红树林群落优势种群自疏过程的生长动态

在深圳福田红树林保护区设置永久样地,经1994、1996、1998和2002年4次调查表明：群落中个体的断枝、死亡现象很明显,样地总面积200m^2中出现的总个体数分别为417、341、196和132个,种群平均密度依次为2．08、1．70、0．98和0．66个／m^2;间隔期的死亡率依次为18．2％、42．5％和32．6％。种群个体存在明显的增粗生长,在每2年间隔期,优势种群桐花树(Aegiceras corntculatum(L．)Blanco)、秋茄(Kandelia candel(L．)Druce)和白骨壤(Avicennia marina(Forsk．)Vierh．)的胸径增加最大值分别达3．63cm、2．45cm、4．52cm,且以白骨壤加粗较大。增高生长也很明显,第二次调查时341个个体中,233个出现增高生长,第三次调查时,196个个体中127个出现增高生长;2年间隔期,以桐花树增高生长最普遍,达1．5m,秋茄增高生长最大的达1．9m,白骨壤达1．8m。生物量亦呈明显的相关变化,在逐次间隔调查中,地上部分总生物量依次降低,或稍增加后再次降低,但存活种群个体的平均生物量大多依次增加,4次调查期间单位面积的总生物量分别为7．57kg／m^2、8．36kg／m^2、5．15kg／m^2和7．7lkg／m^2,与谭凤仪等(1995b)焊期通过标准木等方式的计算结果相似。研究结果证实红树林群落的自疏过程是一种重要的演变过程,以植株、分枝干枯频繁发生为特征;演替过程中,新苗出现很少,而高度(长度)生长、增粗生长、干枯发生等与群落中种群的组成、结构、密度状况等直接相关。     

广西北部湾典型海岛红树林的结构特征、空间格局及种间种内关联性

为研究广西北部湾茅尾海自然保护区海岛红树林群落的空间点格局和演替规律,在典型红树林海岛设置调查样地,以样地内的桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、秋茄(Kandelia obovata)、白骨壤(Avicennia marina)等红树植物为研究对象,构建单变量函数的完全空间随机模型、异质泊松模型与双变量函数的环形转变模型,分析3种红树林种群的结构特征、空间格局及种内种间关联性。结果发现：(1)桐花树种群的小树和中树的个体数目较多,种群年龄结构呈金字塔型,种群处于增长状态;秋茄种群的中树个体数目较多,种群结构呈钟型,种群数量处于稳定状态;白骨壤个体数相对较少,且幼树较少老树较多,种群更新受阻,种群结构呈纺锤型,属于衰退型种群。(2)红树林群落整体上呈现出空间集聚的分布特征,从不同种群的集聚程度来看：桐花树>白骨壤>秋茄。(3)随着空间尺度的增大,红树林群落在空间分布上依次表现出聚集、随机和均匀3种特征。(4)桐花树与秋茄、白骨壤的种间关系随着尺度增加均表现为空间无关联性-空间负关联性-空间无关联性的演变特征,秋茄与白骨壤的种间关系则为全尺度的空间无关联性。(5)桐花树种内不同龄级之间存在空间正关联性、空间无关联性和空间负关联性,秋茄种内不同龄级之间均表现出空间无联性,白骨壤种群则在不同龄级之间均出现空间正关联性。(6)红树植物种群的空间格局受到自身繁殖特性、生境异质性、种内和种间竞争、病虫害等多种因素的影响。红树林人工种植和恢复需要结合沿海地区的自然生态条件,按照红树林种群的适应形态学特点、群落类型和自然演替规律,种植乡土红树植物,适当引进外来物种,研制出近似天然的人工红树林林分结构,提高群落的生物多样性和群落稳定性,发挥红树林湿地生态系统的生态环境效应。     

广东湛江保护区红树林种群的生物量及其分布格局

本文研究了广东湛江红树林自然保护区高桥镇红寨村及德耀村海滩红树植物的种群分布格局与生物量。结果表明：５年生桐花树群落、白骨壤群落、秋茄群落、１０年生木榄群落、３０年生红海榄群落的总生物量分别为５５４７５ｇ／ｍ２、１６３７０１ｇ／ｍ２、６２６４４８ｇ／ｍ２、４１３８４３ｇ／ｍ２、９６１０２０ｇ／ｍ２;其中地下部分生物量占总生物量的比例依次为３２２８％、４５４５％、４１３１％、２９８５％和２８２９％。计算得Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ物种多样性指数为２２３２。种群的分布格局中桐花树、白骨壤、红海榄和秋茄种群为集群分布,而木榄种群为随机分布。     

广西北仑河口红树植物种群结构与动态特征

以广西北仑河口国家级自然保护区4种红树植物秋茄(Kandelia obovata)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、白骨壤(Avicennia marina)和木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)为研究对象,在野外样地调查的基础上,采用高度级和大小级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线、时间序列分析和7种聚集强度指数等方法对4种红树植物的种群结构和动态进行了分析和预测,旨在阐明红树植物种群与群落的结构特征和动态变化规律以及潜在的驱动机制,为广西红树林生态系统的保护与恢复提供基础资料和科学依据。研究结果表明:木榄和秋茄种群更新良好,桐花树更新受到一定阻力,种群相对稳定,白骨壤种群更新不良,呈现明显的衰退趋势;4种红树植物种群不同龄级的存活量差别较大,存活量和生命期望一般随龄级的增加逐渐减少;白骨壤种群的存活曲线属于DeeveyⅠ型,其种群个体均能达到其平均生理寿命,木榄和秋茄种群属DeeveyⅡ型,各龄级个体具有相对一致的死亡率,而桐花树种群介于DeeveyⅠ型和DeeveyⅡ型之间,其幼龄期死亡率偏高,中龄期后死亡率逐渐接近;时间序列分析同样表明,白骨壤未来种群数量将明显降低,种群逐步衰退,桐花树未来种群数量将表现为稳中有降,而木榄和秋茄未来种群数量将趋于增加。4种红树植物不同龄级种群多呈现聚集分布,聚集强度往往随种群龄级的增加而趋于降低。上述结果表明,北仑河口4种红树植物的种群动态与群落所处演替阶段息息相关,先锋植物白骨壤种群处于较快衰退阶段,演替前中期的桐花树种群稳中有降,而演替中后期的秋茄和木榄种群出现不同程度的增长,反映出本次调查的红树林群落正处于演替的中期阶段,白骨壤和白骨壤+桐花树群丛将逐步演替为以木榄为优势种的群丛。此外,红树植物的种群动态受到自身繁殖特性、生境条件、种内和种间竞争、虫害等多种因素的调控。     

广东湛江红树林国家级自然保护区优势乔木群落的物种组成及结构特征

针对湛江红树林自然保护区的优势乔木群落, 根据优势种重要值大小对群落类型进行了划分, 进一步从立木、苗木和幼苗3 个层次对群落物种组成及结构特征进行了研究。结果显示: 4 科6 种红树植物组成11 个优势乔木群落。无瓣海桑群落分布最广, 平均胸径、高度和冠幅面积显著大于红海榄、秋茄、桐花树和白骨壤优势群落, 但无瓣海桑群落物种多度较低, 群落内无瓣海桑对秋茄有显著抑制作用; 白骨壤和秋茄优势乔木群落的多样性指数较高。红树林优势乔木群落林下层植被组成贫乏、结构简单, 以桐花树、秋茄和白骨壤为主; 林下苗木数量多于幼苗; 白骨壤幼苗占总量的67.1%。未来红树林恢复仍要重视本地红树物种, 建议加强白骨壤作为恢复物种的研究。     

湛江特呈岛红树植物群落结构特征

2008年6月,采用样方调查法对湛江特呈岛红树植物群落结构及白骨壤(Avicennia marina)的种群特征进行了全面调查.结果表明:该地区红树林是白骨壤纯林以及白骨壤为主,有红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)、木榄(Bruguieragymnorrhiza)和桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)的混交林.白骨壤在潮滩上连续分布,红海榄、木榄和桐花树生长于近陆林缘及潮滩的中部,物种多样性指数由陆缘向海缘呈降低趋势.通过分析白骨壤种群的株高、地径在潮滩上的变化规律得出年幼的个体聚集于近陆林缘,近海林缘较少.白骨壤种群的年龄结构为增长型,但是根据生境条件及白骨壤种群在海滩上的分布格局,分析得出该红树林资源处于退化的状态.     

福建亚热带红树林生态学的研究

福建亚热带红树林种类计有五科五属六种,即木榄、秋茄、海漆,老鼠簕、桐花树和白骨壤。主要群落类型有秋茄+木榄-桐花树群落、秋茄+桐花树群落、秋茄群落和白骨壤群落。秋茄高生长与土壤含氮量(%)的关系呈半对数线性正相关,回归公式为log y=0.9397+3.124x(y为树高、x为含氮量)。树高与土壤含盐量呈抛物线相关。红树林生态系统中,生物因子的作用是明显的。藤壶附着于叶面或树干上,严重危害秋茄生长发育。林下相手蟹等造穴活动,有利于林下土壤通气性。浒苔、颤藻等藻类繁殖,也会影响红树生长。引种栽培要选择适当的生境和适合本地的种类、才能保证较高的成活率。     

福建亚热带红树林生态学的研究

福建亚热带红树林种类计有五科五属六种,即木榄、秋茄、海漆,老鼠簕、桐花树和白骨壤。主要群落类型有秋茄+木榄-桐花树群落、秋茄+桐花树群落、秋茄群落和白骨壤群落。秋茄高生长与土壤含氮量(%)的关系呈半对数线性正相关,回归公式为log y=0.9397+3.124x(y为树高、x为含氮量)。树高与土壤含盐量呈抛物线相关。红树林生态系统中,生物因子的作用是明显的。藤壶附着于叶面或树干上,严重危害秋茄生长发育。林下相手蟹等造穴活动,有利于林下土壤通气性。浒苔、颤藻等藻类繁殖,也会影响红树生长。引种栽培要选择适当的生境和适合本地的种类、才能保证较高的成活率。     

不同红树植物群落中大型底栖动物群落的比较

2005—2006年对广东湛江红树林国家级自然保护区湿地三种红树植物群落(白骨壤 桐化树群落、桐花树群落、木榄 桐花树群落)的大型底栖动物群落特征进行了分析研究。白骨壤 桐化树群落大型底栖动物群落的物种数、栖息密度、生物量、丰富度指数和多样性指数均最高,优势度指数居中,均匀度指数略低于桐花树群落;桐花树群落大型底栖动物物种数急剧减少,尤其是底内型、底上附着型和穴居型种类减少明显,生物量和栖息密度下降到最低,由于个体数种间分配较为均匀而导致优势度指数下降而均匀度指数增高,虽丰富度指数略低于白骨壤 桐化树群落,但多样性指数接近于白骨壤 桐化群落;木榄 桐花树群落,大型底栖动物群落的物种数,尤其是穴居型和底内型种数继续减少,但生物量和栖息密度有所上升,个体数种间分配不均匀而使优势度指数增高而均匀度下降,加上丰富度指数最低,故多样性指数最小。白骨壤 桐化树群落优势种的生活型是底内型和穴居型;桐花树和木榄 桐花树群落优势种的生活型均是穴居型。三种红树植物群落中的大型底栖动物群落的GS/GSB分别为0.48、0.63、0.80。相同红树植物群落大型底栖动物群落结构都较为相似,木榄 桐花树群落的相似性最高,而不同红树植物群落大型底栖动物群落特征的差异明显,反映了不同红树群落对底栖动物群落作用的差别,同时也展示了各种大型底栖动物对不同红树群落生境的适应情况。     

广西的红树林

本文主要讨论广西沿海的红树林的植物种类成分、外貌、适应形态学特点、群落类型和演替规律,以及生产管理问题。 该地区的红树植物种类计有8科、12属、12种,以红树科植物占优势。群落类型有:白骨壤群落、桐花树群落、秋茄-桐花树群落、红海榄群落、木榄群落、木榄-桐花树群落、桐花树-海漆稀树群落和红海榄+秋茄-桐花树群落等。     

Allometric growth and carbon storage in the mangrove Sonneratia apetala

Allometric growth reflects different allocation patterns and relationships of different components or traits of a plant and is closely related to ecosystem carbon storage. As an introduced species, the growth and carbon storage of Sonneratia apetala are still unclear. To derive allometric relationships of the mangrove S. apetala and to estimate carbon storage in mangrove ecosystems, we harvested 12 individual Sonneratia apetala trees from four different diameter classes in the Futian National Nature Reserve, Guangdong, China. Allometric growth models were fitted. The results showed that diameter at breast height (DBH) and wood density were better variables for predicting plant biomass (including above- and below-ground biomass) than plant height. There were significant power function relationships between biomass and DBH, with a mean allometric exponent of 2.22, and stem biomass accounted for 97% of the variation in S. apetala total biomass. Nearly isometric scaling relationships were developed between stem biomass and other biomass components. To better understand the carbon stocks of the S. apetala ecosystem, we categorized all trees into five age classes and quantified vegetation carbon storage. The S. apetala vegetation carbon storage ranged from 96.48 to 215.35 Mg C ha^?1, and the carbon storage significantly increased with stand age. The allometric equations developed in this study are useful to estimate biomass and carbon storage of S. apetala ecosystems.

     

Development of allometric relations for three mangrove species in South Florida for use in the Greater Everglades Ecosystem restoration

Mathematical relations that use easily measured variables to predict difficult-to-measure variables are important to resource managers. In this paper we develop allometric relations to predict total aboveground biomass and individual components of biomass (e.g., leaves, stems, branches) for three species of mangroves for Everglades National Park, Florida, USA. The Greater Everglades Ecosystem is currently the subject of a 7.8-billion-dollar restoration program sponsored by federal, state, and local agencies. Biomass and production of mangroves are being used as a measure of restoration success. A technique for rapid determination of biomass over large areas is required. We felled 32 mangrove trees and separated each plant into leaves, stems, branches, and for Rhizophora mangle L., prop roots. Wet weights were measured in the field and subsamples returned to the laboratory for determination of wet-to-dry weight conversion factors. The diameter at breast height (DBH) and stem height were also measured. Allometric equations were developed for each species for total biomass and components of biomass. We compared our equations with those from the same, or similar, species from elsewhere in the world. Our equations explained ≥93% of the variance in total dry weight using DBH. DBH is a better predictor of dry weight than is stem height and DBH is much easier to measure. Furthermore, our results indicate that there are biogeographic differences in allometric relations between regions. For a given DBH, stems of all three species have less mass in Florida than stems from elsewhere in the world.     

分布区西缘油松种群的生长特征

 在青海省互助北山林场和贵德东山林场的油松林内分别设置6个和5个样方,对分布区西缘的天然油松种群的生长特征进行了生态学研究。结果表明,两地的油松种群均为复层异龄结构;树高与胸径的关系揭示东山的油松种群其生长能力仅为北山的一半;种群内个体的树高直径比与个体的大小呈负相关,表明个体生长对被压的生态适应;两地个体的直径生长过程也差异很大,即东山油松的直径生长随年龄的增长呈下降趋势,而北山呈上升趋势或变化很小。上述差异导致两地的生产力差异很大：北山可望获得200t／ha的生物量,而东山仅约为100t/ha,但两地的生物量密度差异不大,为7一11t／ha．m,利用生物量密度与总胸高断面积之间的线性关系,可以建立良好的推算种群地上部生物量的方法。本文还对天然油松的种群密度与平均个体重之间的关系作了讨论。     

保留密度对杉木人工林生长和生物量及经济效益的影响

在广西凭祥市热带林业实验中心青山实验场的杉木中龄人工纯林(14年生)中,以不间伐为对照(密度1500株·hm^-2),研究不同保留密度(500、750和1000株·hm^-2)对杉木人工林胸径、树高、蓄积生长量和林分生物量及经济效益的影响。结果表明: 500株·hm^-2处理杉木人工林的平均胸径、树高生长量及大径材蓄积量均最高,分别达20.55 cm、15.70 m、18.31 m³·hm^-2。对照林分活立木蓄积量最高(199.63 m³·hm^-2),显著高于500、750株·hm^-2处理。不同处理乔木层生物量、生态系统生物量和经济效益差异显著。1000株·hm^-2处理乔木层生物量(90.72 t·hm^-2)、生态系统生物量(94.97 t·hm^-2)和经济效益(11.84万元·hm^-2)显著高于其他处理。降低林分保留密度虽然能促进杉木胸径和树高的生长,提高林分的出材径级、大径材比例、单木平均材积和生物量,但不能提高活立木蓄积量。1000株·hm^-2处理是杉木中龄林最适保留密度,林分的总蓄积量、乔木层生物量、生态系统生物量和经济效益分别比对照增加2.3%、5.7%、4.7%和5.8%。     

Forest community survey and the structural characteristics of forests in China

Most of the world’s terrestrial biome types can be found in China. To systematically investigate species composition and structure of China’s forest communities, we launched a long‐term project consisting forest vegetation surveys across China’s mountains in the mid 1990s. Over the study period, we have conducted vegetation surveys for 65 mountains and collected vegetation data from about 1500 forest plots, using consistent sampling protocols. In this paper we first introduce the aims, protocols, and major research themes of the project, and then describe the major characteristics of forest communities and their geographic patterns and climatic controls. As latitude increased, diameter at breast height (DBH) and height of trees increased, while individual density of trees and woody species richness decreased. Total basal area (TBA) of trees and species richness of herbs did not vary with latitude. Contemporary climate seems to drive these patterns: temperature was the leading factor for DBH, precipitation was most important for tree height and individual density, actual evapotranspiration (a surrogate of productivity) determined woody (trees and shrubs) species richness, and rainfall was the major controller of the herb species richness. The species–abundance relationship showed that species dominance (measured by the number of individuals per species) declined significantly from boreal forests to evergreen broadleaf forests from north to south. Our results are in line with the idea that productivity drives woody species richness. Similarly, we find that biomass (measured as TBA) is invariant along the environmental gradients. However, individual density varies dramatically, in contrast to the assumptions underlying the metabolic theory of ecology.     

红树植物改造桐花树次生灌木林效果的研究

通过对16a生的木榄、红海榄、海莲红树植物在桐花树次生灌木群落中进行人工改造的形成的新群落调查与分析,结果表明:海莲、红海榄和木榄都能成功在桐花树灌木林群落定居,其中以木榄的地径、树高生长量较大;红海榄、海莲的造林的株行距为1m×1m或0.8m×1m,木榄的株行距为1.5m×2m为宜;引入红树林乔木树种海莲、红海榄、木榄小苗16年后,桐花树密度呈不同程度的减少,其中木榄的引入较不利于桐花树次生灌木群落的发展;海莲、红海榄各自生物量或群落总生物量均比桐花树群落总生物量增加,以红海榄的生物量增加量最大,为桐花树群落总生物量的1.9倍;海莲、木榄具有良好的更新状况,特别在海莲群落中,平均每方米超过2株幼苗,说明该群落开始步入发育盛期,可以预见未来的15年内,可使红树林群落茂密复生。     

花吊丝竹立竹构件及生物量关系的研究

对大型优良丛生竹花吊丝竹(Dendrocalamus minor var.amoenus)1～4 a生的立竹构件与生物量的关系进行了研究.结果表明:立竹胸径与其他立竹构件间达显著(P<0.05)或极显著相关(P<0.01),立竹胸径与立竹全高(R~2=0.7804,R_(adj)~2=0.7682,F=63.9525,P<0.0001)、立竹枝下高(R~2=0.5017,R_(adj)~2=0.4741,F=18.13,P=0.0005)均呈线性关系,与立竹平均壁厚率呈二次多项式关系(R~2=0.7728,R_(adj)~2=0.7559,F=45.9109,P<0.0001);立竹胸径、立竹全高均与器官生物量呈极显著正相关,构建了立竹胸径、立竹全高与器官生物量间的逐步回归模型,模型检验相关参数R~2>0.66,F>15,P<0.0052.1～2 a生立竹器官生物量由立竹胸径、立竹全高决定,3～4 a生立竹器官生物量由立竹胸径决定.     

银杉单株生长规律与种群生物量的研究

 通过对银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)生长规律的研究,发现银杉早期生长需要一定的荫蔽,但过分荫蔽导致植株生长缓慢而逐渐死亡。银杉的整个生长过程可分为4个时期,在30～40a内具有明显的胸径生长盛期。银杉单株地上部分生物量的60％分布在1/2树高以下,树干材重量占全部地上部分生物量的比重超过2／3。银杉种群地上部分生物量在不同群落类型间差别很大,介于33000～117000 kg·hm-2。     

Aboveground biomass dynamics of subalpine old-growth forest in the upper reach of the Minjiang River

Biomass estimation of old-growth forests in the upper Minjiang River (UMR) is important in quantifying carbon (C) sequestration and C sink size because majority of the natural forests in UMR are mature or over-mature. Based on the forest resource data from 27 fixed sampling plots that have been surveyed consecutively, the dynamics of the aboveground biomass density (AGBD) were characterized by the allometric relationships, and the space-time variations of the C sink size in the sub-alpine old-growth forests of UMR were explored. Our results showed that 1) the net increase in AGBD was (27.311 ± 15.580) Mg·hm^?2 and the mean annual growth rate and mean annual death rate were (1.930 ± 1.091) and (2.271 ± 1.424) Mg·hm^?2·a^?1 during 1988–2002, respectively. 2) The aboveground biomass (AGB) largely depended on the growth and death rates of the trees with different diameters at the breast height (DBH) classes and the recruitment rate from one DBH class to another as well. The largest increment component of AGB came from the DBH class of 20 to 40 cm, whereas the minimum increment component of AGB was above 80 cm in DBH. The net negative increment of AGB occurred at DBH classes of 40–60 and 60–80 cm. 3) There were space-time variations of AGB in the alpine old-growth forests, indicated by AGB changing over time in the same sampling plot and varying among the locations or plots during the same sampling period. These variations were not only reflected in numerical value but also in positive or negative biomass increment.     

我国亚热带次生林乔木地上生物量估算的适宜样地面积初探

我国亚热带森林生物量估算研究常基于400~900 m²的小面积样地,但到底多大面积样地才较为适宜却鲜有探究。该文以浙江九龙山国家级自然保护区内三个1 hm²样地亚热带次生林为研究对象,利用生物量回归方程估算木本植物(胸径≥1 cm)的地上生物量,分析地上生物量的空间分布格局,并利用移动窗口法探讨三个次生林地上生物量估算的适宜样地面积。结果表明:(1)三个次生林木本植物的地上生物量分别为63.75 Mg·hm^-2(大岩前)、84.70 Mg·hm^-2(八通岭)和128.20 Mg·hm^-2(屁股窟),地上生物量集中分配在个体数量较少的大径级个体;屁股窟次生林的地上生物量空间变异程度高于大岩前和八通岭次生林。(2)利用移动窗口法确定的三个次生林木本植物地上生物量估算的适宜样地面积分别为2025 m²(大岩前)、2500 m²(八通岭)和3600 m²(屁股窟),森林地上生物量越高且空间变异程度越高,所需调查的样地面积越大。该研究结果可为我国亚热带森林地上生物量估算的样地面积设置提供证据,并为该区域森林生物量与碳储量的估算提供基础数据。