Photosynthesis and Water Use Efficiency of Platycladus Orientalis and Robinia Pseudoacacia Saplings under Steady Soil Water Stress during Different Stages of Their Annual Growth Period

A simulated drought experiment was conducted in a rain-free shed to test the physiological response of Platycladus orientalis and Robinia pseudoacacia saplings to steady soil water stress during different stages. The five soil water treatments were: 100%, 87.84%, 70%, 52.16% and 40% of field capacity. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate of R. pseudoacacla decreased as soil water potential decreased in the range between -0.041 MPa and -0.292 MPa.The threshold value at which the net photosynthetic rate changed significantly was -0.12 MPa. The relationship between net photosynthetic rate of P. orientalis and soil water potential could be described as a quadratic parabola in the range between -0.041 MPa and -0.648 MPa. Analysis of variance showed significant differences In the net photosynthetic rate of P. orientalis between soil water potentials of -0.061 MPa ～ -0.648 MPa. Average water use efficiency (WUE) increased as soil water potential decreased, but the influence mechanism of soil water stress on leaf WUE and photosynthetic rate for the two species were different evidently.     

不同干旱处理刺槐、侧柏光合特性与内源脱落酸含量的相关关系

为揭示干旱介导植物光合同化能力的内源脱落酸(ABA)调控机制,以北京地区典型树种刺槐和侧柏为研究对象,探讨土壤快速干旱-复水(T1)和慢速干旱-复水(T2)处理下,树木碳同化与ABA器官分配模式间相关关系。结果表明:(1)刺槐与侧柏在T1和T2干旱处理阶段的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)均随土壤体积含水量(SWC)下降显著降低(P<0.05)。T1两树种P_n降幅(99.18%和57.30%)大于T2(91.97%和36.69%),且T1、T2刺槐P_n、G_s降幅均大于侧柏。T1和T2旱后复水阶段,T1两树种P_n、G_s恢复程度大于T2,刺槐光合能力恢复至胁迫处理前水平,而侧柏仅部分恢复。(2)T1和T2两树种叶片、小枝、粗根、细根ABA均随SWC下降显著上升(P<0.05),且T2两树种全株ABA上升幅度(21.21%和26.01%)均大于T1(13.71%和8.91%)。T1和T2两树种粗根在旱后复水阶段ABA显著低于干旱阶段,其它器官ABA均维持干旱阶段水平。(3)探究两树种光合特性与ABA相关关系随土壤水分变化的规律发现,T1和T2处理下两树种光合参数与ABA含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。SWC下降速度越慢,两树种光合参数与器官ABA协同变化程度越高,且刺槐光合、ABA两者相关系数高于侧柏。综上所述,光合参数、器官ABA含量变幅及其二者相互关系程度均显著受到土壤干旱节律的影响作用,且存在种间特异性。研究旨在揭示植物应对不同干旱胁迫的碳同化与内源激素调控响应机制,为区域城市园林耐旱林木的选培与管理提供理论参考。     

水分对胡杨幼苗光合及生长特性的影响

采用盆栽控制实验方法对不同水分条件下胡杨幼苗的光合日变化以及生长特性进行分析研究.结果显示:(1)不同水分条件下胡杨幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化曲线均呈单峰型,峰值时间均在12:00;当土壤含水量为21.6%～24.0%时,幼苗的水分利用效率(WUE)日变化曲线呈不明显的双峰型,峰值时间分别在8:00和18:00,其他处理均为单峰型,但峰值时段有差异;随着土壤含水量的减小,胡杨幼苗的Pn、Gs、Ci和Tr日均值逐渐降低,当土壤含水量为12.0%～19.2%时,幼苗的WUE日均值显著高于其他处理.(2)幼苗的株高、基径、各器官的生物量及总生物量均随土壤含水量的减小而降低,当土壤含水量为12.0%～19.2%时,幼苗地下生物量的降低程度大于地上生物量,且幼苗的根冠比也增大.研究表明,土壤含水量对胡杨幼苗的光合特性及其生长具有显著影响,当土壤含水量大于12.0%时,幼苗能够通过增大水分利用效率,改变根冠比提高抗旱性;当土壤含水量小于9.6%时,幼苗自我调节能力减弱,生长受到抑制.     

Protective mechanism of desiccation tolerance in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Reaumuria soongorica</Emphasis>: Leaf abscission and sucrose accumulation in the stem

Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim., a perennial semi-shrub, is widely found in semi-arid areas in northwestern China and can survive severe desiccation of its vegetative organs. In order to study the protective mechanism of desiccation tolerance in R. soongorica, diurnal patterns of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), water use efficiency (WUE) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Photosystem II (PSII), and sugar content in the source leaf and stem were investigated in 6-year-old plants during progressive soil drought imposed by the cessation of watering. The results showed that R. soongorica was characterized by very low leaf water potential, high WUE, photosynthesis and high accumulation of sucrose in the stem and leaf abscission under desiccation. The maximum Pn increased at first and then declined during drought, but intrinsic WUE increased remarkably in the morning with increasing drought stress. The maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and the quantum efficiency of noncyclic electric transport of PSII(Φ_PSII) decreased significantly under water stress and exhibited an obvious phenomenon of photoinhibition at noon. Drought stressed plants maintained a higher capacity of dissipation of the excitation energy (measured as NPQ) with the increasing intensity of stress. Conditions of progressive drought promoted sucrose and starch accumulation in the stems but not in the leaves. However, when leaf water potential was less than −21.3 MPa, the plant leaves died and then abscised. But the stem photosynthesis remained and, afterward the plants entered the dormant state. Upon rewatering, the shoots reactivated and the plants developed new leaves. Therefore, R. soongorica has the ability to reduce water loss through leaf abscission and maintain the vigor of the stem cells to survive desiccation.     

Gas Exchange Characteristics and Water Relations in Some Elite Okra Cultivars Under Water Deficit

Thirty-days-old plants of two cultivars of okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.), Sabzpari and Chinese-red, were subjected for 30 d to two water regimes (100 and 60 % field capacity). Leaf water potential and osmotic potential of both lines decreased significantly with the imposition of drought. Both the leaf pressure potential and osmotic adjustment were much lower in Chinese-red than those in Sabzpari. Chlorophyll (Chl) b content increased, whereas Chl a content remained unchanged and thus Chl a/b ratios were reduced in both lines. Drought stress also caused a significant reduction in net photosynthetic rate (P _N), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (g _s), and water use efficiency (WUE) especially in cv. Sabzpari. The lines did not differ in intrinsic WUE (P _Ng_s) or intercellular/ambient CO₂ ratio. Overall, the growth of two okra cultivars was positively correlated with P _N, but not with g _s or P _N/E, and negatively correlated with osmotic adjustment.     

Effect of drought and rewatering on photosynthetic physioecological characteristics of soybean

Field experiments were conducted on soybean Glycine max, yudou29, a major cultivated variety in the Henan Province of China to study the relationship between photosynthetic characteristics and other physioecological parameters of its leaves under soil drying and rewatering treatments. The study showed that the dawn water potential of soybean leaves under the drying treatment was very close to that of soybean leaves under well-watered treatments (CK) when soil water content was higher than 47% of field water capacity (FWC). But when soil water content dropped below 47% of FWC, the leaf water potential decreased rapidly, indicating a significant threshold reaction. The dawn water potential threshold of soybean leaves was about ?1.02 MPa. Below this, the leaf water potential and net photosynthesis ratio dropped rapidly. When the soil water content was 47%, the leaf water potential and net photosynthesis ratio were nearly as high as those in CK, but the transpiration ratio was 67% lower, indicating that transpiration was more sensitive to drought than photosynthesis. After rewatering, the water status of soybean leaves improved, the net photosynthesis ratio and transpiration ratio increased linearly, and leaf stomata conductance (Gs) also recovered quickly. These results showed that after stress removal, soybean had fast-growing characteristics.     

土壤水分梯度对灰胡杨光合作用与抗逆性的影响

以塔里木盆地珍稀渐危种灰胡杨(Populus pruinosa Schrenk)幼苗为材料,采用盆栽方法研究土壤水分梯度对灰胡杨光合特征及抗逆性的影响。结果表明:(1)灰胡杨净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度和光能利用率均随土壤水分递减而降低,重度干旱比适宜水分依次降低了35.53%、25.32%、48.18%、15.62%和40.92%;而光合午休程度则明显增强,P_n下降主要是由非气孔因素限制造成。轻度干旱能够提高灰胡杨水分利用效率(WUE)3.05%,维持相对较高的P_n和WUE。(2)随土壤水分递降,灰胡杨光照生态幅缩窄,CO_2补偿点升高,RuBP再生受限,光与CO_2利用效率、Rubisco活性和光合效率降低。与适宜水分相比,中度与重度干旱下最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))、表观量子效率、光饱和点、羧化效率、光合能力(A_(max))、光呼吸速率、最大羧化效率、最大电子传递速率和磷酸丙糖利用率均显著降低(P0.05),其中P_(nmax)、A_(max)和生化参数分别降低了42.65%、38.26%、57.10%;63.01%、65.88%、73.43%。(3)土壤干旱显著降低了灰胡杨的枝水势和光合色素含量(P0.01),并且改变了光系统反应中心色素的组成比例,膜脂过氧化程度显著增强(P0.01)。灰胡杨主要通过积累大量脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质参与渗透调节来减轻土壤干旱对光合机构的损伤。重度干旱对灰胡杨叶片光合系统造成了不可逆的伤害,严重抑制了其正常生长和光合作用。综上所述,塔里木干旱荒漠区灰胡杨生长适宜的土壤相对含水量为60%—65%符合极端干旱区植被恢复与高效节水的管理原则。     

Response of stem sap flow and leaf photosynthesis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tamarix chinensis</Emphasis> to soil moisture in the Yellow River Delta,China

Soil moisture is the main limiting factor for vegetation growth at shell ridges in the Yellow River Delta of China. The objective of this study was to explore the soil moisture response of photosynthetic parameters and transpiration in Tamarix chinensis Lour., a dominant species of shell ridges. Leaf photosynthetic light-response parameters and sap flow were measured across a gradient of relative soil water content (RWC), from drought (23%) to waterlogging (92%) conditions. Leaf photosynthetic efficiency and stem sap flow of T. chinensis showed a clear threshold response to soil moisture changes. Leaf net photosynthetic rate, water-use efficiency (WUE), light-saturation point, apparent quantum yield, maximum net photosynthetic rate, and dark respiration rate peaked at moderately high RWC, decreasing towards high and low values of RWC. However, peak or bottom RWC values substantially differed for various parameters. Excessively high or low RWC caused a significant reduction in the leaf photosynthetic capacity and WUE, while the high photosynthetic capacity and high WUE was obtained at RWC of 73%. With increasing waterlogging or drought stress, T. chinensis delayed the starting time for stem sap flow in the early morning and ended sap flow activity earlier during the day time in order to shorten a daily transpiration period and reduce the daily water consumption. The leaf photosynthetic capacity and WUE of T. chinensis were higher under drought stress than under waterlogging stress. Nevertheless, drought stress caused a larger reduction of daily water consumption compared to waterlogging, which was consistent with a higher drought tolerance and a poor tolerance to waterlogging in this species. This species was characterized by the low photosynthetic capacity and low WUE in the range of RWC between 44 and 92%. The RWC of 49–63% was the appropriate range of soil moisture for plant growth and efficient physiological water use of T. chinensis seedlings.     

The responses of stomata and leaf gas exchange to vapour pressure deficits and soil water content

The responses of leaf conductance, leaf water potential and rates of transpiration and net photosynthesis at different vapour pressure deficits ranging from 10 to 30 Pa kPa^-1 were followed in the sclerophyllous woody shrub Nerium oleander L. as the extractable soil water content decreased. When the vapour pressure deficit around a plant was kept constant at 25 Pa kPa^-1 as the soil water content decreased, the leaf conductance and transpiration rate showed a marked closing response to leaf water potential at-1.1 to-1.2 MPa, whereas when the vapour pressure deficit around the plant was kept constant at 10 Pa kPa^-1, leaf conductance decreased almost linearly from-0.4 to-1.1 MPa. Increasing the vapour pressure deficit from 10 to 30 Pa kPa^-1 in 5 Pa kPa^-1 steps, decreased leaf conductance at all exchangeable soil water contents. Changing the leaf water potential in a single leaf by exposing the remainder of the plant to a high rate of transpiration decreased the water potential of that leaf, but did not influence leaf conductance when the soil water content was high. As the soil water content was decreased, leaf conductances and photosynthetic rates were higher at equal levels of water potential when the decrease in potential was caused by short-term increases in transpiration than when the potential was decreased by soil drying.As the soil dried and the stomata closed, the rate of photosynthesis decreased with a decrease in the internal carbon dioxide partial pressure, but neither the net photosynthetic rate nor the internal CO₂ partial pressure were affected by low water potentials resulting from short-term increases in the rate of transpiration. Leaf conductance, transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rate showed no unique relationship to leaf water potential, but in all experiments the leaf gas exchange decreased when about one half of the extractable soil water had been utilized. We conclude that soil water status rather than leaf water status controls leaf gas exchange in N. oleander.     

Protective mechanism of desiccation tolerance in Reaumuria soongorica: Leaf abscission and sucrose accumulation in the stem

Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim., a perennial semi-shrub, is widely found in semi-arid areas in northwestern China and can survive severe desiccation of its vegetative organs. In order to study the protective mechanism of desiccation tolerance in R. soongorica, diurnal patterns of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), water use efficiency (WUE) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Photosystem II (PSII), and sugar content in the source leaf and stem were investigated in 6-year-old plants during progressive soil drought imposed by the cessation of watering. The results showed that R. soongorica was characterized by very low leaf water potential, high WUE, photosynthesis and high accumulation of sucrose in the stem and leaf abscission under desiccation. The maximum Pn increased at first and then declined during drought, but intrinsic WUE increased remarkably in the morning with increasing drought stress. The maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and the quantum efficiency of noncyclic electric transport of PSII(Φ_PSII) decreased significantly under water stress and exhibited an obvious phenomenon of photoinhibition at noon. Drought stressed plants maintained a higher capacity of dissipation of the excitation energy (measured as NPQ) with the increasing intensity of stress. Conditions of progressive drought promoted sucrose and starch accumulation in the stems but not in the leaves. However, when leaf water potential was less than −21.3 MPa, the plant leaves died and then abscised. But the stem photosynthesis remained and, afterward the plants entered the dormant state. Upon rewatering, the shoots reactivated and the plants developed new leaves. Therefore, R. soongorica has the ability to reduce water loss through leaf abscission and maintain the vigor of the stem cells to survive desiccation. Supported by the Program of the Research of Vegetation Restoration in Arid Areas of Lanzhou (Grant No. 03-2-27) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30270243)     

速生树种尾巨桉和竹柳幼苗耗水特性和水分利用效率

速生树种尾巨桉和竹柳因其水分消耗和利用问题引起了一些争议,因而受到了广泛的关注,由于尚缺乏科学的观测数据,而其中许多指责或支持也尚无定论,因此必须深入研究此2种树种耗水性能和水分利用效率,以期科学评价其水分消耗和利用性能。采用盆栽苗木称重法和Li-6400光合系统测定方法分别测定尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×Eucalyptus grandis)和竹柳(Salix sp.)苗木在不同土壤水分条件下耗水量、耗水速率和苗木不同生长期叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE),研究表明:(1)正常水分条件下,尾巨桉和竹柳日总耗水量和最大耗水速率分别为(182.05±12.74)g/d、(100.48±10.95)g/d和(66.31±9.91)g·m-2·h-1、(89.50±13.54)g·m-2·h-1,土壤水分条件下降时,2种苗木耗水量和耗水速率均呈显著下降趋势,严重干旱胁迫时尾巨桉降幅更大。(2)正常水分条件和轻度水分胁迫下2种苗木耗水速率日变化趋势均为明显"单峰"曲线,且峰值均出现在12:00—14:00,中度干旱胁迫时则其变化趋势呈"双峰"曲线,峰值分别在10:00—12:00和14:00—16:00出现,严重干旱胁迫时日变化规律不明显。(3)正常水分条件和轻度水分胁迫下2种苗木耗水速率与环境温度显著正相关,与相对湿度显著负相关,随着干旱胁迫的发展,环境因子对耗水速率的影响有所减弱。(4)叶片水平来看,与尾巨桉相比,竹柳具有高光合、低蒸腾、高水分利用效率的特点,2种苗木由生长初期进入生长旺期时,净光合速率和蒸腾速率均发生相同幅度增加,而水分利用效率基本保持不变。(5)从单株耗水量和耗水速率以及叶片水分利用效率综合来看,竹柳属节水性能较好速生树种,而尾巨桉虽然存在叶片水平高蒸腾和低水分利用效率的情况,但从单株苗木水平上来讲,其耗水速率甚至低于竹柳,特别在土壤水分严重亏缺情况下其白天平均耗水速率仅为(4.02±0.60)g·m-2·h-1,也表现出了一定的抗旱节水能力。     

金矮生苹果土壤水分合理供给范围研究

对7年生田间和2年生盆栽金矮生苹果(Malus pumila)不同土壤水分(SWC)条件下水分利用效率(WUE)研究表明。SWC约为10％时,WUE最大值在所有处理中最高(230μmolCO₂·g^-1 H2O);在水分供应充足时,WUE最大值只有160μmolCO₂·g^-1 H2O左右,各SWC水平间差异不显著．WUE随SWC的变化与光照条件有关。     

Growth and Photosynthetic Characteristics in Pearl Millet under Water Stress and Different Potassium Supply

Influence of supra-optimal concentrations of K on growth, water relations, and photosynthetic capacity in pearl millet under severe water deficit conditions was assessed in a glasshouse. Nineteen-days-old plants of two lines, ICMV-94133 and WCA-78, of Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br. were subjected for 30 d to 235.0, 352.5, and 470.0 mg(K) kg^–1(soil) and two water regimes (100 and 30 % field capacity). Increasing K supply did not alleviate the effect of water deficit on the growth of two lines of pearl millet since additional amount of K in the growth medium had no effect on shoot dry mass, relative growth rate, plant leaf area, net assimilation rate, or leaf area ratio, although there was significant effect of drought stress on these variables. Soil moisture had a significant effect on net photosynthetic rate (P _N), transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency of both pearl millet lines, but there was no significant effect of varying K supply on these variables. In WCA-78 an ameliorative effect of increasing supply of K on P _N was observed under water deficit. Chlorophyll (Chl) a and b contents increased significantly in both lines with increase in K supply under well watered conditions, but under water deficit they increased only in ICMV-94133. Chl a/b ratios were reduced significantly in WCA-78 with increasing K supply under both watering regimes, but by contrast, in ICMV-94133 this variable was decreased only under water stress. Leaf water potential and osmotic potential of both lines decreased significantly with the imposition of drought. Leaf pressure potential in both lines increased with increase in K supply under water stress. Contents of total free amino acids in the leaves of both pearl millet lines increased significantly with increase in K supply under water stress. Potassium supply had no effect on leaf soluble sugars or soluble proteins. Considerable osmotic adjustment occurred in pearl millet plants experiencing water deficit under high K supply.     

Gibberellic acid affects growth and flowering of Philodendron‘Black Cardinal’

Changes in net photosynthetic rate (P_N), stomatal conductance (g_s), intercellular CO₂ concentrations (C_i), transpiration rate (E) and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured in Plantago major L. plants grown under sufficient soil water supply or under soil water stress conditions. The plants had high P_N in a wide range of soil water potential and temperature regimes. Soil water had little effect on P_N under ambient CO₂ concentrations, which was explained by a high carboxylation rate, but increased the dark respiration rate. Carboxylation activity at low C_i depended on RuBP regeneration, whereas at high C_i it depended on the phosphate regeneration rate. The g_s and E values were low in plants under stress as compared to the controls that resulted in an increase of WUE. The results obtained show that Plantago major plants have different ways of adaptation to soil water deficit conditions.     

贝壳堤岛旱柳光合效率的土壤水分临界效应及其阈值分级

为阐明黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛旱柳(Salix matsudana)叶片光合效率对土壤水分的适应机制, 明确其水分阈值效应, 以二年生旱柳为材料, 采用人工给水与自然耗水相结合获取系列水分梯度的方法, 测定分析贝壳砂生境下旱柳叶片光合效率参数对土壤水分的响应特征及其生产力分级。结果表明: 旱柳叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用效率(WUE)及光合光响应参数具有明显的水分临界效应。(1) P_n、T_r、WUE和潜在水分利用效率均随土壤水分的降低先升高后下降, 但各指标水分临界值表现不同步, 其中P_n水分气孔限制转折点和水分补偿点分别出现在相对含水量(W_r)为42.9%和14.4%时; P_n和T_r的水分饱和点为73.1%和68.9%, WUE水分高效点为80.1%; (2)水分胁迫下旱柳叶片具有明显的光抑制现象, 可通过减弱对光的利用来适应水分逆境。随土壤水分的增加, 表观量子效率(AQY)、光饱和点(LSP)和最大净光合速率(P_nmax)表现为先升高后降低, 但光补偿点(LCP)相反。P_n、AQY、LSP、P_nmax和暗呼吸速率(R_d)均表现为渍水胁迫明显高于干旱胁迫。W_r为69.1%时, LCP达到较低值(18.6 µmol∙m ^-2∙s^-1), AQY最高(0.05), 利用弱光能力较强。W_r为80.9%时, LSP达到最高(1775 µmol∙m ^-2∙s^-1), 光照生态幅最宽, 光能利用效率最高, 水分对光强的补偿效应显著; (3)采用临界值分类法确定出贝壳砂生境下旱柳光合效率的5级水分阈值, 73.1%_r<80.1%范围内为高产高效水, 此时旱柳具有较高的光合能力和高效生理用水特性。贝壳砂生境内旱柳表现出一定的耐水湿而不耐干旱的适应特性, 在干旱缺水的贝壳堤岛滩脊地带栽植时需充分考虑其水分环境。     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Alter Fractal Dimension Characteristics of Robinia pseudoacacia L. Seedlings Through Regulating Plant Growth,Leaf Water Status,Photosynthesis, and Nutrient Concentration Under Drought Stress

The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus intraradices, on plant growth, leaf water status, chlorophyll concentration, photosynthesis, nutrient concentration, and fractal dimension (FD) characteristics of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) seedlings was studied in pot culture under well-watered, moderate drought stress, and severe drought stress treatments. Mycorrhizal seedlings had higher dry biomass, leaf relative water content (RWC), and water use efficiency (WUE) compared with non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Under all treatments, AMF colonization notably enhanced net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate, but decreased intercellular CO₂ concentration. Leaf chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll concentrations were higher in AM seedlings than those in non-AM seedlings although there was no significant difference between AMF species. AMF colonization improved leaf C, N, and P concentrations, but decreased C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios. Mycorrhizal seedlings had a larger FD value than non-mycorrhizal seedlings. The FD value was positively and significantly correlated to the plant growth parameters, photosynthesis, RWC, WUE, and nutrient concentration but negatively correlated to leaf/stem ratio, C:N and C:P ratios, and intercellular CO₂ concentration. We conclude that AMF lead to an improvement of growth performance of black locust seedlings under all growth conditions, including drought stress via improving leaf water status, chlorophyll concentration, photosynthesis, and nutrient uptake. Moreover, FD technology proved to be a powerful non-destructive method to characterize the effect of AMF on the physiology of host plants during drought stress.     

Effect of fruiting and drought or flooding on carbon balance of apple trees

The response of fruiting or deblossomed trees to water stress such as drought or flooding was investigated in six semi open-top cuvettes each containing one apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Golden Delicious) tree. Xylem water potentials of leaves dropped from -1.2 to -4.1 MPa within 7 d of drought, the effect being enhanced by fruiting. Apple trees without fruits showed smaller reductions in net photosynthetic rate (P _N ) and dark respiration rate (R _D ) after 2 d of drought and hence more positive carbon balances relative to fruiting trees. Flooding for 4 d had a more pronounced effect on P _N than on transpiration, resulting in a reduced water use efficiency (WUE). This reduction in WUE was greater in the non-fruiting trees. Flooding reduced P _N of the whole apple canopies irrespective of fruiting; aple trees without fruits increased R _D resulting in a less positive carbon balance relative to fruiting trees. Fruiting increased the sensitivity to drought of apple trees (R _D and P _N ), but decreased their sensitivity to flooding (R _D and WUE), suggesting different adaptation mechanisms for the two forms of water stress. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

宁夏河东沙区刺槐和丝绵木水分利用策略

刺槐和丝绵木混交林是宁夏河东沙区防护林建设的主要模式,了解刺槐和丝绵木的水分利用策略,能为区域植被恢复和防护林林分结构调整提供科学依据。以宁夏河东沙区刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)和丝绵木(Euonymus bungeanus)混交林为研究对象,通过监测微气象、树干液流和土壤质量含水量,结合大气降水、土壤水、植物木质部水同位素组成,采用Granier及其校正公式,运用贝叶斯混合模型(MixSIAR)和相似性比例指数(PS)研究2个树种的蒸腾耗水、水分来源和水分利用关系。结果表明：刺槐和丝绵木的蒸腾耗水量在生长季中期较高,前期和后期较小,刺槐的蒸腾耗水量是丝绵木的1.55倍;影响刺槐蒸腾耗水的主要环境因子为饱和水汽压差、太阳辐射、0—40 cm土壤质量含水量和40—120 cm土壤质量含水量;影响丝绵木蒸腾耗水的主要环境因子为饱和水汽压差、太阳辐射、平均气温、0—40 cm土壤质量含水量和40—120 cm土壤质量含水量;蒸腾耗水较高时,刺槐主要吸收利用中层土壤水,丝绵木主要吸收利用浅层土壤水,蒸腾耗水较低时,刺槐主要吸收利用浅层土壤水,丝绵木主要吸收利用中层土壤水;在...     

Influence of Rate of Development of Leaf Water Deficits upon Photosynthesis, Leaf Conductance, Water Use Efficiency, and Osmotic Potential in Sorghum

This study reports the effect of rate of development of leaf water deficits in soil-grown sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) on the relationship of net photosynthesis, leaf conductance, and water use efficiency to leaf water potential, and on the degree of solute accumulation (osmotic adjustment). Recovery of these processes on rewatering, and responses during a second stress cycle were also studied. The most rapid rate of stress (1.2 MPa day^?1) resulted in no solute accumulation and the lowest rate of net photosynthesis and leaf conductance for any given leaf water potential during stress. Stress at 0.7 and 0.15 MPa day^?1 led to equal solute accumulations of approximately 0.6 MPa, but net photosynthesis, leaf conductance, and water use efficiency at a given leaf water potential were lower with the faster rate of stress (0.7 MPa day^?1). Additionally, leaf conductance at a given leaf turgor potential was lowest at the 1.2 MPa day^?1 stress rate, slightly higher at the intermediate rate of stress, and clearly highest at the slowest rate of stress. Recovery of both net photosynthesis and leaf conductance upon rewatering was rapid, taking less than 3 days, but full recovery of osmotic potential took between 6 and 11 days. One slow stress cycle had no influence on relationships during a second cycle. The concept of a threshold leaf water potential for stomatal closure is discussed and the conclusion reached that stomatal closure occurs slowly over a wide range of leaf water potential (> 1.0 MPa), the range being greater for slower rates of stress.     

Diurnal and Seasonal Patterns of Water Potential,Photosynthesis, Evapotranspiration and Water Use Efficiency of Clusterbean

Diurnal patterns of leaf water potential (_W), canopy net photosynthetic rate (P _N), evapotranspiration rate (E), canopy temperature (T_c), and water use efficiency (WUE) of clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub., cv. Desi] were studied at six phenological stages of plant development under field conditions at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The highest P _N, E, and WUE were observed at pod initiation stage (61 DAS). Daily maxima of P _N were usually between 11:00 to 14:00 h while those of E and WUE between 12:30 and 16:00 h. P _N was mainly dependent on photosynthetically active radiation and E on air temperature (T_a) but the relationships varied at different growth stages. WUE declined with the increase in T _a. At mid-day, _W was highest during pod initiation.