     

Causality, randomness, intelligibility, and the epistemology of the cell

Because the basic unit of biology is the cell, biological knowledge is rooted in the epistemology of the cell, and because life is the salient characteristic of the cell, its epistemology must be centered on its livingness, not its constituent components. The organization and regulation of these components in the pursuit of life constitute the fundamental nature of the cell. Thus, regulation sits at the heart of biological knowledge of the cell and the extraordinary complexity of this regulation conditions the kind of knowledge that can be obtained, in particular, the representation and intelligibility of that knowledge. This paper is essentially split into two parts. The first part discusses the inadequacy of everyday intelligibility and intuition in science and the consequent need for scientific theories to be expressed mathematically without appeal to commonsense categories of understanding, such as causality. Having set the backdrop, the second part addresses biological knowledge. It briefly reviews modern scientific epistemology from a general perspective and then turns to the epistemology of the cell. In analogy with a multi-faceted factory, the cell utilizes a highly parallel distributed control system to maintain its organization and regulate its dynamical operation in the face of both internal and external changes. Hence, scientific knowledge is constituted by the mathematics of stochastic dynamical systems, which model the overall relational structure of the cell and how these structures evolve over time, stochasticity being a consequence of the need to ignore a large number of factors while modeling relatively few in an extremely complex environment.     

The parasitic chytrid, Zygorhizidium, facilitates the growth of the cladoceran zooplankter, Daphnia, in cultures of the inedible alga, Asterionella

In food-web studies, parasites are often ignored owing to their insignificant biomass. We provide evidence that parasites may affect trophic transfer in aquatic food webs. Many phytoplankton species are susceptible to parasitic fungi (chytrids). Chytrid infections of diatoms in lakes may reach epidemic proportions during diatom spring blooms, so that numerous free-swimming fungal zoospores (2-3 microm in diameter) are produced. Analysis shows that these zoospores are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and sterols (particularly cholesterol), which indicates that they provide excellent food for zooplankters such as Daphnia. In life-table experiments using the large diatom Asterionella formosa as food, Daphnia growth increased significantly in treatments where a parasite was present. By grazing on the zoospores, Daphnia acquired important supplementary nutrients and were able to grow. When large inedible algae are infected by parasites, nutrients within the algal cells are consumed by these chytrids, some of which, in turn, are grazed by Daphnia. Thus, chytrids transfer energy and nutrients from their hosts to zooplankton. This study suggests that parasitic fungi alter trophic relationships in freshwater ecosystems and may be the important components in shaping the community and the food-web dynamics of lakes.     

Expression, localization, structural, and functional characterization of pFGE, the paralog of the Calpha-formylglycine-generating enzyme

pFGE is the paralog of the formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE), which catalyzes the oxidation of a specific cysteine to Calpha-formylglycine, the catalytic residue in the active site of sulfatases. The enzymatic activity of sulfatases depends on this posttranslational modification, and the genetic defect of FGE causes multiple sulfatase deficiency. The structural and functional properties of pFGE were analyzed. The comparison with FGE demonstrates that both share a tissue-specific expression pattern and the localization in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Both are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum by a saturable mechanism. Limited proteolytic cleavage at similar sites indicates that both also share a similar three-dimensional structure. pFGE, however, is lacking the formylglycine-generating activity of FGE. Although overexpression of FGE stimulates the generation of catalytically active sulfatases, overexpression of pFGE has an inhibitory effect. In vitro pFGE interacts with sulfatase-derived peptides but not with FGE. The inhibitory effect of pFGE on the generation of active sulfatases may therefore be caused by a competition of pFGE and FGE for newly synthesized sulfatase polypeptides.     

Biosynthesis of grandlure,the pheromone of the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis,from acetate,mevalonate, and glucose

The steam-distilled faeces of adult male boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis, that had been injected with acetate-1¹⁴C, acetate-2¹⁴C, mevalonic acid-2¹⁴C, or glucose¹⁴C(U) showed by column and gas chromatography that approximately 0·02 per cent of the administered radioactivity was incorporated into the volatile fraction. Also, 4 components of the pheromone comprised 57 to 80 per cent of the radioactivity of the volatiles but only 39 per cent of the total content of volatiles. Thus, evidence was obtained for de novo synthesis of the components. Although the boll weevil is essentially an obligate insect of cotton, this insect does not appear to require any specific component in cotton for biosynthesis of the pheromone.     

Checklist of the species of the aseptate gregarine families Aikinetocystidae,Diplocystidae, Allantocystidae,Schaudinnellidae, Ganymedidae,and Enterocystidae

The genera and species in six families of the eugregarine suborder Aseptatorina Chakravarty, 1960, are reviewed and the presently accepted ones are listed: Aikinetocystidae Bhatia, 1930 (two genera and two species); Diplocystidae Bhatia, 1930 (one genus and eight species); Allantocystidae tocystidae Bhatia, 1930 (one genus and one species); Schaudinnellidae Poche, 1913 (one genus and one species); Ganymedidae Huxley, 1910 (one genus and one species); and Enterocystidae Codreanu, 1940 (one genus and eight species). A list of 22 synonyms and lapsi calami is also given. Species which might be of value in the biological control of disease vectors are indicated.