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1.
G. Lushai T.N. Sherratt O. David P.J. De Barro N. Maclean 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1997,85(3):199-209
A total of 55 parthenogenetic lineages of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae F. were established from single clones collected from winter wheat (agricultural host) and cocksfoot (natural host) at various locations in southern Britain. RAPD-PCR profiles indicated that these lineages consisted of at least 15 genetically distinct clones. Twenty winged individuals (alatae) of known weight were taken from each lineage and presented with a choice of wheat and cocksfoot hosts (with a total leaf area each of 2 cm2) held in petri dishes (laboratory experiments) and flowerpots (field experiments). In both experimental designs host preferences were determined by a ranking of a proportion of counts (limited to -1 +1) of the progeny produced on each host after 5 days. Overall, alatae tended to prefer the agricultural host. However, alatae from individual clones found exclusively on wheat generally had a higher preference for wheat than alatae from individual clones found exclusively on cocksfoot. Wheat-derived lineages (aphid genotypes that were collected on wheat but also present on cocksfoot) showed a significantly greater preference for the agricultural host than the cocksfoot-derived lineages. Individuals from a wheat-derived lineage had significantly higher observed and potential progeny production on wheat than they did on cocksfoot, while individuals from a cocksfoot-derived lineage had significantly higher potential progeny but lower mean progeny weights on wheat. In a second stage, reciprocal host transfer experiments were carried out in the laboratory, i.e. lineages collected from the agricultural host were reared for several generations on the natural host and vice versa prior to being tested for host preference. The preference of the lineages for their host of origin significantly decreased in this second trial, reversing the overall preference trends, while there was little evidence for between-lineage variation in this change in preference. In summary these results indicate weak genotypic but strong environmental influences on alate host preference in S. avenae. This host plant conditioning effect may serve to promote host-based genetic structuring observed in southern British populations of S. avenae. 相似文献
2.
1 The effect of reducing the growth of winter wheat on population size and development of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae was studied. 2 Automatic, mobile, crop shading devices, which reduced radiation comparable to levels found on a cloudy day, whilst minimizing other climatic changes, were used to reduce crop growth. Shading was applied between either GS 31 and 39 (1st node detectable → flag leaf ligule just visible) or GS 39 and 55 (flag leaf just visible → 50% of inflorescence emerged). 3 Sitobion avenae populations were initiated at GS 55 and highest populations were subsequently observed on plants shaded between GS 31 and 39. 4 Individual aphids confined within clip cages were observed to measure development from birth to adult moult, adult lifespan and fecundity. Results indicated that adult lifespan was shortest on plants shaded between GS31 and 39, whilst there were no differences in development time or fecundity. 5 Possible explanations for these observations are discussed. 相似文献
3.
Resistance of cereals to aphids: Interaction between hydroxamic acids and the aphid Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The hydroxamic acids in the seedlings of four varieties of winter wheat were extracted initially in boiling methanol in order to avoid enzymatic hydrolysis. The increase in numbers of aphids on these varieties of wheat were recorded. HPLC analysis of hydroxamic acids in the extracts showed the presence of DIMBOA-glucoside, DIMBOA-aglucone and its benzoxazolinone (MBOA). There was a highly significant negative correlation between the concentration of DIMBOA-aglucone in the seedlings and aphid performance. However, the association between aphid performance and DIMBOA-aglucone in the tips of the seedlings was weaker. In general aphid infestation of wheat seedlings slightly increased the concentration of all the hydroxamic acid derivatives. Moreover, aphids ingested hydroxamic acids and were able to detoxify some of the DIMBOA-aglucone they ingested. 相似文献
4.
J A. MANN G M. TATCHELL M J. DUPUCH R. HARRINGTON S J. CLARK H A. McCARTNEY 《The Annals of applied biology》1995,126(3):417-427
The effect of wind and rain on initiation of dispersal and subsequent distances moved by apterous Sitobion avenae was quantified in five laboratory experiments. Wind duration and type (steady and gusting), rain duration and intensity, and a combination of wind and rain were investigated. With increased duration of wind there was an increase in the average distance aphids moved. There was less movement when aphids were exposed to gentle gusting, than to steady wind or strong gusting. With increased duration of rain there was an increase in the proportion of aphids lost from plants. Under heavy rain, the proportion of aphids off the release plant, the distance moved by them and the proportion of aphids lost, was greater than for drizzle or light rain. When wind and rain were compared, rain had the greater impact on aphid dispersal. It was concluded that leaf disturbances caused by strong gusts of wind or large rain droplets are of considerable importance in the initiation of aphid dispersal, but that wetness alone is not. 相似文献
5.
Predation of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae by polyphagous predators on the ground 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
LINTON WINDER 《Ecological Entomology》1990,15(1):105-110
Abstract. 1. Polyphagous predator densities were manipulated in a wheat crop using polythene exclusion barriers.
2. The rates at which aphids fell to the ground and subsequently climbed and returned to the crop canopy were measured.
3. Peak aphid density was highest when polyphagous predator density was lowest.
4. Similar rates of aphid fall-off were measured in each plot, but aphid climbing rate was highest when predator densities were lowest.
5. It was concluded that ground-zone predators reduced the rate at which aphids return to the crop canopy. 相似文献
2. The rates at which aphids fell to the ground and subsequently climbed and returned to the crop canopy were measured.
3. Peak aphid density was highest when polyphagous predator density was lowest.
4. Similar rates of aphid fall-off were measured in each plot, but aphid climbing rate was highest when predator densities were lowest.
5. It was concluded that ground-zone predators reduced the rate at which aphids return to the crop canopy. 相似文献
6.
为了探索高温防控麦蚜的技术,本实验设置系列短时间高温处理(45℃,30、40、50、60、70、80、90 s;50℃,5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40 s;55℃,5、10、15、20 s;60℃,5、10、15 s;65℃,5、10 s;70℃,5 s),测定了麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)若蚜及成蚜的死亡率。结果表明:在同一温度下,随着处理时间的延长,麦长管蚜的死亡率上升;在相同处理时间下,随着温度的升高,其死亡率上升。在45℃条件下,需要近90 s其死亡率才能达到100%;在70℃下,100%死亡率仅需5 s。麦蚜的半致死温度随着处理时间的延长而降低,麦蚜的半致死时间随着处理温度的上升而缩短。通过logistics模型分析发现,在相同处理下,若蚜的半致死温度和半致死时间均高于成蚜。 相似文献
7.
The effects of photoperiod and temperature on the production of sexual forms by two clones of Sitobion avenae, the grain aphid, were examined. One clone did not produce sexual forms, whereas the other did under conditions of short light (<14 h) and low temperature (15°C). Temperature and photoperiod interacted to some extent both in the production of oviparae and of males. Even when the sexual forms were produced there was always a proportion of virginoparae.
Production de sexués par Sitobion avenae, puceron monoécique
Résumé Un clone de Sitobion avenae a produit sans difficulté jusqu'à 7 générations de sexués en réaction à des photopériodes courtes (<14 h) et à de faibles températures (15°C) tandis qu'un autre clone n'en produit aucune.La proportion de sexués différait suivant les parents. La production de mâles avait une nette tendance à apparaître lors des reproduction les plus tardives. Dans les générations tardives avec jours courts, les vivipares (virginopares et gynopares) avaient eu tendance à être produits à la fin de la période de reproduction.Les gynopares (c'est à dire les parents d'ovipares) de S. avenae étaient surtout aptères, mais comprenaient beaucoup plus d'ailés que les virginopares obtenus dans les mêmes conditions. Un vivipare était induit comme gynopare (ou ses embryons étaient déterminés comme ovipares) avant la naissance, mais cette détermination pouvait apparemment encore être inversée en soumettant l'insecte à de longues photopériodes et à de hautes températures jusqu'à deux jours après la naissance.Aucun S. avenae ovipare n'a été produit jusqu'à la troisième génération. Aucun ovipare n'a été produit avec des photopériodes supérieures à 13 H 30 à 10°C, 13 H à 15°C et 8 H à 20°C. La proportion d'individus produisant des ovipares à 15°C a été plus faible qu'à 10°C pour toutes les photopériodes, et à cette dernière température beaucoup plus de vivipares étaient gynopares que virginopares.Les basses températures ont été vraisemblablement le facteur dominant de stimulation de la production de mâles de S. avenae, mais cependant il semble qu'un plus grand nombre de mâles a été produit aux températures et photopériodes intermédiaires qu'aux extrêmes.La capture de mâles ailés de S. avenae dans des pièges à succion a été généralement limitée à Octobre-soit à peu prés le moment prévu par les expériences de laboratoire. Des mâles de S. avenae sont aussi capturés fréquemment et été, ce qui peut être lié à des hivers précédents doux.相似文献
8.
D. A. Thomsen 《Biocontrol Science and Technology》2016,26(3):414-418
Entomophthoralean-specific primers were used to estimate the occurrence of entomophthoralean species in the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae in Denmark. Sequencing documented for the first time the presence of Pandora kondoiensis in Denmark. Specific primers were designed and P. kondoiensis was identified on 12% of infested straws sampled in 2012. 相似文献
9.
10.
Life-cycle variation in the aphid Sitobion avenae: costs and benefits of male production 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract 1. Patterns of male production and life-cycle variation were investigated in the aphid Sitobion avenae . Seventy-seven field-collected clones were subjected to a 14 °C short day-length regime to assess their reproductive modes, and three clones were used to study life-cycle inheritance. A further analysis assessed the cost of male production.
2. In comparison with those from East Anglia, there were more holocyclic and intermediate clones found in Scottish populations, and they produced significantly more mating females. In total, 44% of clones were androcyclic.
3. The inheritance of life cycle showed a greater level of complexity than could be achieved by previously suggested monohybrid inheritance mechanisms.
4. Holocyclic and intermediate clones produced a higher proportion of males than did androcyclic clones. Inter-clonal differences were reflected in the pattern of male production in the reproductive sequence.
5. A significant cost was associated with male production in terms of a reduction in both fecundity and total offspring biomass.
6. Winged females rarely gave birth to males but the pattern of mating female production differed between holocyclic and intermediate clones.
7. Patterns of male and mating female production by the different types of clone may be related to different advantages and disadvantages of dispersal and inbreeding.
8. Recent models of aphid overwintering could be enhanced by consideration of issues raised in this study, such as the cost of male production, the inheritance of life cycle, and the patterns of sexual morph production. 相似文献
2. In comparison with those from East Anglia, there were more holocyclic and intermediate clones found in Scottish populations, and they produced significantly more mating females. In total, 44% of clones were androcyclic.
3. The inheritance of life cycle showed a greater level of complexity than could be achieved by previously suggested monohybrid inheritance mechanisms.
4. Holocyclic and intermediate clones produced a higher proportion of males than did androcyclic clones. Inter-clonal differences were reflected in the pattern of male production in the reproductive sequence.
5. A significant cost was associated with male production in terms of a reduction in both fecundity and total offspring biomass.
6. Winged females rarely gave birth to males but the pattern of mating female production differed between holocyclic and intermediate clones.
7. Patterns of male and mating female production by the different types of clone may be related to different advantages and disadvantages of dispersal and inbreeding.
8. Recent models of aphid overwintering could be enhanced by consideration of issues raised in this study, such as the cost of male production, the inheritance of life cycle, and the patterns of sexual morph production. 相似文献
11.
M. P. Walton H. D. Loxdale L. Allen Williams 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1990,40(4):333-346
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to construct electrophoretic 'keys' for identifying larval, pupal and adult hymenopterous parasitoids of Sitobion avenae (F.). In general, for each parasitoid and enzyme system tested, all life stages gave similar banding patterns. Although five enzyme systems were tested, esterase was found to be the most useful single system. Using laboratory-reared parasitoids and staining for esterase activity, all species examined, except Aphidius rhopalosiphi and A. ervi could be readily distinguished with the aid of the appropriate key. 相似文献
12.
ABSTRACT.
- 1 Cold hardiness as measured by supercooling ability in the active stages of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (F.) decreased progressively with maturation.
- 2 Aphids showed no acclimation response when maintained at low temperatures.
- 3 Starvation did not improve supercooling ability.
- 4 In a single exposure, surface moisture caused inoculation above the inherent supercooling point in a small proportion of a population.
- 5 Field populations show a seasonal change in supercooling ability, which is at a maximum in summer and a minimum in late winter.
- 6 It is concluded that the act of feeding on healthy plant tissue may confer extensive supercooling ability.
13.
麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)体色变异(红色和绿色)是一种常见的生物学现象,揭示其体色的转换机制对该类害虫的防控和测报具有潜在意义。本文利用微卫星标记技术,对麦长管蚜种群进行聚类分析和分子方差分析,从群体遗传学角度研究了不同地理种群和不同色型之间遗传多样性差异。研究结果表明,麦长管蚜的遗传分化主要以种群内的变异为主,种群间的变异占总变异的比例很小。此外,研究发现,红、绿体色间的遗传分化并不显著,且存在频繁的基因交流。这说明不同区域的不同体色麦长管蚜种群各自之间具有相似的遗传背景。 相似文献
14.
Abstract: Indole alkaloid contents of five winter wheat varieties at different growth stages, and the relationship between indole alkaloids and carboxylesterase activities of Sitobion avenae (F.) from wheat ears of different varieties were studied. The results indicated that KOK1679 and My295, highly and moderately aphid-resistant varieties, had a high indole alkaloid content during vegetative growth. During their reproduction growth, resistant varieties had a high alkaloid content in penultimate leaves, and indole alkaloid contents of KOK1679 were significantly higher than that of other varieties in wheat ears. The indole alkaloid contents of all varieties were low in flag leaves except for Han4564 . A significant correlation was shown between carboxylesterase activity in aphids collected from wheat ears and indole alkaloid contents in ears of the wheat varieties ( r = 0.9646). 相似文献
15.
为了明确杀虫剂毒力受温度的影响及其程度,本文测定了4大类8种药剂在10~25℃下对麦长管蚜的毒力;并测定了麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)在不同温度下2个解毒酶和1个靶标酶的活性差异。结果表明,高效氯氰菊酯对麦长管蚜表现不规则负温度系数,啶虫脒表现不规则正温度系数,高效氟氯氰菊酯对麦长管蚜的毒力不受温度影响,其他药剂(辛硫磷、毒死蜱、灭多威、丁硫克百威、吡虫啉)均表现为明显的正温度系数效应,以有机磷类杀虫剂表现最为明显,毒死蜱温度系数高达57.70。酶活性实验表明:麦长管蚜在高温下GST活性增强,羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性降低。它们的变化规律表明:GST活性与负温度系数密切相关,正温度系数与羧酸酯酶活性和靶标酶乙酰胆碱酯酶活性有关。 相似文献
16.
Winged individuals of Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae transmitted the PAV-like and MAV-like isolates of barley yellow dwarf virus respectively. Success of transmission after inoculation access periods of 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h were examined and survival, reproduction and movement of the aphid vectors were recorded at these times. The experiment was done at four different temperatures: 6o C, 12o C, 18o C and 23o C. For both isolates the inoculation efficacy did not increase after a 24 h inoculation access period and there was no difference in inoculation efficiency at the three highest temperatures, that at 6o C being significantly lower than at 12o C to 23o C. The results suggest that autumn temperature is a critical factor for BYDV epidemiology in Britain with a small increase in autumn temperature leading to greatly increased infection rates. 相似文献
17.
S J DUFFIELD R J BRYSON J E B YOUNG R. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY R K SCOTT 《The Annals of applied biology》1997,130(1):13-26
The effect of nitrogen fertiliser on populations of the cereal aphids Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum on winter wheat was investigated in a three year field experiment. Naturally occurring aphid populations were monitored on three nitrogen treatments; none, nitrogen application using Canopy Management guidelines (130–210 kg ha-1) and conventional practice (190 kg ha-1). Inoculations of laboratory reared S. avenae were used to enhance field populations on half the plots. Natural populations of M. dirhodum remained below the current UK spray threshold level of two-thirds of shoots infested at the start of flowering, or five aphids per shoot in all years, whilst populations of S. avenae exceeded the threshold in all years. The response of the two species to nitrogen differed. Significantly higher populations of M. dirhodum were recorded in both treatments which received nitrogen in all years, whilst the response of S. avenae varied between years. In 1994 and 1995 when environmental conditions favoured aphid development, higher populations were recorded in the two treatments which received nitrogen. In 1993 when high rainfall created unfavourable conditions, higher populations were recorded in the plots receiving no nitrogen. Differences in peak density and cumulative aphid index of S. avenae resulted from differences in the rate of population increase between ear emergence and peak density on the different treatments. Populations prior to ear emergence were higher in the plots which received nitrogen but the differences were not statistically significant. There was no evidence of a difference in the timing of population decline in the different treatments. In 1993 higher levels of infection by entomopathogenic fungi were observed in all treatments. Significantly higher levels of infection were recorded in the treatments receiving nitrogen, which may have accounted for the lower S. avenae populations recorded. It is possible that the larger canopies recorded in these treatments produced conditions which favoured infection by fungi, thereby limiting aphid population growth. The results indicate that application of nitrogen increases natural populations of M. dirhodum, and under favourable conditions, populations of S. avenae. However, in suboptimal climatic conditions, the application of nitrogen fertiliser can lead to lower populations of 5. avenae. The data also suggest that there is no consistent difference between a conventional and Canopy Managed approach to nitrogen fertiliser use in terms of the risk of infestation by cereal aphids. 相似文献
18.
The spatial and temporal distribution of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae F. (Homoptera: Aphididae) was studied within a field of winter wheat during the summer of 1996. Sampling was done using four nested grids comprising 133 locations. Analysis by Taylor's power law gave results typical for insect populations. Analysis by SADIE (Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices) showed spatial pattern due to edge effects and sampling scale, and positive but mild spatial association, although spatial patterns were ephemeral. Reasons for these findings and the implications for integrated crop management are discussed. 相似文献
19.
The effect of wheat resistance in lines of Triticum monococcum L., on the reproductive performances of the cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae F.) was investigated. Aphids were reared from birth to adult moult either on resistant or susceptible wheat lines, and transferred as apterae to both host genotypes. The influence of these transfers on the subsequent adult weight, gonad status and reproductive performances was evaluated. Aphids transferred from resistant to susceptible plants proved able to compensate for their poor nymphal growth, mainly through additional embryo growth and an increase in the number of matured embryos within the first 10 days of their adult life. Most aphids transferred from susceptible to resistant plants died within the first week following the transfer. Their most advanced embryos matured and were born, but subsequent embryo growth was quickly reduced. The reproductive strategies adopted by S. avenae when facing plant resistance, and the hypothesis of a resistant mechanism based on a poor nutritional state of the resistant plants are discussed. 相似文献
20.
R. L. Jenkins H. D. Loxdale C. P. Brookes A. F. G. Dixon 《Physiological Entomology》1999,24(2):171-178
The economically important grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) shows colour polymorphism, with brown and green forms predominating. Colour is determined both genetically and in response to environmental factors, including nutrition. The biological significance of the colour polymorphism is unknown, although seasonal changes occur in the frequency of colour morphs in the field, whilst the brown morph may have adaptive significance in terms of hymenopterous endoparasitism. The ground colour of aphids is produced by haemolymph pigments, aphins (glucosides) and carotenoids. The latter may be under the synthetic control of intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria. In this study, the major carotenoid pigments of a brown and a green clone of S. avenae were examined using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and their absorbance spectra recorded. Using TLC, the brown clone produced five bands of different Rf, ranging from yellow, to orange-pink to pink in colour. In contrast, the green clone gave only a single yellow band of higher Rf than any of the bands of brown aphids. Following separation of carotenoids by HPLC, brown aphids gave seven peaks and green aphids five. Comparison of absorbance maxima with known published values for carotenoids provides strong evidence for the identification of four of the carotenoid pigments from brown aphids (RB-4, 3,4-didehydrolycopene; RB-5, torulene; RB-6; lycopene; RB-7, γ-carotene) and one from green aphids (RG-2, α-carotene). The other carotenoids remain unidentified. The biosynthesis and possible biological relevance of the various pigments of S. avenae are briefly discussed. 相似文献