集胞藻PCC6803中基因slr1761突变体的构建

PCR扩增了集胞藻PCC6803的slr1761基因,进一步以PGEM-T为载体将其克隆到大肠杆菌中,构建了P1761质粒。通过DNA体外重组,以卡那霉素抗性基因插入目的基因片段,构建了既含目的基因上游及下游序列、又携带选择性标记卡那霉素抗性的PK1761质粒。该质粒转化野生型集胞藻PCC6803细胞,利用同源重组原理获得了能在含卡那霉素的培养基上正常生长的基因敲除突变株。对该突变株基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,验证了其基因结构的正确性。     

运动发酵单胞菌ZM4、CP4菌株基因工程选择标记的研究

尽管质粒和选择标记的使用作为基因工程最基本的一环而为人们所熟知,但对一些特殊菌种（菌株）或研究很少的菌种（菌株）的基因工程操作来说,质粒和选择标记可能仍然是一个并未完全解决的问题,因而需要不断提高认识、不断改进。运动发酵单胞菌Zymomonasmobilis具有突出的产醇性能,但其多种内源质粒和多种抗性的特点,增加了其基因工程操作时质粒和选择标记选用的难度。本研究在测定四个抗生素即Ap、Cm、Te、Km对典型菌株ZM4、CP4的最低生长抑制浓度的基础上,初步确定了这两个菌株基因工程操作时的四个抗生素使用浓度依次分别为300、100、25、350μg／mL（ZM4）和500、100、25、250μg]mL（CP4）;并进一步通过穿梭载体pZB21、宽宿主载体pBBR1MCS-2和整合载体pBR328-ldhR—cml—ldhL的转化,初步分析和证明了这些选择标记和在相应抗生素浓度下的效果：首先,对每一个选择标记基因来说,前述抗生素浓度是适于携带此选择标记基因的质粒的转化筛选和相应转化子培养的;其次,在前述抗生素浓度下,综合筛选平板阳性率和转化效率、培养物菌体形态异常程度等指标,四个选择标记基因中,以Cm和Tc抗性标记基因效果最好,Km抗性标记基因居中,Ap抗性标记基因最差。这些结果为ZM4、CP4基因工程遗传改造用抗性标记基因、质粒、抗生素的选择及转化系统的完善奠定了基础。     

Studies on selectable marker for genetic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 and CP4 strain

尽管质粒和选择标记的使用作为基因工程最基本的一环而为人们所熟知,但对一些特殊菌种(菌株)或研究很少的菌种(菌株)的基因工程操作来说,质粒和选择标记可能仍然是一个并未完全解决的问题,因而需要不断提高认识、不断改进.运动发酵单胞菌Zymomonas mobilis具有突出的产醇性能,但其多种内源质粒和多种抗性的特点,增加了其基因工程操作时质粒和选择标记选用的难度.本研究在测定四个抗生素即Ap、Cm、Tc、Km对典型菌株ZM4、CP4的最低生长抑制浓度的基础上,初步确定了这两个菌株基因工程操作时的四个抗生素使用浓度依次分别为300、100、25、350μg/mL(ZM4)和500、100、25、250 μg/mL(CP4);并进一步通过穿梭载体pZB21、宽宿主载体pBBR1MCS-2和整合载体pBR328-ldh R-cml - ldhL的转化,初步分析和证明了这些选择标记和在相应抗生素浓度下的效果:首先,对每一个选择标记基因来说,前述抗生素浓度是适于携带此选择标记基因的质粒的转化筛选和相应转化子培养的;其次,在前述抗生素浓度下,综合筛选平板阳性率和转化效率、培养物菌体形态异常程度等指标,四个选择标记基因中,以Cm和Tc抗性标记基因效果最好,Km抗性标记基因居中,Ap抗性标记基因最差.这些结果为ZM4、CP4基因工程遗传改造用抗性标记基因、质粒、抗生素的选择及转化系统的完善奠定了基础.     

蓝细菌6803agp基因的分子克隆和缺失突变株的构建

PCR扩增了蓝细菌集胞藻6803(Synechocystis sp.PCC6803)的agp基因（编码ADP－葡萄糖焦磷酸羧化酶）,进一步以pUC118为载体将其克隆到大肠杆菌中,构建了pUCA质粒。通过DNA体外重组,以红霉素抗性基因部分取代agp基因片段,构建了既含agp基因上游及下游序列、又携带选择性标记－红霉素抗性的pUCAE质粒。该质粒转化野生型集胞藻6803细胞,获得了能在含红霉素的培养基上正常生长的agp基因缺失突变株。对该突变株基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,验邝了其基因结构的正确性。突变株细胞生长速度较野生型细胞快,胞内的叶绿素含量比野生型细胞高,表明该突变株具有较高的光合效率。在突变株中未检测到糖原的存在,进一步从生理水平上验证了突变株构建的正确性。     

运用萎锈灵抗性基因构建香菇聚乙二醇介导的遗传转化方法

【背景】萎锈灵抗性基因作为筛选标记在植物和真菌中得到广泛应用。【目的】构建可以使用萎锈灵作为筛选标记的香菇遗传转化技术。【方法】利用溶壁酶消化培养4 d的香菇菌株411-4的菌丝体获得原生质体,加入适量pL-cbx质粒和聚乙二醇溶液,混合物涂布于再生筛选培养基上,培养后挑选菌落进行验证试验。【结果】在原生质体数目108个和添加4μg质粒DNA的情况下,得到了40个抗性转化子。利用PCR实验和转代实验对转化子进行验证,结果显示38个转化子的抗性可稳定遗传,表明萎锈灵抗性基因整合进入了供试菌株的基因组中。【结论】利用香菇411-4菌株建立了一套运用萎锈灵抗性基因作为分子标记的遗传转化技术体系。     

构建无抗性标记双拷贝透明质酸合成酶基因工程菌

【目的】探讨一种构建无抗生素选择标记链球菌透明质酸合成酶基因工程菌的方法。【方法】PCR扩增链球菌透明质酸合成酶操纵子hasABC基因,用温度敏感载体pJR700构建携带hasABC基因重组质粒pXL32;电转化pXL32质粒到马链球菌兽疫亚种感受态细胞,卡那霉素(Kanamycin,kan)平板37℃培养筛选重组子,在不含kan液体培养基中30℃传代,37℃平板分离挑取抗生素敏感菌落,RT-PCR检测工程菌染色体hasABC基因表达,Bitter-Muir法测定菌体透明质酸含量。【结果】在无抗生素选择压力条件下,获得透明质酸产率提高34%的马链球菌兽疫亚种透明质酸合成酶基因工程菌。【结论】用pJR700温度敏感载体系统,构建能提高透明质酸产量的无抗生素选择标记的基因工程菌是可行的。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌质粒的检测及功能的初步研究

用改进的酶碱综合法检测了苏云金芽孢杆菌4个亚种11个野生菌株的内生质粒,获得良好的制备结果和重视性,对野生菌株YBT－1463及其无质粒突变株BMB171的形态和生理生化特性的比较研究结果表明,YBT－1463的内生质粒携带杀虫晶体蛋白基因,但不携带抗生素的抗性基因,且与该菌株对19种C源和12种N源的利用无关。     

链霉菌工业菌种HS007的基因组标记

通过小片段基因组文库的构建获得工业生产菌HS007的若干基因组片段,并以大肠杆菌-链霉菌穿梭质粒pHJL400为载体,构建了5个插入了特异性标记序列及抗性筛选标记的重组质粒pHJL02AFOH,pHJL07AFOH,pHJL08AFOH,pHJL10AFOH和pHJL12AFOH.利用这些质粒转化工业生产菌株HS007,获得具有特异性标记序列和相应抗性的标记菌株02-72,07-44,08-02,10-81和12-58,其中02-72和12-58的生产能力不受插入片段的影响.利用重组质粒pSP02AFOH上抗性标记两端两个FRT序列的分子内重组去除抗性标记,并以大肠杆菌一链霉菌穿梭质粒pGH112替换该质粒的载体部分,得到重组质粒pGH02FH.以pGH02FH转化标记菌株02-72,获得具有特异性标记序列而没有相应抗性的菌株02-72-36.发酵结果表明,标记片段的插入不影响菌株02-72-36的生产能力.本方法建立了链霉菌工业菌种基因组标记的技术平台.     

应用于乳酸菌的非抗生素抗性选择标记系统

 乳酸菌是一类重要的安全型微生物,在免疫载体疫苗开发及食品菌株改良等医疗、食品领域均有广泛的应用.非抗生素抗性选择标记是乳酸菌基因工程菌株构建中必不可少的关键组成部分,也是目前乳酸菌研究的前沿和热点.根据筛选时质粒和受体菌之间的表型关系及特征,主要分为显性选择标记、互补型选择标记、显性/互补型选择标记、双质粒选择标记4大类.其中显性选择标记中的细菌素抗性/免疫性选择标记及互补型选择标记中的糖类选择标记均有较大的发展潜力及应用空间;双质粒选择标记系统构建的筛选过程新颖独特,为整个选择标记系统的发展开辟了新的途径及思路.     

炭疽芽胞杆菌mntA基因缺失突变株的构建及鉴定

目的:通过同源重组的方法敲除炭疽芽胞杆菌减毒AP422株的mntA基因,使菌株进一步减毒,用于构建新的疫苗候选株。方法:利用PCR方法扩增mntA基因上下游同源臂后与温敏质粒连接,构建打靶载体,并转化炭疽芽胞杆菌减毒AP422株;利用抗生素和温度2种选择压力实现同源重组,敲除目标基因mntA,然后利用Cre-LoxP系统去除抗性筛选标记,得到无抗性标记的缺失突变株,并利用PCR和Western印迹等方法对重组菌进行系统鉴定,最后分析突变株的生物学性状。结果:敲除了AP422株的mntA基因,获得了无抗性标记的缺失突变株,突变株的生存竞争能力比原始菌株明显减弱。结论:突变株获得了进一步减毒,可用于构建新的疫苗候选株。     

Novel selection marker for mammalian cell transfection

The availability of selectable markers suitable for use in mammalian cells has permitted the analysis of the influence of the stable overexpression of single or multiple genes on specific cell properties. This powerful technique has led directly to many fundamental advances in molecular biology and increased our overall understanding of cell growth and regulatory events. Although a variety of selectable markers are currently available, some cell lines continue to be naturally resistant to certain markers, making direct selection difficult or not feasible. Thus, the characterization of additional cell selectable markers continues to be of interest. We have developed a novel selectable marker based on mitomycin C resistance that is suitable for stable transfection of mammalian cells. This system is based on the ability of the mcrA gene, isolatedfrom Streptomyces lavendulae, to confer mitomycin C resistance to both bacterial and mammalian cells by expression of the MCRA protein. Here we demonstrate that mcrA can be used as a selectable gene marker in Chinese hamster ovary cells when cells transfected with the mcrA gene are either pulsed or cultured continuously with mitomycin C This unique selection system may be of use for transfection of cells that are resistant to currently available selectable markers.     

Marker Gene Controversy in Transgenic Plants

Biosafety implications of selectable marker genes that are integrated into the transgenic plants are discussed. In the laboratory, selectable marker genes are used at two stages to distinguish transformed cells out of a large population of nontransformed cells: 1) initial assembly of gene cassettes is generally done in E. coli on easily manipulatable plasmid vectors that contain the selectable marker genes which often code for antibiotic inactivating enzymes, and 2) Then the gene cassettes are inserted into the plant genome by various transformation methods. For selection of transformed plant cells, antibiotic and herbicide resistance genes are widely used. Consequently, transgenic plants can end up with DNA sequences of selectable markers that are functional in E. coli and plants. The potential for horizontal gene transfer of selectable markers from transgenic plants to other organisms both in the environment and in the intestine of humans and animals is evaluated. Mechanisms and consequences of the transfer of marker genes from plants to other organisms is examined. Strategies to avoid marker genes in plants are discussed. It is possible to avoid the use of controversial selectable markers in the construction of transgenic plants.     

转基因植物中标记基因的剔除

在目前的植物转化系统中,要求在关注基因或目的基因转入细胞时,同时有标记基因存在.标记基因主要是抗生素或除草剂的抗性基因.借标记基因的表达可以将转化细胞从大量的未转化细胞中筛选出来,但标记基因的继续存在,特别是在转基因食品中,是人们广泛关注的问题.培育无标记基因的转基因植株已成为植物生物工程研究中的新课题.该文介绍了剔除标记基因的两种方法:分离剔除和重组剔除,并对近年来这两种方法在培育无标记基因的转基因植物中的应用和进展作了介绍.     

质体基因工程中选择标记基因研究进展

与细胞核基因工程相比,质体基因工程能更安全、精确和高效地对外源基因进行表达,作为下一代转基因技术已广泛用于基础研究和生物技术应用领域。与细胞核基因工程一样,质体基因工程中也需要合适的选择标记基因用于转化子的筛选和同质化,但基于质体基因组的多拷贝性和母系遗传特点,转化子的同质化需要一个长期的筛选过程,这就决定了质体基因工程中选择标记基因的选择标准将不同于细胞核基因工程中广泛使用的现行标准。目前,质体基因工程的遗传转化操作中使用较多的是抗生素选择标记基因,出于安全性考虑,需要找到可替换、安全的选择标记基因或有效的标记基因删除方法。本文在对质体基因工程研究的相关文献分析基础之上,对主要使用的选择标记基因及其删除体系进行了综述,并对比了其优缺点,同时探讨了质体基因工程中所使用的报告基因,以期为现有选择标记基因及其删除体系的改进和开发提供一定参考,进一步推动质体基因工程,尤其是单子叶植物质体基因工程的发展。     

Comparison of two alternative dominant selectable markers for wine yeast transformation

Genetic improvement of industrial yeast strains is restricted by the availability of selectable transformation markers. Antibiotic resistance markers have to be avoided for public health reasons, while auxotrophy markers are generally not useful for wine yeast strain transformation because most industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains are prototrophic. For this work, we performed a comparative study of the usefulness of two alternative dominant selectable markers in both episomic and centromeric plasmids. Even though the selection for sulfite resistance conferred by FZF1-4 resulted in a larger number of transformants for a laboratory strain, the p-fluoro-DL-phenylalanine resistance conferred by ARO4-OFP resulted in a more suitable selection marker for all industrial strains tested. Both episomic and centromeric constructions carrying this marker resulted in transformation frequencies close to or above 10(3) transformants per microg of DNA for the three wine yeast strains tested.     

The hygromycin B-resistance-encoding gene as a selectable marker for stable transformation of Trypanosoma brucei.

The hygromycin B (Hy) phosphotransferase-encoding gene (hph), was tested as a selectable marker in the protozoan, Trypanosoma brucei. The hph gene was placed under the control of the promoter of a procyclic acidic repetitive protein-encoding gene, and was integrated by homologous recombination into an intergenic region of the alpha beta-tubulin-encoding gene tandem array of T. brucei. In contrast to many other selectable markers tested, spontaneous Hy resistance was not observed, making Hy a second useful marker for transformation of this protozoan.     

Biosafety and risk assessment framework for selectable marker genes in transgenic crop plants: a case of the science not supporting the politics

Selectable marker gene systems are vital for the development of transgenic crops. Since the creation of the first transgenic plants in the early 1980s and their subsequent commercialization worldwide over almost an entire decade, antibiotic and herbicide resistance selectable marker gene systems have been an integral feature of plant genetic modification. Without them, creating transgenic crops is not feasible on purely economic and practical terms. These systems allow the relatively straightforward identification and selection of plants that have stably incorporated not only the marker genes but also genes of interest, for example herbicide tolerance and pest resistance. Bacterial antibiotic resistance genes are also crucial in molecular biology manipulations in the laboratory. An unprecedented debate has accompanied the development and commercialization of transgenic crops. Divergent policies and their implementation in the European Union on one hand and the rest of the world on the other (industrialized and developing countries alike), have resulted in disputes with serious consequences on agricultural policy, world trade and food security. A lot of research effort has been directed towards the development of marker-free transformation or systems to remove selectable markers. Such research has been in a large part motivated by perceived problems with antibiotic resistance selectable markers; however, it is not justified from a safety point of view. The aim of this review is to discuss in some detail the currently available scientific evidence that overwhelmingly argues for the safety of these marker gene systems. Our conclusion, supported by numerous studies, most of which are commissioned by some of the very parties that have taken a position against the use of antibiotic selectable marker gene systems, is that there is no scientific basis to argue against the use and presence of selectable marker genes as a class in transgenic plants.     

New positive/negative selectable markers for mammalian cells on the basis of Blasticidin deaminase-thymidine kinase fusions.

Two positive and negative selectable markers were created for use in mammalian cells. They are based on two genes for the resistance to Blasticidin S (BlaS) and on the thymidine kinase (Tk) gene of herpes simplex virus (HSV). The markers can be selected positively by their ability to induce BlaS resistance and negatively on the induced sensitivity towards gancyclovir (GANC). Both constructs are also expressed in Escherichia coli and transfer BlaS resistance to this organism as well, making these markers very suitable for the construction of shuttle vectors.     

New plant binary vectors with selectable markers located proximal to the left T-DNA border

Five new binary vectors have been constructed which have the following features: (1) different plant selectable markers including neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII), hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt), dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (bar), and bleomycin resistance (ble); (2) selectable markers are located near the T-DNA left border and; (3) selectable marker and -glucuronidase (uidA) reporter genes are divergently organized for efficient expression, and can easily be removed or replaced as needed.     

Restriction of DNA encoding selectable markers decreases the transformation efficiency of Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori populations recovered from the human stomach display extensive recombination and quasispecies development, and this suggests frequent exchange of DNA between different strains in vivo. In vitro, however, most H. pylori strains display restriction to the uptake of non-self DNA, as measured using selectable markers, regardless of their competency for transformation with self DNA. We have examined the effect of different selectable markers on double-crossover recombination efficiencies in three reference strains (1061, 26695 & SS1) and one clinical isolate (CHP1) of H. pylori. All strains were efficiently transformable to kanamycin or chloramphenicol resistance by using self-genomic DNA from isogenic mutants bearing the aphA3 or cat cassettes, respectively. However, strains 26695 and CHP1 showed a 3-5-log reduction in transformation efficiency by non-self recombinant DNA containing aphA3, when compared to cat. Strain 1061 readily accepted either cassette, and strain SS1 was poorly tolerant of any non-self DNA. Genome-wide random mutagenesis of these strains was only achievable with a selectable marker that allowed high transformation efficiency. Digestion of 32P-labelled cassettes by H. pylori lysates mirrored the transformation results and indicated that in some strains these cassettes are the targets of enzymatic restriction.