三江平原湿地生态脆弱性研究

建立了湿地生态脆弱性评价指标体系和方法,并利用该方法对三江平原湿地进行了评价,依据湿地生态特征和发展演化规律选择评价指标,利用层次分析法（AHP）进行指标权重,用综合指数法评价湿地生态脆弱性程度,实践表明该方法科学,实用,对湿地资源的合理利用与保护具有指导意义,具有推广价值。     

基于SRP模型的四川省生态脆弱性评价

综合评价四川省生态环境脆弱性,掌握四川省生态脆弱性的时空分布特征,有助于为生态环境治理和修复工作的实施与改进提供理论支持.以土地利用数据、DEM数据、MODIS 13Q数据、气象数据、土壤数据等为基础地理数据,选取人口密度、土壤有机质、景观多样性指数、土壤侵蚀强度、生物丰度、植被净初级生产力等17个评价指标,基于地理信...     

中国草原生态功能评价指标体系

草原生态系统是我国陆地上最重要的生态系统类型之一,其生态功能价值是巨大的.对草原生态功能指标体系评价的意义、指标筛选原则和方法等进行了总结,并在现行草原生态功能评估方法研究的基础上,进行了方法研究的新探索-将频度分析法、专家咨询法、层次分析法 (AHP)3种方法有机结合共同运用到评估工作中去,从而提出了一套较为科学的、公平的和可操作的评价指标体系.这一体系由8项元素组成,按权重由大到小依次为水土保持、涵养水源、固碳吐氧、维持生物多样性、净化空气、生态旅游、废弃物处理、营养物质循环.     

丰林自然保护区景观生态评价:量化与解释

丰林国家级自然保护区是我国目前原始天然红松生态系统保存最完整、面积最大的天然林集中分布区.本研究根据景观分类图、各景观类型的属性数据库及1997年186个样地系统空间抽样数据,选用多样性、自然性、代表性、稀有性、面积适宜性、稳定性和人类干扰7项指标,建立2个层次的生态评价指标体系,运用层次分析法对生态评价因子的等级化处理,评价指标权重的确定,计算出各生态评价因子的综合评价指数(CEI).结果表明,区内有高等植物113科568种、高等动物近220种,物种多样性赋分3分;保护区地带性顶极植被类型:椴树红松林、枫桦红松林、云冷杉红松林,隐域性顶极群落云冷杉林以及仍具有原始林性质的针阔混交林、针叶混交林面积占森林总面积的90.0%和森林总蓄积的96.6%,代表性赋分3分;近20～30年内未受到强烈的外界干扰(人为和自然的),自然生境完好,次生化演替得到有效控制,自然性和人类干扰赋分4分;原始森林植物仍保存着很多古老第三纪的孑遗种,如红松、水曲柳、核桃楸、黄檗、紫椴和色木槭等,稀有性赋分4分;保护区总面积18165hm²,其有效面积大小适宜,足以维持生态系统的结构和功能,面积适宜性赋分4分;保护区以红松为主体的红松混交林是一个稳定的群落,稳定性赋分4分.综合评价结果,该保护区生态质量CEI为0.87,表明     

丰林自然保护区景观生态评价： 量化与解释

丰林国家级自然保护区是我国目前原始天然红松生态系统保存最完整、面积最大的天然林集中分布区.本研究根据景观分类图、各景观类型的属性数据库及1997年186个样地系统空间抽样数据,选用多样性、自然性、代表性、稀有性、面积适宜性、稳定性和人类干扰7项指标,建立2个层次的生态评价指标体系,运用层次分析法对生态评价因子的等级化处理,评价指标权重的确定,计算出各生态评价因子的综合评价指数（CEI）.结果表明,区内有高等植物113科568种、高等动物近220种,物种多样性赋分3分;保护区地带性顶极植被类型：椴树红松林、枫桦红松林、云冷杉红松林,隐域性顶极群落云冷杉林以及仍具有原始林性质的针阔混交林、针叶混交林面积占森林总面积的90.0％和森林总蓄积的96.6％,代表性赋分3分;近20～30年内未受到强烈的外界干扰（人为和自然的）,自然生境完好,次生化演替得到有效控制,自然性和人类干扰赋分4分;原始森林植物仍保存着很多古老第三纪的孑遗种,如红松、水曲柳、核桃楸、黄檗、紫椴和色木槭等,稀有性赋分4分;保护区总面积18 165 hm²,其有效面积大小适宜,足以维持生态系统的结构和功能,面积适宜性赋分4分;保护区以红松为主体的红松混交林是一个稳定的群落,稳定性赋分4分.综合评价结果,该保护区生态质量CEI为0.87,表明其生态质量很好,保护价值高,在东北地区乃至全国均有典型的代表意义.目前保护区的面积、结构及经营管理能满足其可持续发展的需要.     

生态脆弱性评价与预测研究进展

如何定义和观测生态脆弱性,如何对生态脆弱性进行客观评价和有效预测,对于维持生态系统稳定、实现区域可持续发展有着重要的理论参考价值.本文在分析国内外相关研究进展的基础上,讨论了生态脆弱性的研究方向、研究尺度和研究方法等问题,并对生态脆弱性评价和预测进行了总结.当前生态脆弱性研究中,存在着研究框架不完善,研究方法不统一,以及研究尺度与精度之间难协调等问题.未来生态脆弱性研究应关注:1)进一步增加生态脆弱性研究的广度和深度;2)生态脆弱性研究与其他学科的交叉与融合;3)利用“3S”技术建立更加系统和完善的集脆弱性动态监测、综合评价和趋势预测为一体的生态脆弱性研究体系;4)生态脆弱性应对政策的研究.     

干旱区内陆河流域生态脆弱性评价——以新疆塔里木河流域为例

生态脆弱性是景观或生态系统在特定时空尺度上相对于干扰而具有的敏感反应和恢复状态 ,它是生态系统固有属性在干扰作用下的表现[6] 。关于生态脆弱性的研究 ,可追溯到 2 0世纪初 ,美国生态学家 Clements提出了生态过渡带 ,自 80年代以来 ,该领域成为生态学研究的一个热点。干旱内陆河流域气候条件 ,尤其是水热条件和地貌特征 ,是植被生态、土壤环境及水环境形成与分异最主要的控制性因素 ,几大环境要素之间相互联系 ,相互制约 ,形成内陆河流域生态环境空间分布规律和生态系统功能在空间不同地带上的差异性 [2 ] ,并表现出不同程度的脆弱性…     

锡林郭勒盟煤电基地开发生态脆弱性评价

内蒙古锡林郭勒盟国家大型煤电基地的建设,对我国华北和华东区域能源安全具有重要的作用。但随着锡盟大型煤电基地的开发,其对锡林郭勒盟这一具有重要生态屏障功能的典型草原区的生态环境造成不利影响。通过对区域生态敏感性、生态弹性及生态压力的系统研究,建立了基于生态敏感性、生态弹性及生态压力的生态脆弱性评价模型,对该区域生态脆弱性进行了评价。结果表明,锡盟地区总体生态环境质量较好,但呈现由东北向西南递减的特征。研究为锡林郭勒盟国家大型煤电基地的开发建设,区域协调发展与生态环境保护提供理论支持。     

基于模糊层次分析法的黄河三角洲生态脆弱性评价

黄河三角洲位于黄河入海口,生态系统类型丰富,具有重要的生物多样性保护和生态屏障作用;但频繁的人为活动和自然灾害已对该地区生态环境造成严重破坏,生态脆弱性增强,故及时掌握黄河三角洲的生态环境现状,为区域生态环境保护和资源开发管理提供可靠的科学依据和重要的数据支撑是相当必要的。基于多元数据,尝试利用模糊层次分析法对黄河三角洲进行生态脆弱性评价,获取黄河三角洲的生态脆弱性空间分布状况并进行原因分析,并利用模糊逻辑理论模型对指标和评价结果进行定量化分级,提高了评价过程的可靠性。结果显示,黄河三角洲生态脆弱性等级空间分布具有一定的规律性,从沿海到内陆生态脆弱性逐渐减弱,有堤坝防护的沿海地区相对其他沿海区域生态脆弱性低,土壤质量和地下水位对生态脆弱性的影响较重,空间相关性分别达到-0.55和-0.74,人为开发活动对生态环境也产生较大压力。     

三峡库区生态脆弱性评价

基于遥感和地理信息系统技术,采用\"压力-状态-响应\"评价模型,选取18个指标,利用空间主成分分析对2001—2010年三峡库区(重庆段)生态脆弱性进行综合定量评价,对生态脆弱性时空分布及动态变化进行分析。根据计算得到的生态脆弱性指数,将生态脆弱性划分为5个等级:微度脆弱、轻度脆弱、中度脆弱、重度脆弱和极度脆弱。通过统计不同脆弱性等级面积,求算得到生态脆弱性综合指数。结果表明:三峡库区(重庆段)2001—2010年生态脆弱性指数标准化平均值为4.23±1.29,整体处于中度脆弱。生态脆弱性空间分布呈现西高东低的格局特征,高度脆弱地区主要分布在中西部,低度脆弱地区主要分布在东北部和东南部。近10年生态脆弱性综合指数最小值为2002年的2.37,最大值为2008年的2.99,三峡水库蓄水后生态脆弱性综合指数逐年递增,2008年到达峰值后有所降低。三峡库区生态脆弱性是人类活动与自然环境相互作用的结果,城市生活污染、水土流失、植被状况等为主要的驱动因子。研究时段内三峡库区(重庆段)生态脆弱性呈现两极化趋势,高度脆弱地区的脆弱性显著增加,低度脆弱地区脆弱性明显降低。     

四川邛海国家级风景名胜区生物多样性概况及特点

本文首次较全面地描述了邛海国家级风景名胜区生物多样性概况及特点,这对邛海的保护、生态建设和社会经济发展,具有一定的指导意义。其中邛海水生生态系统和动植物保护是邛海可持续发展中最根本和最主要的任务。     

呼伦湖流域径流对气候变化的响应

根据呼伦湖流域1961—2010年的气温、降水、蒸发量资料以及1961—2008年径流量资料,利用非参数检验Mann-Kendall法,分析了近50年呼伦湖流域气候变化特征及其对流域径流量的影响。结果表明:呼伦湖流域近50年来气温整体呈显著上升趋势;年降水量受夏季降水量影响最为明显,经历了1961—1964年的上升,1964—1983年的下降,1983—2003年的上升和2003—2010年下降4个阶段;年蒸发量在1973年以前相对平稳,1973—1998年呈下降趋势,1999—2005年呈显著上升趋势,2005年为突变点,出现从高到低突变。夏、秋季节蒸发量趋势在时间段上与夏季降水量有很好的对应关系;径流量基本表现为1961—1965年偏丰,1965—1987年偏枯,其中1975—1980年间表现为显著下降趋势(P<0.05),1987—2002年偏丰,2002—2008年偏枯;在气温普遍升高的前提下,降水量整体呈减少趋势,其变化趋势在很大程度上决定蒸发量的变化,呼伦湖流域暖干化趋势显著。以径流自身的变化特征为时段划分基础,对比径流、气温、降水量和蒸发量的变化过程,经相关统计分析检验,发现夏、秋季气温、降水量和蒸发量是引起呼伦湖流域径流量变化的根本原因。     

海河流域生态功能区划

从海河流域自身的特征出发,运用RS、GIS技术,采用定性和定量分析相结合的方法,对海河流域生态功能区进行划分.结果表明:海河流域可划分为5个生态区、24个生态亚区和114个生态功能区;以流域尺度上占主导地位的4项生态功能(水源涵养、水土保持、防风固沙和生物多样性保护)为依据,确定了对海河流域具有重要意义的11个重要生态功能区域.该区划结果明确了对海河流域生态安全具有重要意义的区域,可用于指导海河流域自然资源的有序开发利用和产业的合理布局,为海河流域生态环境保护提供了科学依据,对维护海河流域生态安全具有重要意义.     

Ecological Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticides in Surface Waters of Lake Taihu,China

The residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface waters from Meiliang Bay, Gonghu Bay, and Xukou Bay of Lake Taihu, China, were investigated, and their ecological risks were assessed using the risk quotient method and probabilistic risk assessment. Environmental concentrations of OCPs in surface water of these bays were relatively lower compared with other rivers or lakes in China. Calculation of risk quotient associated with taxonomic groups indicates moderate ecological risks from OCPs for crustaceans and insects in these bays, while the ecological risks were low for fish and negligible for phytoplankton. The ecological risk quotients associated with individual OCPs were lower than 0.01 in these bays, suggesting a negligible risk to aquatic organisms. Ecological risk from α-HCH was relatively lower compared with DDTs, endosulfans, and γ-HCH. The combined ecological risks were evaluated using probabilistic risk assessment for only eight OCPs owing to a lack of available toxicity data for β-HCH and δ-HCH. The percentage of species with the potential to be at risk from mixture of OCPs was lower than the criteria of 5% in each bay, indicating that the combined ecological risks were acceptable.     

A method for lake ecosystem health assessment: an Ecological Modeling Method (EMM) and its application

Ecosystem health is a newly proposed concept that sets new goals for environmental management. Its definition, indexing and assessment methods are still being perfected. An Ecological Modeling Method (EMM) for lake ecosystem health assessment is proposed in this paper. The EMM's procedures are: (1) to analyze the ecosystem structure of a lake in order to determine the structure and complexity of the lake's ecological model; (2) to develop a model having ecological health indicators, by designing a conceptual diagram, establishing model equations, estimating model parameters and being integrated with ecological indicators; (3) to compare the simulated and observed values of important state variables and process rates (i.e. model calibration) in order to evaluate the applicability of the model to lake ecosystem health assessment; (4) to calculate ecosystem health indicators based on the developed model; and (5) to assess lake ecosystem health according to the values of the ecosystem health indicators. The EMM was applied, as a case study, to the ecosystem health assessment of a eutrophic Chinese lake (Lake Chao) between April 1987 and March 1988. A relative order of health states from poor to good was determined as follows: August–October 1987 > April–May 1987 > June–July 1987 > November–December 1987 > January–March 1988. These results compared quite favourably with the actual current conditions at Lake Chao. The EMM method, therefore, was suitable in assessing lake ecosystem health at Lake Chao.     

Rotifer community structure in the south basin of Lake Biwa

Seasonal changes in abundance and species composition of rotifers were surveyed at five locations under different physical and chemical conditions in the south basin of Lake Biwa during July 1987–June 1988. Total density of rotifers showed similar seasonal fluctuation with three peaks, although the maximum density showed north (low)-south (high) gradient. Polyarthra spp. (P. vulgaris and P. dolichoptera with low density) dominated except during July–October 1987 and April–May 1988. In the former period the species of Brachionus, Trichocerca, Filinia and Hexarthra, and in the latter, those of Synchaeta, Keratella and Kellicottia had somewhat different proportions in the communities of north and south stations, respectively. The difference in composition during July–October suggests a difference of trophic state between the northern and southern areas in the south basin of Lake Biwa. However, the dominance of Polyarthra and the difference in the composition during April–May 1988 could not be explained by such a difference in trophic state. No critical difference was observed in the community structure of the eastern area of the south basin, where the seasonal fluctuations in nutrient levels and phytoplankton community structure were different from other areas in the south basin. The present results, therefore, suggest that physical and chemical conditions were not effective in controlling the rotifer community structure in the south basin of Lake Biwa.     

四川邛海湖湿地鸟类种群多样性及邛海湖生态评价

本研究采用定点取样,统计与分析采集数据,于1988年、1999年及2006年冬季至2007年春先后对四川西昌邛海湖及其湖周湿地进行实地考察,对湖区鸟类进行调查统计,记录鸟类25种,隶属6目6科,该湿地鸟类的多样性变化较为明显,物种稳定性差,这表明邛海湖湿地鸟类的生存状况不容乐观.随着经济的发展和人类活动的加剧,邛海湿地遭受不同程度的破坏,导致湿地不断萎缩退化,环境功能与生物多样性逐渐衰减,邛海湿地的生态环境状况需进一步的研究和保护.     

Ecological rehabilitation of the lowland basin of the river Rhine (NW Europe)

In this paper, the status of ecological rehabilitation of the Dutch lowland basin of the river Rhine has been reviewed. The historical perspective, mainly with regard to river regulation measures in the past, is given. The lower river Rhine comprises a man-dominated, strongly regulated catchment, polluted water and sediments, and annihilated and deteriorated ecosystems. During the past 25 years, the water quality and, to a lesser extent, the sediment quality, has improved considerably, hence leading to improvement of biotic diversity. The rehabilitation of lost and disturbed ecosystems started some 15 years ago. The non-refutable boundary conditions for restoration projects are protection against flooding and transport by cargo ships. Holistic ecological theories to promote river catchment management are available, but the rehabilitation projects dominantly rely on local and regional planning policies. The use and application of ecological criteria are increasingly playing a role in rehabilitation schemes. Ecological rehabilitation mainly focuses on nature conservation and restoration strategies, i.e. exploiting the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic potentials of the flowing river, and introducing a semi-natural grazing regime by large herbivores. Particularly the creation of new secondary channels contributes to the restoration of riverine habitat diversity and heterogeneity, and hence to the species diversity. The assessment of a number of rehabilitation projects has led to the conclusion that no general statement can be given concerning `success' or `failure' of specific restoration measures. The overall balance of 14 assessed projects out of approximately 30 running projects is positive. The highly dynamic river Waal offers the best possibilities for the restoration of natural sandy levees and back swamps. It will be very difficult to rehabilitate the hardwood floodplain forests under the present management conditions. Further recovery of the river biota depends on continued decrease of pollution, an increase of morphological dynamics, and the development of the original natural habitats.     

绿道及其生态意义

绿道 (ｇｒｅｅｎｗａｙ)工程在欧美国家得到发展与重视 ,仅北美就有 5 0 0多项绿道工程 ,且还在迅速发展[16] 。由于人类对自然景观的肆意破坏以及娱乐、水污染、工农业和采矿业的发展、地球变暖等使生物生境丧失和破碎 ,现在人们逐渐认识到绿道对这种丧失和破碎的缓解和补偿作用。绿道不仅成为一种景观现象 ,而且成为一种时尚。1　绿道的定义绿道在欧美有很长的发展历史。早在一个世纪前 ,就有了绿道 ,当时绿道仅用于散步、狩猎、划船等娱乐项目。直到 2 0世纪 5 0年代Ｗｈｙｔｅ才首先提出了绿道一词 ,在 6 0年代和 70年代 ,绿道的概念得…