中国迷蚜蝇属Milesia厘订（双翅目：食蚜蝇科）

中国原记载分布有14种迷蚜蝇。本文通过对我国迷蚜蝇馆藏标本的收集、整理、鉴定,发现有6个新异名：瑞丽迷蚜蝇M.ruiliana Yang et Cheng和清华迷蚜蝇M.tachina Yang et Cheng为黄带迷蚜蝇M.cretosa Hippa的异名,茂兰迷蚜蝇M.tachina Yang et Cheng为锈色迷蚜蝇Mferruginosa的异名,黑色迷蚜蝇M.atricorporis Yang et Cheng为黑色迷蚜蝇M.quantula Hippa的异名,拟蜂迷蚜蝇M.vesparia Shiraki和隆顶迷蚜蝇M.turgidiverticis Yang et Cheng为隆顶迷蚜蝇M.verticalis Brunetti的异名。并首次报道杂色迷蚜蝇M.variegata Brunetti在中国有分布。到目前为止,我国实际有分布的迷蚜蝇共13种(其中,棕缘迷蚜蝇M.fuscicosta (Bigot)分布在我国南海,未见标本)。本文提供了每种的腹部特征图,并列出所有中国种类的分类检索表,同时附有地理分布图。中国迷蚜蝇种类如下：闽小迷蚜蝇M.apsycta Seguy、玉带迷蚜蝇M.balteata Kertesz、黄带迷蚜蝇M.cretosa Hippa、锈色迷蚜蝇M.ferruginosa Brunetti、裂翅迷蚜蝇M.fissipennis Speiser、非凡迷蚜蝇M.insignis Hippa、马氏迷蚜蝇M.maai Hippa、桔斑迷蚜蝇M.variegata Brunetti、寡斑迷蚜蝇M.paucipunctata Yang et Cheng、黑色迷蚜蝇M.quantula Hippa、中华迷蚜蝇M.sinensis Curran、隆顶迷蚜蝇M.verticalis Brunetti和棕缘迷蚜蝇M.fuscicosta Bigot。     

红毛羽毛蚜蝇幼期生物学特性的初步研究

通过红毛羽毛蚜蝇Pararctophila oberthueri Herve室内饲养,对红毛羽毛蚜蝇幼期形态特征及生物学特性进行观察和研究。结果表明：在自然条件下,幼期每世代历期为25～30天,卵的孵化时间为2.52天,幼虫期为18．25天,蛹的羽化时间8．45天,幼期历期的长短受食物及温度影响。     

宁夏长角蚜蝇属二新种记述(双翅目,食蚜蝇科)

记述宁夏长角蚜蝇属8种,包括2新种和3种宁夏新纪录种.瘤颜长角蚜蝇Chrysotoxum faciotuberculatum sp.nov.近似Chrysotoxum chinense Shannon,六盘山长角蚜蝇Chrysotoxum liupanshanense sp.nov.近似突额长角蚜蝇Chrysotoxum projicienfrontoides Huo et Zheng.模式标本保存于陕西理工学院动植物标本馆.丽纹长角蚜蝇Chrysotoxum elegans Loew、西伯利亚长角蚜蝇Chrysotoxum sibiricum Loew和紫柏长角蚜蝇Chrysotoxum zibaiensis Huo,Zhang et Zheng为宁夏回族自治区首次记录.     

河北大学博物馆馆藏迷食蚜蝇亚科分类研究(双翅目,食蚜蝇科)

在系统整理河北大学博物馆馆藏食蚜蝇科Syrphidae昆虫标本的基础上,鉴定出中国迷食蚜蝇亚科Milesiinae 9族,21属37种,其中9新种:红腹柄角蚜蝇Monoceromyia rufipetiolata sp.nov.、暗红黑蚜蝇Cheilosia erubescense sp.nov.、樟木黑蚜蝇Cheilosia zhangnuensis sp.nov.、北方管蚜蝇Eristalis borealis sp.nov.、无斑管蚜蝇Eristalis immaculatis sp.nov.、漠河管蚜蝇Eristalis mohensis sp.nov.、郑氏管蚜蝇Eristalis zhengi sp.nov.、黄绿毛管蚜蝇Mallota viridiflavescentis sp.nov.、四川蜂蚜蝇Volucella sichuanensis sp.nov..新种正模标本保存于河北大学博物馆,副模标本保存于陕西理工学院陕西省资源生物重点实验室.     

陕西省长角蚜蝇属三新种记述(双翅目,食蚜蝇科,长角蚜蝇族)

作者首次记录陕西省长角蚜蝇属7种,包括3新种:红腹长角蚜蝇Chrysotoxum rufabdominus sp.nov.,拟突额长角蚜蝇Chrysotoxum projicienfrontoides sp.nov.,天台长角蚜蝇Chrysotoxum tiantaiensis sp.nov..模式标本保存于陕西师范大学生命科学学院动物研究所.     

中国食蚜蝇科—新属新种(英文)

本文记述了中国食蚜蝇科Syrphidae、管蚜蝇亚科Eristalinae、管蚜蝇族Eristalini的一新属:艳管蚜蝇属Pseudomeromacrus gen.nov.和新种 刺茎艳管蚜蝇Pseudomeromacrus setipenitus Li,sp.nov.模式标本保存于华南农业大学植保系昆虫标本室。     

墨蚜蝇(双翅目,食蚜蝇科,食蚜蝇亚科)八种雄性外生殖器比较

作者对墨蚜蝇族中3属8种昆虫:东方墨蚜蝇Melanostoma orientale,方斑墨蚜蝇M.mellinum,梯斑墨蚜蝇M.scalare,天台墨蚜蝇M.tiantaiensis,黑腹宽跗蚜蝇Platycheirus albimanus,叉尾宽跗蚜蝇P.bidentatus,斜斑宽跗蚜蝇P.scutatus,圆斑宽扁蚜蝇Xanthandrus comtus进行了雄性外生殖器的比较研究,并分别予以绘图和描述。结果表明,雄性外生殖器在属内种间形态结构很相似,仅在尾器颜色、阳茎基部形状等方面有微小的区别;而在属间主要是背针突和上叶的形态和结构存在较大的不同。     

中国木蚜蝇族三新种记述(食蚜蝇科,木蚜蝇族)

作者在整理陕西省秦岭山区的食蚜蝇标本时,发现木蚜蝇族3新种,即黑腹短角木蚜蝇Brachypalpoides ni-grabdomenis sp.nov.、紫色木蚜蝇Xylota cupripurpura sp.nov.和红河木蚜蝇Xylota honghe sp.nov..除详细记述新种外,还提供其特征图.模式标本保存于陕西理工学院陕西省资源生物重点实验室.     

中国裸眼蚜蝇属研究(双翅目,蚜蝇科)(英文)

记录中国裸眼蚜蝇属Citrogramma 11种 (包括1新种)。文中给出黄色裸眼蚜蝇C. amarilla、阿里山裸眼蚜蝇C.arisanicum、黑腿裸眼蚜蝇C. citrinoides、柑桔裸眼蚜蝇C.citrinum、卡氏裸眼蚜蝇C. currani、吉德裸眼蚜蝇C. gedehanum及新种西藏裸眼蚜蝇Citrogramma xizangensis sp. nov.等种的异名录、形态描述、特征图及分布,研究标本保存于陕西理工学院动植物标本馆。清丽裸眼蚜蝇C. clarum、褐翅裸眼蚜蝇C. fumipenne、松村裸眼蚜蝇C. matsumurai、素木裸眼蚜蝇C.shirakii等作者未见标本,文中仅列出异名录及分布。西藏裸眼蚜蝇,新种Citrogramma xizangensis sp. nov. (图36～41)体长:♂10mm,♀11mm;翅长:♂8mm,♀9mm。本种近似Citrogramma amarilla Mengual,两者颜黄色,后胸腹板具毛,胸部侧板黄色,翅透明,翅膜具微刺,腹部黄色带伸达背板侧缘,但新种雄性前足腿节后腹侧具1列黑色长毛,后者前、中足腿节主要具黑毛,仅基部具黄毛;新种雌性第2背板具1对狭长黄斑,后者第2背板具横带。正模1♂,西藏林芝,2008-09-26,潘朝晖采。副模:1♀,西藏林芝,2008-09-26,潘朝晖采;1♂,西藏林芝,2008-09-24,潘朝晖采。词源:新种种名源自模式产地。     

访花昆虫野蚜蝇线粒体基因组结构分析

野蚜蝇Syrphus torvus(Osten-Sacken)成虫具访花习性,是重要的传粉昆虫;幼虫捕食蚜虫,是蚜虫重要天敌之一.本研究通过高通量测序、组装拼接获得了完整的野蚜蝇线粒体基因组全序列(GenBank登录号:MW074962),其序列全长为16 444 bp,包含13个蛋白编码基因(PCGs)、22个tRNAs、2个rRNAs和D-loop区.野蚜蝇线粒体全序列A+T含量为80.6％,G+C含量为19.4％,表现出明显的A+T偏斜.除了 COXI、ATP8、ATP6和ND1的起始密码子为TTG,其它9个PCGs以ATN为起始密码子;COXI的终止密码子为不完整的T--,ATP6为TAG,其余11个PCGs的终止子为TAA.22个tRNAs的二级结构均为典型的三叶草结构,并预测了野蚜蝇rRNAs的二级结构.野蚜蝇D-loop区存在重复序列和茎环结构,22种蚜蝇科基因间隔区与重叠区具有6个保守区域.基于24个物种(22个蚜蝇科和2个缟蝇科)的PCGs序列,通过贝叶斯法(BI)和最大似然法(ML)构建系统发育树,结果显示,野蚜蝇和黑足蚜蝇Syrphus vitripennis互为姊妹种,支持了蚜蝇亚科Syrphinae的单系性,两种拓扑结构中管蚜蝇亚科Eristalinae均没有聚为一支.该研究结果丰富了蚜蝇科线粒体基因组学基本数据,为进一步深化蚜蝇科系统发育关系讨论提供了参考.     

Sericolophus (Pheronematidae) and Hernandeziana (Corythophoridae) are synonyms (Hexactinellida: Porifera)

Eight specimens of Sericolophus reflexus (Ijima) were compared with the holotype of Hernandeziana ijimae (Hernandez) to assess suspected synonymy of these taxa. An extensive morphometric analysis of the spicules available in these specimens of variable condition show that the H. ijimae holotype exhibits characters near the centre of the range of S. reflexus. It is concluded that H. ijimae is a junior synonym of S. reflexus , and that the family Corythophoridae de Laubenfels is invalid by preoccupation of its base generic name.     

Fragile site (16) (q22)

Summary The rare autosomal fragile site, fra (16)(q22), is the most common of all rare autosomal fragile sites and has a heterozygote frequency of about 5%. Evidence for it was found following the segregation expected from a simple codominant trait with complete penetrance; this is in contrast to a variety of other rare autosomal fragile sites. Based on the analysis of 12 families in which fra (16)(q22) is segregating, we found that, whereas complete penetrance could be confirmed, the transmitting parent was significantly more likely to be of the female sex. On the other hand, there was no evidence for preferential transmission to offspring of either sex.     

Role of tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) gene modules in catabolism of 3-chlorobenzoate by Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4)

The enzymes chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase, chloromuconate cycloisomerase, dienelactone hydrolase, and maleylacetate reductase allow Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4) to degrade chlorocatechols formed during growth in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate or 3-chlorobenzoate (3-CB). There are two gene modules located in plasmid pJP4, tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) (module I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) (module II), putatively encoding these enzymes. To assess the role of both tfd modules in the degradation of chloroaromatics, each module was cloned into the medium-copy-number plasmid vector pBBR1MCS-2 under the control of the tfdR regulatory gene. These constructs were introduced into R. eutropha JMP222 (a JMP134 derivative lacking pJP4) and Pseudomonas putida KT2442, two strains able to transform 3-CB into chlorocatechols. Specific activities in cell extracts of chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase (tfdC), chloromuconate cycloisomerase (tfdD), and dienelactone hydrolase (tfdE) were 2 to 50 times higher for microorganisms containing module I compared to those containing module II. In contrast, a significantly (50-fold) higher activity of maleylacetate reductase (tfdF) was observed in cell extracts of microorganisms containing module II compared to module I. The R. eutropha JMP222 derivative containing tfdR-tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) grew four times faster in liquid cultures with 3-CB as a sole carbon and energy source than in cultures containing tfdR-tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II). In the case of P. putida KT2442, only the derivative containing module I was able to grow in liquid cultures of 3-CB. These results indicate that efficient degradation of 3-CB by R. eutropha JMP134(pJP4) requires the two tfd modules such that TfdCDE is likely supplied primarily by module I, while TfdF is likely supplied by module II.     

The larval head of Exechia (Mycetophilidae) and Bibio (Bibionidae) (Diptera)

Exechia and Bibio have retained several plesiomorphic groundplan features of Diptera and Bibionomorpha, including a fully exposed and sclerotized head capsule, the transverse undivided labrum, the absence of movable premandibles, and undivided mandibles without combs. The fusion of the hypostomal bridge with the head capsule and largely reduced antennae are derived features shared by both taxa. The absence of teeth at the anterior hypostomal margin is a potential autapomorphy of Bibionomorpha. A basal position of Anisopodidae is suggested by a number of plesiomorphies retained in this family. Apomorphies of Bibionomorpha excluding Anisopodidae are the reduction of tentorial elements, the partial fusion of the labrum and clypeus, one-segmented antennae, the absence of a separate submental sclerite, the loss of the labial palpus, and the reduction of the pharyngeal filter apparatus. Head structures of Bibio are largely unmodified. The subprognathous orientation is one of few autapomorphic features. In contrast, the mouthparts of Exechia are highly modified in correlation with the specialized food uptake. The rasping counterrotating movements of maxillae and mandibles with teeth oriented in opposite directions are carried out by strongly developed extensors and flexors of the paired mouthparts. The modified labium mechanically supports the “drill head” formed by the mandibles und maxillae. The necessary stability of the head capsule is provided by the hypostomal bridge which also compensates the far-reaching reduction of the tentorium.     

Biology of Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The biology of the fruit fly Bactrocera tau, an important horticultural pest, was studied under laboratory conditions at 25°C and 60–70% relative humidity on Cucurbita maxima. The duration of mating averaged 408.03 ± 235.93 min. After mating, the female fly had a preoviposition period of 11.7 ± 4.49 days. The oviposition rate was 9.9 ± 8.50 eggs and fecundity was 464.6 ± 67.98 eggs/female. Eggs were elliptical, smooth and shiny white, turning darker as hatching approached, and measured 1.30 ± 0.07 mm × 0.24 ± 0.04 mm. The chorion has polygonal microsculpturing and is species-specific with polygonal walls. The egg period lasts for 1.3 ± 0.41 days. The duration of the larval period is 1.2 ± 0.42, 1.7 ± 0.48 and 4.0 ± 0.94 days for first, second and third instars, respectively. Pupation occurs in the sand or soil and pupal periods are 7.0 ± 0.47 days. The life cycle from egg to adult was completed in 14.2 ± 1.69 days; the longevity of mated females and males was 130.33 ± 14.18 and 104.66 ± 31.21 days, respectively. At least two to three generations were observed from June 2008 to June 2009.     

Archaeobotany of capers (Capparis) (Capparaceae)

The origins of capers, their use and cultivation are discussed. Capers seeds and charcoal are often recovered from archaeological sites of the Mediterranean and West Asia. These are referred to as C. Spinosa L. This is mostly a group of cultivars restricted to localities surrounding the Western Mediterranean and some places in the Eastern Mediterranean. Identification of the findings is discussed in terms of seed morphology, present distribution and ancient uses of C. aegyptia Lam., C. sicula Veill., C. cartilaginea Decne, C. orientalis Veill., C. decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. and other species. Citations of Capparis in early Rabbinic, Mesopotamian and Greco-Roman texts are presented. Received June 3, 2002 / Accepted October 8, 2002 Correspondence to: D. Rivera     

Mitochondria-rich cells in the astigmatic mites,Diplaegidia columbae (Buchholz) (Analgidae) and Falculifer rostratus (Buchholz) (Falculiferidae) (Acari: Astigmata)

Mitochondria are well-characterized intracellular organelles usually concentrated in locations of high energy consumption. Light microscopic and transmission electron microscopic observations of the internal anatomy of the feather mites Diplaegidia columbae and Falculifer rostratus were conducted. In the anterior half of the bodies of the mites, we found several dozen of distinctive mitochondria-rich (MR) cells filled with abundant, large mitochondria. Mitochondria are placed individually or enclosed in small groups within an elaborated lamellar system forming a mitochondria–lamellae complex (MLC). The role of the MLC as well as the MR cells is not clear at present, but their involvement in heat generation is hypothesized and briefly discussed.     

Binding of tetrakis(pyrazoliumyl)porphyrin and its copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes to poly(dG-dC)2 and poly(dA-dT)2

Interactions of cationic porphyrins bearing five-membered rings at the meso position, meso-tetrakis(1,2-dimethylpyrazolium-4-yl)porphyrin (MPzP; M is H₂, Cu^II or Zn^II), with synthetic polynucleotides poly(dG-dC)₂ and poly(dA-dT)₂ have been characterized by viscometric, visible absorption, circular dichroisim and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopic and melting temperature measurements. Both H₂PzP and CuPzP are intercalated into poly(dG-dC)₂ and are outside-bound to the major groove of poly(dA-dT)₂, while ZnPzP is outside-bound to the minor groove of poly(dA-dT)₂ and surprisingly is intercalated into poly(dG-dC)₂. The binding constants of the porphyrin and poly(dG-dC)₂ and poly(dA-dT)₂ are on the order of 10⁶ M⁻¹ and are comparable to those of other cationic porphyrins so far reported. The process of the binding of the porphyrin to poly(dG-dC)₂ and poly(dA-dT)₂ is exothermic and enthalpically driven for H₂PzP, whereas it is endothermic and entropically driven for CuPzP and ZnPzP. These results have revealed that the kind of the central metal ion of metalloporphyrins influences the characteristics of the binding of the porphyrins to DNA.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

Induction of in vitro flowering in Dendrobium Madame Thong-In (Orchidaceae) seedlings is associated with increase in endogenous N(6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and N (6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenosine (iPA) levels

We analysed the endogenous cytokinin levels of Dendrobium Madame Thong-In seedlings grown in vitro during vegetative and flowering-inductive periods. HPLC was used to fractionate the extracts and radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used for assay of zeatin (Z), dihydrozeatin (DZ), N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and their derivatives. Coconut water used in experiments was found to contain high level (>136 pmol ml(-1)) of zeatin riboside (ZR). Protocorms and seedlings cultured in medium with coconut water were found to contain 0.5-3.9 pmol g(-1) FW of the cytokinins analysed. Seedlings (1.0-1.5 cm) cultured in flowering-inductive liquid medium containing 6-benzyladenine (BA, 4.4 muM) and coconut water (CW, 15%) contained up to 200 and 133 pmol g(-1) FW of iP and iPA, respectively. These levels were significantly higher than all other cytokinins analysed in seedlings of the same stage and were about 80- to 150-folds higher than seedlings cultured in non-inductive medium. During the transitional (vegetative to reproductive) stage, the endogenous levels of iP (178 pmol g(-1) FW) and iPA (63 pmol g(-1) FW) were also significantly higher than cytokinins in the zeatine (Z) and dihydrozeatin (DZ) families in the same seedlings. Seedlings that grew on inductive medium but remained vegetative contained lower levels of iPA. The importance of the profiles of iP and its derivatives in induction of in vitro flowering of D. Madame Thong-In is discussed.     

Cell cycle phase sensitivity to cis-dichloro-bis (isopropylamine) trans-dihydroxy platinum (IV) (CHIP)

Cis-dichloro-bis (isopropylamine) trans-dihydroxy platinum (IV) (CHIP) is a second generation platinum coordination complex now in Phase II clinical trials. In vitro studies with Chinese Hamster Ovary cell cultures show that CHIP is a phase-sensitive drug, being most cytotoxic to cells in early G1 phase and least toxic to late S and G2 phase cells. The dose-modifying factor between the drug sensitivity of cells treated in G1 and in late S phase is 1.6. These findings and their clinical significance are discussed with respect to the phase sensitivity of other cytotoxic agents.