Water-Saving and High-Yielding Irrigation for Lowland Rice by Controlling Limiting Values of Soil Water Potential

The present study investigated whether an irrigation system could be established to save water and increase grain yield to enhance water productivity by proper water management at the field level in irrigated lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.). Using two field-grown rice cultivars, two irrigation systems; conventional irrigation and water-saving irrigation, were conducted.In the water-saving irrigation system, limiting values of soil water potential related to specific growth stages were proposed as irrigation indices. Compared with conventional irrigation where drainage was in mid-season and flooded at other times,the water-saving irrigation increased grain yield by 7.4% to 11.3%, reduced irrigation water by 24.5% to 29.2%, and increased water productivity (grain yield per cubic meter of irrigation water) by 43.1% to 50.3%. The water-saving irrigation significantly increased harvest index, improved milling and appearance qualities, elevated zeatin +zeatin riboside concentrations in root bleedings and enhanced activities of sucrose synthase, adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthase and starch branching enzyme in grains. Our results indicate that water-saving irrigation by controlling limiting values of soil water potential related to specific growth stages can enhance physiological activities of roots and grains,reduce water input, and increase grain yield.     

Much Improved Water Use Efficiency of Rice under Non-Flooded Mulching Cultivation

Water shortage is increasingly limiting the luxury use of water in rice cultivation. In this study, non-flooded mulching cultivation of rice only consumed a fraction of the water that was needed for traditional flooded cultivation and largely maintained the grain yield. We also investigated the growth and development of rice plants and examined grain yield formation when rice was subjected to non-flooded mulching cultivation. One indica hybrid rice combination was grown in a field experiment and three cultivation methods, traditional flooding （TF）, non-flooded straw mulching cultivation （SM） and non-flooded plastic mulching cultivation （PM）, were conducted during the whole season. Grain yield showed that there was no significant difference between SM and TF rice, but the grain yield of SM cultivation was significantly higher than that of PM. The tiller numbers were inhibited in the early stage under non-flooded mulching cultivation, but the situation was reversed at the later period. Both SM and PM rice reduced dry matter accumulation of shoot, but increased root dry weight, enhanced the remobilization of assimilates from stems to grains and increased the harvest index. During the middle and later grain filling period, mulched plants showed a faster decrease in chlorophyll concentrations, photosynthetic rates of flag leaves and root activity than TF rice, indicating that non-flooded mulching cultivation enhanced plant senescence. In comparison, SM treatment produced higher grain yield and, more dry matter accumulation and panicle numbers than the PM treatment. The overall results suggest that high yield of non-flooded mulching cultivation of rice can be achieved with much improved irrigaUonal water use efficiency.     

Effects of Irrigation and Nitrogen on the Performance of Aerobic Rice in Northern China

Aerobic rice is a new production system in which specially-developed varieties are grown under non-flooded, non-puddled, and non-saturated soil conditions. In 2003-2004, irrigation x Nitrogen experiments were carried out near Beijing using variety HD297. Water treatments included four irrigation levels, and Nitrogen treatments included different fertilizer N application rates and different numbers of N splits. The highest yields were 4460 kg/ha with 688 mm of total (rain plus irrigation) water input in 2003 and 6 026 kg/ha with 705 mm of water input in 2004. Because of the quite even distribution of rainfall in both years, the four irrigation treatments did not result in large differences of soil water conditions. There were few significant effects of irrigation on biomass accumulation, but yield increased with the total amount of water applied. High yields coincided with high harvest index and high percentages of grain filling. The application of fertilizer N either reduced biomass and yield or kept it at the same level as 0 N and consistently reduced the percentage grain filling and 1 000-grain weight. With the highest water application, five splits of N gave higher yield than three splits, whereas three splits gave higher yield than five splits with lower water applications.     

水稻叶片水势的QTL定位与候选基因分析

为探究叶片水势(LWP)相关基因在水稻(Oryza sativa)抗旱中的作用及其遗传机制,以热研2号(Nekken2)和华占(HZ)为亲本以及构建的120个重组自交系(RILs)群体为实验材料,对水稻分蘖期叶片水势进行检测,并利用前期基于高通量测序构建的分子遗传连锁图谱进行数量性状基因座(QTL)分析。结果表明,共检...     

土壤含水量与头季稻和再生稻产量的关系

土壤含水量与头季稻和再生稻产量的关系熊洪ＳｏｍｂａｔＣｈｉｎａｗｏｎｇ（四川省农科院水稻高粱所,泸州６４６１００）（ＫａｓｅｔｓａｒｔＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｂａｎｇｋｏｋ７３１４０）ＲｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐＢｅｔｗｅｅｎＳｏｉｌＷａｔｅｒＣｏｎｔｅｎ...     

Deficit Irrigation as a Strategy to Save Water： Physiology and Potential Application to Horticulture

Water is an increasingly scarce resource worldwide and irrigated agriculture remains one of the largest and most inefficient users of this resource. Low water use efficiency （WUE） together with an increased competition for water resources with other sectors （e.g. tourism or industry） are forcing growers to adopt new irrigation and cultivation practices that use water more judiciously. In areas with dry and hot climates, drip irrigation and protected cultivation have improved WUE mainly by reducing runoff and evapotranspiration losses. However, complementary approaches are still needed to increase WUE in irrigated agriculture. Deficit irrigation strategies like regulated deficit irrigation or partial root drying have emerged as potential ways to increase water savings in agriculture by allowing crops to withstand mild water stress with no or only marginal decreases of yield and quality. Grapevine and several fruit tree crops seem to be well adapted to deficit irrigation, but other crops like vegetables tend not to cope so well due to losses in yield and quality. This paper aims at providing an overview of the physiological basis of deficit irrigation strategies and their potential for horticulture by describing the major consequences of their use to vegetative growth, yield and quality of different crops （fruits, vegetables and ornamentals）.     

黄河水灌溉水稻根系及植株生态效应的研究

沿黄稻区是一个水稻新区 ,具有独特的生态类型。由于黄河水携带有大量泥沙并含有一定量的营养物质 ,使得在黄河水灌溉条件下水稻根系及植株的生育状况与井水灌溉有较大不同。从目前的报道来看 ,对井灌条件下水稻根系及根系对地上部发育的影响进行了较多研究 ,从不同角度探讨了水稻根系的发育规律及其对产量的影响。川田信一郎曾对不同水分条件下根的发育形态以及施用堆肥对水稻“浅层根”分布进行了研究[10 ],番场宏治研究了土壤水分条件对水稻根分布的影响[9],山崎耕宇研究了水稻根系的形成及其与产量的关系[8]。于贵瑞等研究了高产水稻群…     

不同灌溉方式对水稻产量与生理特性的影响

不同灌溉方式对水稻产量与生理特性的影响陈国林王人民王兆骞（浙江农业大学,杭州３１００２９）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＤｉｆｅｒｅｎｔＩｒｒｉｇａｔｉｏｎＰａｔｅｒｎｓｏｎｔｈｅＹｉｅｌｄａｎｄＰｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆＲｉｃ...     

Enantioseparation and Determination of the Chiral Fungicide Furametpyr Enantiomers in Rice,Soil, and Water by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography

The chiral fungicide furametpyr is widely used in the rice field to control rice sheath blight; however, furametpyr enantiomers are treated as just one compound in traditional achiral analysis, which gives only partial information. An effective chiral analytical method was developed for the resolution and determination of the fungicide furametpyr enantiomers in rice, soil, and water samples. Furametpyr enantiomers were excellently separated and determined on a Chiralpak AD‐H column with n‐hexane/ethanol (90:10, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL min^‐1 with UV detection at 220 nm. The resolution was up to 8.85. The first eluted enantiomer was (+)‐furametpyr and the second eluted one was (?)‐furametpyr. The effects of mobile‐phase composition and column temperature on the enantioseparation were evaluated. The method was validated for linearity, repeatability, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification LOQ. LOD was 2.0 µg kg^‐1 in water, 0.02 mg kg^‐1 in soil, and 0.07 mg kg^‐1 in rice with an LOQ of 6.7 µg kg^‐1 in water, 0.07 mg kg^‐1 in soil, and 0.23 mg kg^‐1 in rice. The average recoveries of the pesticide in all matrices ranged from 73.1 to 101.8% for all fortification levels. The precision values associated with the analytical method, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) values, were below 14.0% in all matrices. The methodology was successfully applied for the enantioselective analysis of furametpyr enantiomers in real samples. Chirality 25:904–909, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

坡地赤红壤—芒果—大气连续体水分运移力能关系的田间试验研究

依据田间实测资料,运用水流的电模拟原理,定量分析了坡地赤红壤—芒果—大气连续体水分运移过程中水分势能和水流阻力各分量的大小、变化规律及其相对重要性．结果表明,水流在该连续体中运移时,其能量主要消耗在由叶部到大气这一环节上,水分势能损失达１５．４４９１～５８．４０３６ＭＰａ,水分流经土壤到达叶部,水分热能降低０．２８１８～０．６９７９ＭＰａ;水流阻力主要分布于从叶气孔腔到大气的扩散过程,叶—气系统的水流阻力占该连续体水流总阻力的９５．６８％～９９．０３％,植株体的水流阻力占该连续体水流总阻力的０．９７％～４．３２％,而土壤阻力相对可忽略不计．     

Effect of Irrigation Water Quality on the Leaching and Desorption of Phosphorous from Soil

Knowledge of the rate of decrease of nutrients from soils resulting from poor water quality application is essential for long-term planning of crop production while minimizing the impact on groundwater quality. In this study, we examined the effect of Ca²⁺ concentration of irrigation water on phosphorus (P) leaching and kinetic release in columns of sandy soil. Phosphorous sorption in the presence of CaCl₂ solutions with Ca²⁺ concentrations of 3, 5, 10, and 15 mM CaCl₂ was determined to understand the transport and leaching of P in the sandy soil. The geochemical Visual MINTEQ was used to calculate saturation indices. A considerable number of leachate samples contained P at concentrations that could cause eutrophication. Total P leached from soil due to application of different CaCl₂ solutions ranged from 1.7 to 1.8 kg ha^?1 after 20 pore volumes had passed through the soil. Comparison of the leaching experiments results with the kinetic desorption data indicated that leaching removed on average 50 times less P than cumulative P desorbed by successive extractions with different CaCl₂ solutions. Leaching in presence of different CaCl₂ solutions was controlled by rate-limited dissolution of calcium hydroxyappatite and ß-tricalcium phosphate.     

交替灌溉的节水调质机理及同位素技术在作物水分利用研究中的应用

基于节水灌溉技术原理与作物感知缺水的根源信号理论而提出的根系分区交替灌溉,是交替对作物部分根区进行正常的灌溉,其余根区受到适度水分胁迫的灌溉方式。应用同位素示踪技术追溯分根区交替供水条件下土壤-作物系统水分运转途径并揭示其节水调质机理是一个重要的研究方向。本文对根系分区交替灌溉的节水调质效应、节水机理、稳定性氢氧同位素在植物水分运移中的应用以及稳定性碳同位素在植物水分利用效率中的应用研究进展及应用前景作了简要介绍,并对将来需要重点研究的方向作了展望。以期为充分挖掘作物生理节水潜力,大幅度提高作物水分利用效率和实现节水、丰产、优质、高效的综合目标提供有效的调控途径。     

周期性土壤干旱和叶片水势对气孔响应木质部ABA灵敏度的影响

研究了周期性土壤干旱期间气孔对木质部ＡＢＡ响应的灵敏度的变化以及叶片水势对灵敏度的影响。实验结果证明了木质部ＡＢＡ浓度是反映根系周围土壤水分状况的一个指标的结论。土壤周期性干旱不影响木质部ＡＢＡ浓度对土壤水分状况的依赖关系,但显著地提高了气孔对木质部ＡＢＡ 响应的灵敏度。根据对实测数据的数学模拟结果显示,引起气孔导度下降５０％ 所需的木质部ＡＢＡ浓度从第一轮土壤干旱的７５０ ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ降至第二轮土壤干旱的５５０ ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ。分根实验的结果表明,叶片水分亏缺显著提高了气孔对木质部ＡＢＡ 的响应的灵敏程度,全根干旱中引起气孔导度下降５０ ％ 所需的木质部ＡＢＡ 浓度比半根干旱的小２ ～４ 倍。这表明,气孔对木质部ＡＢＡ响应的灵敏度不是一个固定的特性,可随植物生长环境及许多其他因素的变化而表现出很大的差异     

Effects of Periodical Soil Drying and Leaf Water Potential on the Sensitivity of Stomatal Response to Xylem ABA

The study on the changes of stomatal sensitivity in relation to xylem ABA during periodical soil drying and the effect of leaf water status on the stomatal sensitivity has confirmed that xylem ABA concentration is a good indicator of soil water status around roots and the relation between xylem ABA concentration and predawn leaf water potential remained constant during the three consecutive soil drying cycles based on the slopes of the fitted lines. The sensitivity of stomata to xylem ABA increased substantially as the soil drying cycles progressed, and the xylem ABA concentration needed to cause a 50% decrease of stomatal conductance was as low as 550 mnoL/L in the next two soil drying cycle, as compared with the 750 nmol/L ABA in the first cycle of soil drying. The results using the split-root system showed that leaf water deficit significantly enhanced the stomatal response to xylem ABA and the xylem ABA concentration needed to cause a 50% decrease in stomatal conductance was 2 to 4 times smaller in the whole-root-drying treatment than those in the semi-root- drying treatment. These results suggested that the sensitivity of stomata to xylem ABA concentration is not a fixed characteristic.     

八种针阔叶幼树清晨叶水势与土壤含水量的关系及其抗旱性研究

一、前言土壤是植物根系的生活环境,是供给植物赖以生存的水分和养分的源泉。干旱区的植物尤其是树木常常由于土壤供水不足而限制其自然分布和生长。根据土壤-植物-大气连续体系     

Field Studies of the Wheat Stomata Resistance Influenced by Soil Water Content

Concurrent observations of soil water potential and leaf stomata diffusion resistance were made on two, plots of wheat grown at Datun Agro-ecological Experimental Station in Beijing under two different soil water conditions. These data were further complemented by weather and physiological observation. In this paper, we mainly analysed the influence of soil water potential on the status of wheat leaf stomatal resistance. The results indicate that: (1) there is a obvious influence of soil water potential on the status of wheat leaf stomata under normal conditions and (2) there is a different upper and lower epidermis stomata of wheat leaf respond to the soil water potential. The lower epidermis stomata are more sensitive to soil water potential than upper epidermis one. (3) There is a linear relationship between the ratio of lower and upper epidermis stomata resistance and soil water potential in root layer, according to this we can diagnose the degree of wheat water deficit.     

白沙枇杷果实发育、果实水势及与裂果关系研究

对生长在山坡地6年生白沙枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)的裂果与果实发育、可溶性糖含量、土壤相对含水量及果实水势关系进行了研究,并探讨了覆盖地膜、断根和果实套袋技术对预防裂果的效果。结果表明,随着白沙枇杷果实的发育,果形指数变小;临近成熟期,果实的可溶性糖含量最高,土壤相对含水量增加,同时果实水势也升高。模拟大雨后,果实水势与裂果率呈正相关,相关系数R=0.941。这说明白沙枇杷临近成熟时,果实内积累了大量的可溶性糖等高渗透物质,从高含水量的土壤中大量吸收水分,使果实水势升高,导致裂果。以覆盖地膜、断根和果实套袋组合的技术预防裂果的效果最好,其中覆盖地膜和断根对预防裂果的贡献较大。     

不同土壤覆盖物对旱作水稻生长和产量影响

在四川盆地通过田间试验研究了不同覆盖物对旱作水稻植株生长及产量的影响。结果表明,在有效铁含量较高而有效锰含量较低的土壤上,覆盖地膜及传统淹水处理在整个生育期没有表现缺锰症,而覆盖麦秆处理前期分蘖能力差,生长缓慢,表现严重的缺锰症。在覆麦秆处理裂区灌施2‰的MnSO4溶液（每次450kg/hm^2）两次后,水稻株高、分蘖和生物量都迅速增加,说明覆麦秆处理水稻受到了锰的胁迫。其原因与地膜处理明显提高土壤温度,而覆麦秆处理却具有降温作用有关。试验还发现,灌施锰肥能够补偿温度降低所造成的不利影响,水稻产量以覆地膜处理最高,其次是覆秆灌锰处理,再是是传统淹水处理,覆麦秆未灌施锰肥处理产量最低,后与其它处理差异也达极显水平。覆地膜条件下,水稻产量随施氮量的提高而提高,但当施氮量为150kg/hm^2后产量变化不大。与传统淹水相比,覆盖旱作处理显降低总耗水量,节水率达63.1%;并在产量基本不变或有所提高的前提下,提高水分利用效率2－3倍。     

Impact of Rotylenchulus reniformis on Cotton Yield as Affected by Soil Texture and Irrigation

The effects of soil type, irrigation, and population density of Rotylenchulus reniformis on cotton were evaluated in a two-year microplot experiment. Six soil types, Fuquay sand, Norfolk sandy loam, Portsmouth loamy sand, Muck, Cecil sandy loam, and Cecil sandy clay, were arranged in randomized complete blocks with five replications. Each block had numerous plots previously inoculated with R. reniformis and two or more noninoculated microplots per soil type, one half of which were irrigated in each replicate for a total of 240 plots. Greatest cotton lint yields were achieved in the Muck, Norfolk sandy loam, and Portsmouth loamy sand soils. Cotton yield in the Portsmouth loamy sand did not differ from the Muck soil which averaged the greatest lint yield per plot of all soil types. Cotton yield was negatively related to R. reniformis PI (initial population density) in all soil types except for the Cecil sandy clay which had the highest clay content. Supplemental irrigation increased yields in the higher yielding Muck, Norfolk sandy loam, and Portsmouth loamy sand soils compared to the lower yielding Cecil sandy clay, Cecil sandy loam, and Fuquay sand soils. The Portsmouth sandy loam was among the highest yielding soils, and also supported the greatest R. reniformis population density. Cotton lint yield was affected more by R. reniformis Pi with irrigation in the Portsmouth loamy sand soil with a greater influence of Pi on lint yield in irrigated plots than other soils. A significant first degree PI × irrigation interaction for this soil type confirms this observation.