棕榈科植物的地理分布

棕榈科是一个泛热带分布的科,共有１９８属,约２６７０种,下分６亚科,１４族。贝叶棕族是最原始的族,低地榈族则最进化。本科植物在世界上的分布可划分为１３个区,其中以印度－马来西区和新热带区的属、种最多。中国只有１６属和８５种,没有特有属。这些种大部分属热带亚洲分布,与热带亚洲植物区系关系非常密切。关于棕榈科起源地问题,有西冈瓦纳起源和劳亚起源之说。根据化石记录和形态特征的分析,棕榈科很可能于早白垩纪     

安息香科的系统位置及地理分布

安息香科为柿目的一成员,包括１１个属,为一自然的分类群．它与山茶科很接近,并可能是从它的祖先类群演化而来的．本文分析其形态特征的演化趋势,认为子房上位,花冠裂片覆瓦状排列,雄蕊为花冠裂片两倍,花序圆锥花序为原始性状,而子房下位．花冠裂片镊合状排列,雄蕊与花冠裂片的同数,花序少花或单花为进化性状．安息香属为本科最大的属,形态变异多样化,既具有最原始性状,为本科原始类群代表,同时又有较多进化性状．其他各属可能是以它作为基干演化而来．从分析各属的分布区类型,本科有７属分布于热带地区,但仅有３属真正分布于热带,其余４属分布于亚热带或其边缘地区．因此,安息香科基本上是一个热带科,但不典型,它可能是从古热带山区的亚热带地区演化而来的．根据全科的属和种的统计,有１１属,１５０余种,间断分布于欧亚和美洲两大陆块上,亚洲有１０属,５７种,主要分布于东亚,在这一地区,以我国秦岭和长江以南至南岭以北及华西南种类最丰富,包括有最原始类群和系统演化各阶段类群;热带南美洲有２属８３种,这一带种类虽丰富,但仅２属及缺乏原始类群．因此,我们称东亚为安息香科的分布和分化中心,而热带南美洲为第二分布中心．根据化石记载结合本科现代分布格局,我们     

国产铁青树科植物的订正与补充报导以及有关该科的分类和区系等若干问题的初步探讨

本文除对中国铁青树科植物作一订正与补充报导外,还对该科起源、分类、区系等若干问题作一初步的探讨。作者根据该科具多类型的特征,如形态、解剖等既有原始性状,又有略进化的特点,特别是少数种木质部导管有梯状穿孔以及古植物孢粉和化石分别出现于晚白垩纪或早第三纪等资料,认为该科可能起源于白垩纪,起源中心可能接近于古地中海西部的南美洲东北部热带古陆地区,而亚洲南部热带古陆地区是分化中心之一,同时怍者在研究该目各科及邻近目、科的分类、解剖及孢粉形态后提出:另立铁青树目的主张是合理的,该目可能起源于从木兰目中已灭绝的原始类群向蔷薇目进化过程中派生的一个分枝上衍生出的一个目,在这分枝的早期还先后分化出山龙眼目、卫矛目、鼠李目等,这几个目均具多类型、即既具有原始性状、又具有稍进化的过渡性的特征,另外在这分枝的中、后期,还衍生出进化类型的檀香目及蛇菰目,此外作者研究了赤苍藤属分类及花粉特征后,认为该属仍是铁青树科的范畴,不应另立为赤苍藤科,但该属又与铁青树科已知的三亚科性状有明显区别,因此建议在该科下另立一新亚科——赤苍藤亚科。     

中国省藤属( 棕榈科) 区系地理研究

省藤属( Calamus L .) 属棕榈科(Palmae ) 省藤亚科(Calamoideae) , 是棕榈科中最大的属, 约有370种。中国是其天然分布的北缘, 共有37 种26 变种, 种数约占世界的10% , 有西南和东南两大分布中心;省藤属的天然分布地域性较强, 各地区特有种比例较高; 在区系上, 西南分布中心和中南半岛西部、南亚的省藤区系都有较强的联系, 东南分布中心与中南半岛东部的联系更为紧密。     

伯乐树科及其近缘科的花粉形态研究

本文观察了伯乐树科、省沽油科、牛栓藤科、七叶树科、无患子科、罂粟科,共6科、17属、21种植物的花粉形态。依据花粉资料,探讨了伯乐树科的系统位置。认为伯乐树科与无患子目中牛栓藤科关系较为密切。牛栓藤科较为进化,伯乐树科较为原始。与无患子目中其他一些科关系不明显。伯乐树科与罂粟科、豆科中云实亚科的花粉形态有某些相似,而伯乐树科较为进化。与辣木科、白花菜科花粉形态较少相似。     

中国省藤属(棕榈科)区系地理研究

省藤属（Calamus L．）属棕榈科（Palmae）省藤亚科（Calamoideae）,是棕榈科中最大的属,约有370种。中国是其天然分布的北缘,共有37种26变种,种数约占世界的10％,有西南和东南两大分布中心;省藤属的天然分布地域性较强,各地区特有种比例较高;在区系上,西南分布中心和中南半岛西部、南亚的省藤区系都有较强的联系,东南分布中心与中南半岛东部的联系更为紧密。     

山茶属植物的进化与分布

山茶属Camellia植物在其进化过程中,以雄蕊不定数、在某些类群中存在心皮离生至合生的中间过渡,认为是山茶科中较原始的一属,分布于亚洲东部和东南部,中国长江以南广袤的亚热带地区是该属的现代分布中心,中南半岛和我国云南、广西南部的热带地区种类虽少,却集中了本属原始或较原始的类群和种类。本属演化上的近缘属或姐妹群——核果茶属Pyrenaria（包括石笔术属Tutcheria）分布区大致与本属相似,其原始（子房5室,心皮先端多少分离,花柱离生）的种类也分布于此,它们可能同出于一个心皮离生的古老祖先,即生长于亚洲古热带森林环境中的类似千五桠果属（Dillenia）的原始山茶科植物,上述地区是该属的早期分化中心和起源地,大约在白垩纪特提斯海（古地中海）东岸的劳亚古陆和冈瓦纳古陆接触地带由原始五桠果类植物演化而来。山茶属植物自热带亚洲起源和分化发生后,向四周辐射状扩展,在亚洲大陆,类群和种类明显表现出由南向北、从热带向亚热带分化和替代的规律。在漫长的进化过程中,经历第三纪以来地史和古气候的变迁,分化发展为具花梗和花梗强烈缩短变无便的两个演化枝,分道扬镳平行发展,两枝在演化上相似地表现出雌、雄蕊数目的减少及合生水平的提高,本属最进化的类群是分布区南界的管蕊茶组 Sect．Calpandria和广布我国亚热带林下的连蕊茶组Sect．Theopsis,前一组花丝全部合生成肉质管,后一组雌、雄蕊高度合生,果通常1室发育,中轴退化。晚第三纪以来,古气候的变迂和亚洲山体的隆升,山茶组 Sect.Camellia,油茶组Sect．Paracamellia以及连蕊茶组 Sect．Theopsis在新的环境中产生进一步分化和自然杂交,出现了一些多倍体种群,细胞地理学研究表明,自中南半岛向北呈现出核型由对称到极不对称、染色体从二倍体到多倍体的变异系列,从而对山茶属中演化与分布的一致性提供了证据。     

中国菌蚊科属的系统发育关系分析(双翅目:眼菌蚊总科)

采用Hennig 86程序,以柄菌蚊科和喙菌蚊科代表种为外群,选取48个特征,使用mhen-nig^*和bb^*指令在586微机上运算,首次对菌蚊科中5亚科28属的28种进行支序分析,探讨各分类单元系统发育关系。结果表明：菌蚊亚科与滑菌蚊亚科的亲缘关系较近,二者互为姐妹群,粘菌蚊亚科属于原始类群;菌蚊亚科为5个亚科中的进化类群;邻菌蚊亚科可能为并系群;真菌蚊亚科是介于邻菌蚊亚科与菌蚊亚科之间的类群。     

中国越桔属的研究

本文讨论了越桔属在杜鹃花科中的系统位置;报道了国产越桔属的已知种91种,归为15个组级类群,按组可划分为5个分布区类型;指出了本属植物在形态、习性上的变异趋向;并联系越桔亚科的分类与分布,讨论了本属区系起源问题,作出几点初步推论: 1.越桔亚科的基干类群极可能发源于古南大陆西北部,也即热带美洲位置偏北。 2.越桔属的原始类群是古南大陆西部山地区系的后裔,而不是从东亚起源。在南、北古陆接触的热带东南亚繁衍后,经中南半岛至我国西南、南部、东部渗入到中部,而后往北。 3.对本属温带成分的13个组的区系分析,认为北温带成分的根源是在热带高山,而北极-高山成分的越桔,来源于亚洲、美洲的亚热带、热带山地     

基于线粒体COⅡ基因的中国蝽科分子系统学研究(半翅目,异翅亚目)

扩增并测定了我国蝽科4亚科8属11种昆虫线粒体COⅡ基因585 bp的序列,对序列的碱基组成、转换颠换、遗传距离等进行分析,探讨了COⅡ基因在该科的分子进化机制.并基于COⅡ基因序列数据,分别采用邻接法(NI)、最大简约法(MP)和贝叶斯推论法(BI)建立蝽科分子系统发育关系.研究结果表明,蝽科昆虫COⅡ基因A T含量平均为71.7%,存在较强的A T含量偏向性,氨基酸的变异率为27.2%;亚科间的遗传距离介于0.168～0.242之间,大于亚科内属种间的遗传距离,蝽科与盾蝽科2外群之间遗传距离最大,两科之间存在明显的间断.分子系统发育树表明,短喙蝽亚科为蝽科中较为原始的类群,分化较早,益蝽亚科与舌盾蝽亚科关系较近,形成一对姐妹群,蝽科中捕食性种类--益蝽亚科是较为特化的类群,它是由植食性种类分化而来.蝽科4亚科间的分子系统发育关系为Phyllocephalinae (Pentatominae (Asopinae Podopinae).     

藜科植物的起源、分化和地理分布

全球藜科植物共约130属1500余种,广泛分布于欧亚大陆、南北美洲、非洲和大洋洲的半干旱及盐碱地区。它基本上是一个温带科,对亚热带和寒温带也有一定的适应性。本文分析了该科包含的1l族的系统位置和分布式样,以及各个属的分布区,提出中亚区是现存藜科植物的分布中心,原始的藜科植物在古地中海的东岸即华夏陆台(或中国的西南部)发生,然后向干旱的古地中海沿岸迁移、分化,产生了环胚亚科主要族的原始类群;起源的时间可能在白垩纪初,冈瓦纳古陆和劳亚古陆进一步解体的时期。文章对其迁移途径及现代分布式样形成的原因进行了讨论。     

Origin,Differentiation, and Geographic Distribution of the Chenopodiaceae

Numbers of species and genera,endemic genera,extant primitive genera,relationship and distribution patterns of presently living Chenopodiaceae(two subfamilies,12 tribes,and 118 genera)are analyzed and compared for eight distributional areas,namely central Asia,Europe,the Mediterranean region,Africa,North America,South America, Australia and East Asia． The Central Asia,where the number of genera and diversity of taxa are greater than in other areas,appears to be the center of distribution of extant Chenopodiaceae．North America and Australia are two secondary centers of distribution． Eurasia has 11 tribes out of the 12,a total of 70 genera of extant chenopodiaceous plants,and it contains the most primitive genera of every tribe． Archiatriplex of Atripliceae,Hablitzia of Hablitzeae,Corispermum of Corispermeae,Camphorosma of Camphorosmaea,Kalidium of Salicornieae,Polecnemum of Polycnemeae,Alexandra of Suaedeae,and Nanophyton of Salsoleae,are all found in Eurasia,The Beteae is an Eurasian endemic tribe,demonstrating the antiquity of the Chenopodiaceae flora of Eurasia．Hence,Eurasia is likely the place of origin of chenopodiaceous plants． The presence of chenopodiaceous plants is correlated with an arid climate．During the Cretaceous Period,most places of the continent of Eurasia were occupied by the ancient precursor to the Mediterranean,the Tethys Sea．At that time the area of the Tethys Sea had a dry and warm climate．Therefore,primitive Chenopodiaceae were likely present on the beaches of this ancient land．This arid climatic condition resulted in differentiation of the tribes Chenopodieae,Atripliceae,Comphorosmeae,Salicornieae,etc．,the main primitive tribes of the subfamily Cyclolobeae. Then following continental drift and the Laurasian and Gondwanan disintegration, the Chenopodiaceae were brought to every continent to propagate and develop, and experience the vicissitudes of climates, forming the main characteristics and distribution patterns of recent continental floras. The tribes Atripliceae, Chenopodieae, Camphorosmeae, and Salicornieae of recent Chenopodiaceae in Eurasia, North America, South America, southern Africa, and Australia all became strongly differentiated. However, Australia and South America, have no genera of Spirolobeae except for a few maritime Suaeda species. The Salsoleae and Suaedeae have not arrived in Australia and South America, which indicates that the subfamily Spirolobeae developed in Eurasia after Australia separated from the ancient South America-Africa continent, and South America had left Africa. The endemic tribe of North America, the tribe Sarcobateae, has a origin different from the tribes Salsoleae and Suaedeae of the subfamily Spirolobeae. Sarcobateae flowers diverged into unisexuality and absence of bractlets. Clearly they originated in North America after North America had left the Eurasian continent. North America and southern Africa have a few species of Salsola, but none of them have become very much differentiated or developed, so they must have arrived through overland migration across ancient continental connections. India has no southern African Chenopodiaceae floristic components except for a few maritime taxa, which shows that when the Indian subcontinent left Africa in the Triassic period, the Chenopodiaceae had not yet developed in Africa. Therefore, the early Cretaceous Period about 120 million years ago, when the ancient Gondwanan and Laurasian continents disintegrated, could have been the time of origin of Chenopodiaceae plants.The Chinese flora of Chenopodiaceae is a part of Chenopodiaceae flora of central Asia. Cornulaca alaschnica was discovered from Gansu, China, showing that the Chinese Chenopodiaceae flora certainly has contact with the Mediterranean Chenopodiaceae flora. The contact of southeastern China with the Australia Chenopodiaceae flora, however, is very weak.     

The flea genus Sigmactenus (Siphonaptera: Leptopsyllidae): three new taxa from Sulawesi, updated identification key, and distribution map for all known species and subspecies

One new species and two new subspecies of fleas are described. These are S. sulawesiensis n. sp. from North and Central Sulawesi, S. alticola pilosus n. ssp. from Central Sulawesi, and S. alticola crassinavis n. ssp. from North Sulawesi. All three of these new taxa are ectoparasites of native, endemic murine rodents. Two of the new taxa, S. sulawesiensis and S. alticola crassinavis, coexist on the same mountain, Gunung Moajat, in North Sulawesi. The related S. alticola alticola, which becomes the nominate subspecies, parasitises the murine rodent Maxomys alticola in northern Borneo (Sabah) and it is hypothesized that Sigmactenus first colonized Sulawesi as an ectoparasite of ancestral Maxomys, or perhaps Rattus, as these murines dispersed from southeast Asia to Sulawesi; 15 endemic murine rodent species belonging to these two genera are known to currently inhabit Sulawesi. An identification key and distribution map are included for all known species and subspecies of Sigmactenus. In addition to the three new taxa and S. a. alticola, these include: S. celebensis from South Sulawesi, S. timorensis from Timor, S. toxopeusi from New Guinea, and S. werneri from the Philippines (Mindanao and Negros).     

Historical legacies in the geographical diversity patterns of New World palm (Arecaceae) subfamilies

The extent to which species richness patterns of the major palm subfamilies in the Americas are controlled by lineage history was studied. Based on the fossil record, we suggest that the subfamily Coryphoideae has followed a boreotropical dispersal route into Central and South America, whereas Calamoideae (tribe Lepidocaryeae), Ceroxyloideae and Arecoideae have Gondwana/South America-biased histories. However, Arecoideae has been present and diverse in both South and Central America at least since the early Tertiary. We used regression analyses to evaluate the relative importance of environmental factors and spatial variables (as substitutes for historical or other non-environmental factors) as determinants of geographical variation in species richness for each subfamily. Given the different lineage histories, we hypothesized that: (1) coryphoid richness should be least strongly controlled by the modern environment and exhibit a strong non-environmental bias towards Central and North America, reflecting its boreotropical invasion route, (2) calamoid species richness should exhibit a non-environmental bias towards South America, reflecting its long African–South American history, and (3) arecoid species richness should be most strongly environmentally determined, reflecting the long arecoid residency in both Central and South America. The regression analyses confirmed the hypothesized effects of lineage history on the geographical patterns in species richness. Hence, modern species richness patterns in the New World palm subfamilies strongly reflect their divergent biogeographical histories.  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 151 , 113–125.     

On the Distribution and Origin of Salix in the World

1. The distribution of Salix species among the continents. There are about 526 species of Salix in the world, most of which are distributed in the Northern Hemisphere with only a few species in the Southern Hemisphere. In Asia, there are about 375 species, making up 71.29 percent of the total in the world, including 328 endemics; in Europe, about 114 species, 21.67 percent with 73 endemics; in North America, about 91 species, 17.3 percent with 71 endemics; in Africa, about 8 species, 1.5 percent, with 6 endemics. Only one species occurs in South America. Asia, Europe and North America have 8 species in common (excluding 4 cultivated species). There are 34 common species between Asia and Europe, 14 both between Europe and North America and between Asia and North America, 2 between Asia and Africa. Acording to the Continental Drift Theory, the natural circumstances which promoted speciation and protected newly originated and old species were created by the orogenic movement of the Himalayas in the middle and late Tertiary. Besides, the air temperature was a little higher in Asia than in Europe and North America (except its west part) and the dominant glaciers were mountainous in Asia during the glacial epoch in the Quaternary Period. Then willows of Europe moved southwards to Asia. During the interglacial period they moved in opposite direction. Such a to-and-fro willow migration between Asia and Europe and between and North America occurred so often that it resulted in the diversity of willow species in Asia. Those species of willows common among the continents belong to the Arctic flora. 2. The multistaminal willows are of the primitive group in Salix. Asia has 28 species of multistaminal willows, but Europe has only one which is also found in Asia. These 28 species are divided into two groups, “northern type” and “southern type”, according to morphology of the ovary. The boundary between the two forms in distribution is at 40°N. The multistaminal willows from south Asia, Africa and South America are very similar to each other and may have mutually communicated between these continents in the Middle or Late Cretaceous Period. The southern type willows in south Asia are similar to the North American multistaminal willows but a few species. The Asian southern type willows spreaded all over the continents of Europe, Asia and North America through the communication between them before the Quaternany Period. Nevertheless, it is possible that the willows growing in North America immigranted through the middle America from South America. The Asian northern type multistaminal willows may have originated during the ice period. The multistaminal willows are more closed to populars in features of sexual organs. They are more primitive than the willows with 1-3 stamens and the most primitive ones in the genus. 3. The center of origin and development of willows Based on the above discussion it is reasonable to say that the region between 20°-40°N in East Asia is the center of the origin and differentiation of multistaminal willows. It covers Southern and Southwestern China and northern Indo-China Pennisula.     

The Study on the Flora of the Tiantangzhai Mountains of the Dabie Mountains,Anhui Province

It is now known that there are 1108 species (including varieties) of vascular plants, in the Tiantangzhai Mountainous region, which belong to 565 genera and 152 families. The Dabieshan Mountains first took shape in the Sinian Period. The origin of the flora of the Dabie Mountains is very ancient, and the flora originated principally from the Tertiary ancient tropical flora. There are many ancient families and genera as well as many relic species. There are all told 81 monotypic and oligotypic genera which are genetically ancient or primitive in the Tiantangzhai Mountainous Region The flora of the Dabieshan Mountains comprises a portion of the flora of East China. In this paper, author has drawn a clear line of demarcation between East China and Central China, from Yichang to Xiangfan in Hubei Province; and a dividing line between East China and North China, through the Tongbaishan Mountains from the Southern foot of the Funiushan Mountains to Huai river.     

Patterns of genetic variation in Native America.

Allele frequencies from seven polymorphic red cell antigen loci (ABO, Rh, MN, S, P, Duffy, and Diego) were examined in 144 Native American populations. Mean genetic distances (Nei's D) and the fixation index FST are approximately equal for the North and South American samples but are reduced in the Central American geographic area. The relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance differs markedly across geographic areas. The correlation between geographic distance and genetic distance for the North and Central American data is twice as large as that observed for the South American samples. This geographic difference is confirmed in spatial autocorrelation analyses; no geographic structure is apparent in the South American data but geographic structure is prominent in North and Central American samples. These results confirm earlier observations regarding differences between North and South American gene frequency patterns.