STIMULATING EFFECT OF ANABAENA SP. (CYANOBACTERIA) EXUDATE ON PRYMNESIUM PARVUM (HAPTOPHYTA)1

Prymnesium parvum blooms have become more frequent in the south‐central United States, leading to significant ecological and economic impacts. Allelopathic effects from cyanobacteria were suggested as a mechanism that might limit the development of P. parvum blooms. This research focused on the effects of cultured cyanobacteria, Anabaena sp., on P. parvum. Over a 6‐d period, daily additions of filtrate from the senescent Anabaena culture were made to P. parvum cultures growing in log phase. All treatments, including several types of controls, showed reductions in P. parvum biomass over the course of the experiment, but the treatments receiving Anabaena filtrate were reduced to a lesser degree, suggesting that filtrate from the senescent cyanobacteria culture was beneficial to P. parvum in some way. This unexpected outcome may have resulted from stimulation of heterotrophic bacteria by the addition of Anabaena filtrate, which likely contained exudates rich in dissolved organic carbon compounds. P. parvum was then able to supplement its nutritional requirements for growth by feeding on the elevated bacteria population. These findings coupled to previous observations suggest that interactions between cyanobacteria and P. parvum in natural environments are complex, where both allelopathic and growth‐stimulating interactions are possible.     

施用有机肥环境下盐胁迫小麦幼苗长势和内源激素的变化

在盆栽条件下,研究了不同浓度NaCl处理下,底施不同施用量有机肥小麦品种豫麦49-198幼苗的生长变化,在此基础上,选择出合适的NaCl处理浓度和有机肥施用量区间,并对此情况下小麦幼苗苗和根中内源激素含量和比例的变化进行了测定,以揭示其耐盐差异机制。结果表明,15000-35000 kg/hm²施用量有机肥处理明显减轻NaCl浓度为150 mmol/L的盐胁迫,其中25000 kg/hm²有机肥处理效果最明显;45000 kg/hm²以上的有机肥处理对幼苗生长抑制无明显缓解作用;当NaCl浓度为450 mmol/L时,各种施用量的有机肥处理均不能减轻盐胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制。150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,不同施用量有机肥处理,分别为对照(不施肥)、低施用量(15000 kg/hm²)、中施用量(25000 kg/hm²)和高施用量(35000 kg/hm²)的有机肥,土壤盐度的增加量随有机肥用量增加而上升,对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用得到缓解,以25000 kg/hm²有机肥处理缓解作用最强。有机肥处理下盐胁迫小麦幼苗苗和根中ABA含量的增加得到显著缓解,IAA和GAs的含量比不施有机肥的对照有不同程度的提高, 说明盐胁迫下有机肥处理小麦幼苗具有较高IAA和GAs合成量。盐胁迫下有机肥处理使苗中ZR的含量较高而根中则较低,说明抗盐性较强的有机肥处理可迅速将根部合成的ZR向苗中转移,促进苗的生长。盐胁迫下有机肥处理的IAA/ABA、GAs/ABA、ZR/ABA的比值也有不同程度提高。在盐胁迫下,有机肥处理尤其是在25000 kg/hm²施用量时,小麦幼苗协调自身激素平衡的能力较强可能是其生长受抑制较小的重要原因。     

A comparison of the influence of iron on the growth and nitrate metabolism of Anabaena and Scenedesmus

A comparative study of growth and nitrate metabolism of Anabaena flos-aquae (Lyng.) Bréb. and Scenedesmus bijugatus var. seriatus Chodat investigated possible mechanisms for the iron-stimulated increases in growth specific for blue-green algae in mixed algal communities. Algae were separately grown in an morganic medium with varying concentrations of iron and nitrate to determine the effects on each organism. Iron was found to be a limiting nutrient for cultures of both Anabaena and Scenedesmus as determined by chlorophyll a concentrations and cell enumeration. Both iron and nitrate stimulated the specific activity of nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and glutamine synthetase in Anabaena. Iron enrichment did not increase the activity of the enzymes in Scenedesmus, but inhibited the activity of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase. The stimulation of growth by iron in cells grown under iron limiting conditions was associated with increased nitrate metabolism in Anabaena but not in Scenedesmus.     

Sediment and phytoplankton records of the cyanobacterial genus Anabaena in boreal Lake Pyhäjärvi

Past occurrence and quantities of Anabaena cyanobacteria in Lake Pyhäjärvi, SW Finland, were investigated using sediment and phytoplankton records. A short sediment core covering the past 20 years was examined for Anabaena resting spores (akinetes) in order to assess the utility of akinetes as a paleolimnological proxy. Sedimentary akinetes confirmed the past existence of Anabaena in water, but did not show a direct correlation with the amount of Anabaena spp. in water samples. The amount of planktonic Anabaena spp. correlated with total phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations in Lake Pyhäjärvi, but the number of akinetes was considered to have a relationship with low nutrient concentrations and dominant bloom-forming cyanobacteria. Akinetes are probably suitable for low-resolution and long time scale paleolimnological investigations, where they provide information of past cyanobacteria that cannot be directly attained otherwise.     

Chemical defense production in Lotus corniculatus L. I. The effects of nitrogen source on growth,reproduction and defense

Summary The carbon to nitrogen balance theory was examined for a legume, Lotus corniculatus L., which allocates carbon to nitrogen fixation. N-fixation can influence the ratio of carbon to nitrogen in legumes by providing nitrogen in nutrient-poor habitats, and by consuming carbon for support of symbiotic N-fixation. L. corniculatus clones (genotypes) were grown under two levels of nitrogen fertilization: a treatment which suppressed nodulation with fertilization and a treatment which received no additional fertilization. These plants relied solely on symbiotic N-fixation. Plants which supported symbionts had lower biomass and lower tannin concentrations than fertilized plants; this appears to be a result of the large carbon demand on N-fixation. Plants supporting symbionts often had relatively lower protein concentrations than fertilized plants. Cyanide concentration was influenced by plant genotype but not by nitrogen source. Although symbiotic N-fixing plants were smaller, they had three times the reproductive output of fertilized plants.     

The rice field cyanobacteria Anabaena azotica and Anabaena sp. CH1 express vanadium-dependent nitrogenase

Anabaena azotica FACHB-118 and Anabaena sp. CH1, heterocystous cyanobacteria isolated from Chinese and Taiwanese rice fields, expressed vanadium-containing nitrogenase when under molybdenum deficiency. This is the second direct observation of an alternative nitrogenase in cyanobacteria. The vanadium nitrogenase-specific genes vnfDG are fused and clustered in a phylogenetic tree next to the corresponding genes of Methanosarcina. The expression of vnfH in cells cultured in Mo-free medium and of nifH in Mo-grown cells was shown for the first time by sequencing cDNA derived from cultures of A. azotica and Anabaena sp. CH1. The vnfH sequences clustered with that of Anabaena variabilis. The vnf genes were strongly transcribed only in cultures grown either in Mo-free medium, or in W-containing medium, but also weakly in Mo-containing medium. NifH was transcribed in all media. On-line measurements of acetylene reduction by Mo-free A. azotica cultures demonstrated that the V-nitrogenase was active. Ethane was formed continuously at a rate of 2.1% of that of ethylene. Acetylene reduction of cultures grown either with or without Mo had a high temperature optimum of 42.5°C. The uptake hydrogenase gene hupL was expressed in Mo-free medium concomitantly with vnfDG in A. azotica, Anabaena sp. CH1, and A. variabilis.     

Varying responses of insect herbivores to altered plant chemistry under organic and conventional treatments

The hypothesis that plants supplied with organic fertilizers are better defended against insect herbivores than those supplied with synthetic fertilizers was tested over two field seasons. Organic and synthetic fertilizer treatments at two nitrogen concentrations were supplied to Brassica plants, and their effects on the abundance of herbivore species and plant chemistry were assessed. The organic treatments also differed in fertilizer type: a green manure was used for the low-nitrogen treatment, while the high-nitrogen treatment contained green and animal manures. Two aphid species showed different responses to fertilizers: the Brassica specialist Brevicoryne brassicae was more abundant on organically fertilized plants, while the generalist Myzus persicae had higher populations on synthetically fertilized plants. The diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (a crucifer specialist) was more abundant on synthetically fertilized plants and preferred to oviposit on these plants. Glucosinolate concentrations were up to three times greater on plants grown in the organic treatments, while foliar nitrogen was maximized on plants under the higher of the synthetic fertilizer treatments. The varying response of herbivore species to these strong differences in plant chemistry demonstrates that hypotheses on defence in organically grown crops have over-simplified the response of phytophagous insects.     

长期施肥对石灰性土壤磷素肥力的影响Ⅱ．无机磷和有机磷

采用蒋柏藩-顾益初无机磷分级方法和灼烧法、Bowman-Cole的土壤有机磷分组方法,研究了定位试验23年的0～100cm土壤无机磷和有机磷的形态组成．结果表明。无机磷含量为厩肥>休闲>化肥>低秸>高秸>中秸>无肥．不同施肥处理土壤无机磷各组分的IPi值呈现以下特点：Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P的IP值较低,Ca10-P、Fe-P、O-P的IPi值较高．与无肥处理的无机磷各组分IPi值相比,厩肥与休闲处理Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P的IPi值显著增大,Ca10-P、Fe-P、O-P的IPi值减小,其中以Ca10-P的IPi值减小较大．单施化肥处理Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、O-P的IPi值也增大,Ca10-P、Fe-P的IPi值减小,显示长期单施化肥不仅可明显提高Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P含量,而且对O-P的增长有显著作用．3种秸秆处理基本上呈现Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P的IPi值增大,Ca10-P、Fe—P、O-P的IPi值减小趋势．从就有效磷(Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P)含量而言,厩肥处理高于化肥处理,而单施化肥处理高于玉米秸秆处理．玉米秸秆配施化肥可显著增加土壤有机磷含量．对土壤有机磷库的贡献。玉米秸秆处理大于厩肥处理．施入有机肥,可增加土壤有机磷各组分的含量,而化肥则主要是促进土壤稳定性有机磷向活性、中活性有机磷转化．长期不施肥处理的土壤活性、中活性有机磷含量较低,而稳定性有机磷含量相对较高;休闲处理土壤有机质和有机磷含量均较低,而其活性有机磷、高稳性有机磷含量相对较高．     

Fertilizer affects the behaviour and performance of Plutella xylostella on brassicas

1 Foliar nitrogen concentration, which can be manipulated in crop plants by fertilizer supply, has long been recognized as a major factor in phytophagous insect abundance and performance. More recently, the type of fertilizer supplied has been shown to influence the abundance of some herbivore species. The diamondback moth Plutella xylostella is a global pest of Brassica crops. Although it has been the subject of numerous studies on host-plant resistance and pest control, few studies have addressed the effect of abiotic factors, such as nutrient supply, on its performance and behaviour.
2 We assessed oviposition preference, larval feeding preference and larval performance of P. xylostella on two cultivars of Brassica oleracea . Plants were grown using two fertilizer types, John Innes fertilizer and an organic animal manure, at high and low concentrations.
3  Plutella xylostella laid more eggs on cultivar Derby Day than Drago. Derby Day was also the cultivar on which larval performance was maximized. However, differences in larval performance between cultivars were only found when plants were grown in compost with John Innes fertilizer, and not when fertilized with animal manure.
4 Foliar nitrogen concentration was greater in plants grown in high fertilizer treatments but did not differ between cultivars. The concentrations of three glucosinolate compounds (glucoiberin, sinigrin and glucobrassicin) were greater in the high fertilizer treatments. Glucosinolate concentrations were higher in the Drago than the Derby Day cultivar.
5 These results are discussed in relation to the preference-performance hypothesis, and the assessment of plant resistance differences between cultivars using different types of fertilizer.     

Anatoxin-a concentration inAnabaena andAphanizomenon under different environmental conditions and comparison of growth by toxic and non-toxicAnabaena-strains — a laboratory study

Anatoxin-a-concentration in cells ofAnabaena- andAphanizomenon-strains and in their growth media were studied in the laboratory in batch cultures at different temperatures, light fluxes, orthophosphate and nitrate concentrations and with different nitrogen sources for growth. Toxin concentrations were detected by HPLC. Also, the growth of the toxicAnabaena-strains was compared to that of a non-toxic one. The non-toxicAnabaena was never found to produce anatoxin-a. The amount of toxin in the cells of the toxic strains was high, often exceeding 1% of their dry weight. High temperature decreased the amount of the toxin regardless of growth. Growth limiting low and growth inhibiting high light decreased the amount of the toxin in the cells ofAnabaena-strains. The highest light flux studied did not limit the growth or decrease the level of the toxin in the cells ofAphanizomenon. Growth in N-free medium (i.e. N₂ fixation) showed that the cells contained more toxin than growth in N-rich medium. Orthophosphate concentration had no effect on toxin levels, although the lowest concentrations limited the growth of all strains studied. The toxic strains tolerated higher temperatures than the non-toxic one, but the non-toxic strain seemed to be more adjustable to high irradiance than the toxic ones. The yields (dry weight) of non-toxic and toxic strains differed significantly in different phosphate concentrations.     

Isolation and characterization of a marine Anabaena sp. capable of rapid growth on molecular nitrogen

A marine filamentous cyanobacterium capable of rapid growth under N₂-fixing conditions has been isolated from the Texas Gulf Coast. This organism appears to be an Anabaena sp. and has been given the strain designation CA. Cultures grown on mineral salts medium bubbled with 1% CO₂-enriched air at 42°C show a growth rate of 5.6±0.1 generations per day with molecular nitrogen as the sole nitrogen source. This growth rate is higher than any other reported in the literature to date for heterocystous cyanobacteria growing on N₂. Under similar growth conditions, 7.5 mM NH₄Cl yields a growth rate of 6.6±0.1 generations per day while 7.5 mM KNO₃ allows for a growth rate of 5.8±0.4 generations-day. Nitrogen-fixation rates, as measured by acetylene reduction, show maximum activity values in the range of 50–100 nmoles ethylene produced/minxmg protein. These values compare favorably with those obtained from heterotrophic bacteria and are much higher than values reported for other cyanobacteria. Growth experiments indicate that the organism requires relatively high levels of sodium and grows maximally at 42°C. Because of its high growth rate on N₂, this newly isolated organism appears ideal for studying nitrogen metabolism and heterocyst development among the cyanobacteria.     

Algae as Bio-fertilizers: Between current situation and future prospective

Bio-fertilization is a sustainable agricultural practice that includes using bio-fertilizers to increase soil nutrient content resulting in higher productivity. Soil micro-flora has been exposed to improve soil fertility and increase biomass productivity and identified as a correct environmentally friendly bio-based fertilizer for pollution-free agricultural applies. The majority of cyanobacteria can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and several species including Anabaena sp., Nostoc sp., and Oscillatoria angustissima is known to be effective cyanobacterial based bio fertilizers. Acutodesmus dimorphus, Spirulina platensis Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Anabaena azolla, and Nostoc sp. are some of the green microalgae and cyanobacteria species that have been successfully used as bio fertilizers to boost crop growth. Also, Chlorella vulgaris is one of the most commonly used microalgae in bio fertilizer studies. The addition of seaweed species that are Sargassum sp. and Gracilaria verrucosa leads to chemical changes as a soil fertility indicator on clay and sandy soils, and the addition of seaweed conditioner to soil can improve its organic content, return pH to normal, and reduce C/N ratio in both sandy and clay soil. This review provides an effective approach to increase soil fertility via environmentally friendly bio-based fertilizer using micro and macro algae. Instead of the usage of inorganic and organic fertilizers that have polluted impacts to soil as aggregation of heavy metals, in addition to there their human carcinogenic effects.     

长期施肥对石灰性土壤磷素肥力的影响 Ⅱ.无机磷和有机磷

采用蒋柏藩-顾益初无机磷分级方法和灼烧法、Bowman-Cole的土壤有机磷分组方法,研究了定位试验23年的0～100cm土壤无机磷和有机磷的形态组成.结果表明,无机磷含量为厩肥>休闲>化肥>低秸>高秸>中秸>无肥.不同施肥处理土壤无机磷各组分的IP_i值呈现以下特点:Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P的IP_i值较低,Ca₁₀-P、Fe-P、O-P的IP_i值较高.与无肥处理的无机磷各组分IP_i值相比,厩肥与休闲处理Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P的IP_i值显著增大,Ca₁₀-P、Fe-P、O-P的IP_i值减小,其中以Ca₁₀-P的IP_i值减小较大.单施化肥处理Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、O-P的IP_i值也增大,Ca₁₀-P、Fe-P的IP_i值减小,显示长期单施化肥不仅可明显提高Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P含量,而且对O-P的增长有显著作用.3种秸秆处理基本上呈现Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、AlP的IP_i值增大,Ca₁₀-P、Fe-P、O-P的IP_i值减小趋势.从就有效磷(Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P)含量而言,厩肥处理高于化肥处理,而单施化肥处理高于玉米秸秆处理.玉米秸秆配施化肥可显著增加土壤有机磷含量.对土壤有机磷库的贡献,玉米秸秆处理大于厩肥处理.施入有机肥,可增加土壤有机磷各组分的含量,而化肥则主要是促进土壤稳定性有机磷向活性、中活性有机磷转化.长期不施肥处理的土     

The Effect of Ascorbic Acid, when Applied to the Rooting Medium, on Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Gram (Cicer arietinum)

Plants of a pure line variety, G 24, of Cicer arietinum L. were grown in sand culture. After an initial dose of a complete nutrient solution, a nitrogen free nutrient solution was supplied to the sand at intervals and a standard rhizobial culture was added twice. The plants were treated with two concentrations of ascorbic acid (20 mg/l and 100 mg/l) through the rooting medium. At suitable intervals two pots from each treatment were sampled. Observations were made regarding the earliest initiation of nodulation, the number, weight and colour of nodules and the nitrogen content of different plant organs under various treatments. Ascorbic acid (AA) treatments considerably enhanced nodule initiation. AA was found to increase the number and the fresh and dry weights of nodules tremendously and maximally under both concentrations used. The nodules were, on the whole, more pink under AA treatments and their greening was considerably delayed thus increasing their functional span. The nitrogen content of AA-treated plants was over 2.5 times that in the control. This increase in nitrogen content fully reflected itself in growth by an increase in the weight of all plant organs. Treatment with 20 mg/l AA stands out prominently above all others in this respect. Pod formation started earlier and the pod and seed weights were also much higher in the AA treatments than in the control. Treatment with 20 mg/l AA was on the whole more promotive than that with 100 mg/l. The enhancement in the nodulation and the functional efficiency of nodules by AA treatments has been attributed to the capacity of AA to increase the loci and rates of cell division by promoting nucleic acid and protein synthesis and its action as a powerful electron donor. The results show that nodulation is yet another phenomenon wherein AA plays the role of an important hormone.     

不同光质对桑树幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

光质可影响植物光合特性、形态以及生理过程。本试验研究了不同光质(白光W、红光R、红蓝混合光RB、蓝光B)对桑树植株生长、形态和光合作用的影响。结果表明:与白光对照相比,红光、蓝光和红蓝混合光处理下植株的生长、干物质积累受到抑制;红光处理下植株的株高、叶面积显著高于白光、红蓝混合光、蓝光处理;而白光、红蓝混合光、蓝光处理下植株的LMA、叶绿素a/b比值、可溶性蛋白含量、蔗糖、淀粉含量和叶片总N含量显著高于红光处理;红蓝混合光处理下植株的Pn、Gs、ΦPSⅡ与白光处理相近,红光、蓝光处理下植株的Pn、ΦPSⅡ低于白光、红蓝混合光处理,同时红光、红蓝混合光、蓝光处理下植株的抗氧化酶活性高于白光处理,而MDA含量低于白光处理;红光处理下植株的叶片厚度、栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度显著小于白光处理。因此,一定比例的红蓝混合光可以使桑树植株的生长、光合特性、生理特征和叶片解剖结构与白光下生长植株相近,并减少单质红光、单质蓝光对植株生长发育的不利影响。     

Daphnia vertical distribution and the presence of toxic cyanobacteria

Daphnia can alter its vertical position in the water column in response to chemical cues from predators. In this study we tested the hypothesis that a Daphnia pulex clone with little evolutionary exposure to cyanobacteria would move away from patches of cyanobacteria (Anabaena affinis and A. flos-aquae) which contain potent endotoxins. Daphnia was censused at 2 h intervals for 6 h in laboratory columns in which there was a steep vertical gradient of cyanobacteria. Data were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA. Control (no Anabaena) and experimental columns showed no significant differences in Daphnia distributions. Daphnia in experimental columns frequently moved into areas with dense concentrations of Anabaena and stayed there for long periods of time. Our results show that this D. pulex clone does not exhibit a rapid (within 6 h) avoidance response to toxic Anabaena.     

The effect of altered macroclimate on N-fixation by boreal feather mosses

Plant productivity is predicted to increase in boreal forests owing to climate change, but this may depend on whether N inputs from biological N-fixation also increases. We evaluated how alteration of climatic factors affects N input from a widespread boreal N-fixer, i.e. cyanobacteria associated with the feather moss Pleurozium schreberi. In each of 10 forest stands in northern Sweden, we established climate-change plots, including a control (ambient climate) plot and three plots experiencing a +2°C temperature increase, an approximately threefold reduction in precipitation frequency, and either 0.07, 0.29 or 1.16 times normal summer precipitation. We monitored N-fixation in these plots five times between 2007 and 2009, and three times in 2010 after climate treatments ended to assess their recovery. Warmer temperatures combined with less frequent precipitation reduced feather moss moisture content and N-fixation rates regardless of total precipitation. After climate treatments ended, recovery of N-fixation rates occurred on the scale of weeks to months, suggesting resilience of N-fixation to changes in climatic conditions. These results suggest that modelling of biological N-inputs in boreal forests should emphasize precipitation frequency and evaporative water loss in conjunction with elevated temperature rather than absolute changes in mean precipitation.     

Physiological and proteomic analysis of salinity tolerance of the halotolerant cyanobacterium <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anabaena</Emphasis> sp

The halotolerant cyanobacterium Anabaena sp was grown under NaCl concentration of 0, 170 and 515 mM and physiological and proteomic analysis was performed. At 515 mM NaCl the cyanobacterium showed reduced photosynthetic activities and significant increase in soluble sugar content, proline and SOD activity. On the other hand Anabaena sp grown at 170 mM NaCl showed optimal growth, photosynthetic activities and comparatively low soluble sugar content, proline accumulation and SOD activity. The intracellular Na⁺ content of the cells increased both at 170 and 515 mM NaCl. In contrast, the K⁺ content of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp remained stable in response to growth at identical concentration of NaCl. While cells grown at 170 mM NaCl showed highest intracellular K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, salinity level of 515 mM NaCl resulted in reduced ratio of K⁺/Na⁺. Proteomic analysis revealed 50 salt-responsive proteins in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp under salt treatment compared with control. Ten protein spots were subjected to MALDI-TOF–MS/MS analysis and the identified proteins are involved in photosynthesis, protein folding, cell organization and energy metabolism. Differential expression of proteins related to photosynthesis, energy metabolism was observed in Anabaena sp grown at 170 mM NaCl. At 170 mM NaCl increased expression of photosynthesis related proteins and effective osmotic adjustment through increased antioxidant enzymes and modulation of intracellular ions contributed to better salinity tolerance and optimal growth. On the contrary, increased intracellular Na⁺ content coupled with down regulation of photosynthetic and energy related proteins resulted in reduced growth at 515 mM NaCl. Therefore reduced growth at 515 mM NaCl could be due to accumulation of Na⁺ ions and requirement to maintain higher organic osmolytes and antioxidants which is energy intensive. The results thus show that the basis of salt tolerance is different when the halotolerant cyanobacterium Anabaena sp is grown under low and high salinity levels.     

类芽孢杆菌QHZ11对马铃薯黑痣病的生防效果

[背景] 马铃薯黑痣病是由立枯丝核菌（Rhizoctonia solani）引起的一种典型土传病害,目前该病害生物防治的菌种资源比较有限,相应菌株生防机制的研究更是缺乏。[目的] 明确马铃薯黑痣病病原菌立枯丝核菌（R. solani） JT18的拮抗菌QHZ11对马铃薯黑痣病的生防效果,揭示QHZ11对黑痣病的部分防治机理。[方法] 在灭菌土壤中分别接种R. solani JT18（CK）,R. solani JT18和普通有机肥（Organic Fertilized,OF）,R.solaniJT18和氨基酸有机肥（AA+OF）及R. solani JT18和QHZ11生物有机肥（BOF11）,结合实时荧光定量PCR （Real-Time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR）等方法,研究马铃薯全生育期不同处理R.solaniJT18在马铃薯根际和植株不同部位的数量变化及拮抗菌QHZ11与R.solaniJT18的数量消长规律,同时比较不同处理黑痣病的病情指数及相应的防效。[结果] RT-qPCR结果表明,随马铃薯生育进程的推进,马铃薯根际、根系和匍匐茎R.solaniJT18的数量在各处理中均呈现先升高至块茎膨大期到达峰值后下降的趋势,而且各部位R.solaniJT18的数量为CK>OF>AA+OF>BOF11且根际>根系>匍匐茎;拮抗菌QHZ11的数量变化趋势与R.solaniJT18相同,但峰值在块茎形成期,并且同时期同一部位QHZ11的定殖数量均显著高于R.solaniJT18,甚至高出2个数量级,说明QHZ11占用了一定的营养资源和生态位点,严重抑制了R.solaniJT18的生长和繁殖。病情结果表明：CK病情指数最高,OF、AA+OF和BOF11处理均显著低于CK,其中BOF11处理发病最轻;生防结果则相反,为BOF11>AA+OF>OF处理,说明普通有机肥、氨基酸有机肥及生物有机肥均可不同程度地防治马铃薯黑痣病,其中以生物有机肥效果最显著。[结论] QHZ11以有机肥为载体施入土壤后,可以通过在马铃薯根际及植株不同部位竞争营养和生态位点,从而有效抑制黑痣病病原菌R.solaniJT18的生存和繁殖,起到显著的生防效果,这对QHZ11生物有机肥的应用和推广具有重要意义,并为进一步研究QHZ11的生防机制奠定了基础。     

Effect of sub-optimal root zone temperatures at varied nutrient supply and shoot meristem temperature on growth and nutrient concentrations in maize seedlings (Zea mays L.)

Maize seedlings were grown for 10 to 20 days in either nutrient solution or in soils with or without fertilizer supply. Air temperature was kept uniform for all treatments, while root zone temperature (RZT) was varied between 12 and 24°C. In some treatments the basal part of the shoot (with apical shoot meristem and zone of leaf elongation) was lifted up to separate the indirect effects of root zone temperature on shoot growth from the direct effects of temperature on the shoot meristem.Shoot and root growth were decreased by low RZT to a similar extent irrespective of the growth medium (i.e. nutrient solution, fertilized or unfertilized soil). In all culture media Ca concentration was similar or even higher in plants grown at 12 as compared to 24°. At lower RZT concentrations of N, P and K in the shoot dry matter decreased in unfertilized soil, whereas in nutrient solution and fertilized soil only the K concentration decreased.When direct temperature effects on the shoot meristem were reduced by lifting the basal part of the shoot above the temperature-controlled root zone, shoot growth at low RZT was significantly increased in nutrient solution and fertilized soil, but not in unfertilized soil. In fertilized soil and nutrient solution at low RZT the uptake of K increased to a similar extent as plant growth, and thus shoot K concentration was not reduced by increasing shoot growth rates. In contrast, uptake of N and P was not increased, resulting in significantly decreased shoot concentrations.It is concluded that shoot growth at suboptimal RZT was limited both by a direct temperature effect on shoot activity and by a reduced nutrient supply through the roots. Nutrient concentrations in the shoot tissue at low RZT were not only influenced by availability in the substrate and dilution by growth, but also by the internal demand for growth.