细胞自噬及其调控机制的研究进展

自噬作为细胞一种自我保护机制,广泛存在于真核细胞中。自噬的过程依赖于正常的溶酶体功能,与机体多种疾病密切相关。近年来,细胞自噬越来越受到关注,自噬的发生机制、自噬与疾病发生的关系对预防与治疗多种人类重大疾病具有重要意义。本文旨在概括目前自噬的研究进展,重点介绍细胞自噬的发生及其调控机制。     

基于自噬溶酶体形成机制调控缺血性脑卒中后神经元自噬流

脑卒中是由脑血管阻塞或出血引发的急性脑血管病，约84%的临床脑卒中患者由脑缺血引起。研究表明，自噬广泛参与并显著影响脑卒中病理生理进程。自噬是一个将陈旧蛋白质、损伤细胞器及多余胞质组分等呈递给溶酶体进行降解的代谢过程，其包括自噬的激活、自噬体的形成和成熟、自噬体与溶酶体融合、自噬产物在自噬溶酶体内消化和降解等过程。自噬流通常被定义为自噬/溶酶体信号机制。最近发现，自噬流障碍是导致缺血性脑卒中后神经元损伤的重要原因，而在自噬过程中任一步骤发生障碍均可导致自噬流损伤。本文重点对自噬体-溶酶体融合的机制，以及该机制在缺血性脑卒中后发生障碍的致病机理进行详细阐述，以期基于自噬体-溶酶体融合机制对神经元自噬流进行调节，进而诱导缺血性脑卒中后的神经保护。本文可为脑卒中病理机制研究指明方向，为脑卒中治疗探寻新的线索。     

细胞自噬与病毒感染关系的研究进展

细胞自噬是一种存在于真核细胞内的溶酶体依赖性降解途径,是细胞的一种先天免疫机制。该机制可帮助细胞对破损细胞器进行降解,并将降解后的生物大分子等营养物质重新提供给细胞进行物质的重新利用。病毒侵入宿主细胞后细胞启动自噬系统进行自我吞噬并以此来保护机体将病毒对机体的损害降到最低。但研究发现部分病毒在侵染宿主细胞后也可利用细胞的自噬机制来加速自身在胞内的复制。由此可见病毒与细胞自噬间的相互作用是一个复杂且多向化的过程。为对自噬与病毒感染之间的关系进行更进一步的探究,本综述从自噬的发生机制、自噬的检测方法、自噬与病毒感染的关系、病毒感染与抗肿瘤作用等方面进行了阐述。     

溶酶体途径在细胞自噬过程中的功能意义

溶酶体具有高度保守的异质性,是细胞自噬的关键细胞器。细胞质中的蛋白质和细胞器最终在溶酶体降解,故溶酶体在维持细胞结构和功能的平衡方面起着重要生理作用。通过自噬溶酶体途径,细胞可清除某些病原体并参与抗原呈递。细胞自噬与异噬经溶酶体密切联系。自噬过程中溶酶体功能障碍与某些疾病和衰老等相关。对细胞自噬的溶酶体途径及其功能意义作了概述。     

内溶酶体–自噬溶酶体对阿尔茨海默症病理进程的影响

自噬是在细胞受到胞内应激或饥饿条件下,依赖于溶酶体将胞内异常蛋白质以及受损细胞器降解的过程。内体是由细胞内吞形成的单层膜结构细胞器,它可以内吞进入细胞的异常蛋白质将其送入自噬体或通过内溶酶体–自噬溶酶体途径降解。由于自噬体与内体在形态与功能上相互联系又有相似之处,从而构成内溶酶体–自噬溶酶体系统。在阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)患者的神经元中,两种异常蛋白质[β淀粉样物质(βamyloid,Aβ)和过度磷酸化的Tau蛋白]可以通过内溶酶体–自噬溶酶体系统清除;而当此系统功能受阻时,神经元中出现异常自噬体与内体形成的颗粒空泡变性体,导致AD病理改变加重。因此,内溶酶体–自噬溶酶体在阿尔茨海默病中扮演着重要角色。越来越多的研究结果提示,对内溶酶体–自噬溶酶体系统的调控可能为阿尔茨海默病的治疗提供新靶点和方向。     

运动调控自噬溶酶体通路改善阿尔茨海默病的机制

阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease, AD）是一种常见的神经退行性疾病。自噬溶酶体功能异常阻碍了细胞对神经毒性物质的降解，是导致AD发生的关键因素。运动作为一种非药物治疗手段，可以通过激活PI3K/Akt、AMPK等相关信号通路上调自噬活性，并通过促进TFEB的核易位增强自噬溶酶体功能，提高对异常聚集蛋白和受损伤细胞器的降解，保护神经元，改善AD患者的认知功能障碍。本文阐述了自噬溶酶体功能障碍在AD发生发展中的作用，以及运动调控自噬溶酶体通路改善AD作用机制，旨在为AD的预防和治疗提供新策略。     

自噬对胞内感染病原体的双重作用

自噬(autophagy)是细胞维持稳态的一种机制[1,2].在自噬发生过程中,来源不明的单层膜凹陷形成杯状双层膜的结构,包裹细胞质和细胞器部分,形成有双层膜的自噬体(autophagosome).自噬体随之与溶酶体融合形成自噬溶酶体,其中的细胞物质被溶酶体酶降解,降解后产生的氨基酸可以被细胞重新利用,参与物质的再循环.     

细胞自噬与自身免疫性疾病

细胞自噬是依赖溶酶体的细胞内物质分解代谢系统,清除受损细胞器、死亡细胞和蛋白质聚集体,从而对细胞内稳态起到保护作用。自噬功能失调容易导致细胞内自身物质的积累、诱导自身抗体的产生、进而引起自身免疫性疾病。基因组研究表明,细胞自噬相关基因的单核苷酸多态性与自身免疫性疾病的易感性相关。综述了细胞自噬与自身免疫性疾病之间的联系。     

镉诱导细胞自噬的研究进展

镉是一种有毒的重金属,其对环境和人类的健康造成巨大危害。越来越多的证据表明镉对多个器官和系统造成损害,甚至引起癌变和肿瘤。自噬是进化上保守的,利用溶酶体途径降解细胞内蛋白质和细胞器的过程。一方面,自噬通过清除受损的细胞器保护细胞免受镉损伤;而当细胞受到的损伤不可逆时,自噬作为一种死亡机制导致细胞死亡。自噬在镉引起的细胞损伤中的作用目前仍有争议,可能是镉的剂量和暴露时间的不同造成了自噬在损伤中的作用不同。目前对自噬在其中的作用机理研究,主要集中在m TOR,Ca2+,Beclin-1等信号分子。对镉与自噬分子机理的研究,可以为治疗和预防镉中毒提供新思路。综述了自噬在镉致细胞毒性中的作用,以及镉诱导细胞自噬的信号调节通路。     

mTOR 信号通路与自噬在肿瘤中的研究进展

自噬是以细胞内自噬体形成为特征,通过溶酶体吸收降解自身受损细胞器和大分子的一种自我消化过程,是细胞维持稳态的重要机制。自噬广泛参与多种重要的细胞功能,既能在代谢应激状态下保护受损细胞,又可能因为过度激活导致细胞发生II型程序性死亡,从而引发多种疾病,尤其对肿瘤的发生和发展更是发挥着"双刃剑"的作用。自噬通过多种分子信号机制调控肿瘤进程,包括mTOR依赖性和mTOR非依赖性途径。mTOR作为生长因子、能量和营养状态的感受器,可通过调节下游自噬复合物的形成,直接调控细胞自噬。阐明mTOR与细胞自噬的相互作用机制将有助于从分子水平上对各肿瘤病变进行分析和治疗。因此,本文就自噬与PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路在肿瘤中的研究进展作一综述。     

Silver nanoparticles regulate autophagy through lysosome injury and cell hypoxia in prostate cancer cells

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials are now being used for cancer treatment. Although studies on the application of silver nanoparticles in cancer treatment are burgeoning, few studies have investigated the toxicology mechanisms of autophagy in cancer cells under exposure to sublethal silver nanoparticles. Here, we clarified the distinct mechanisms of silver nanoparticles for the regulation of autophagy in prostate cancer PC‐3 cells under sublethal exposure. Silver nanoparticle treatment caused lysosome injury, including the decline of lysosomal membrane integrity, decrease of lysosomal quantity, and attenuation of lysosomal protease activity, which resulted in blockage of autophagic flux. In addition, sublethal silver nanoparticle exposure activated AMP‐activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin‐dependent signaling pathway to modulate autophagy, which resulted from silver nanoparticles‐induced cell hypoxia and energy deficiency. Taken together, the results show that silver nanoparticles could regulate autophagy via lysosome injury and cell hypoxia in PC‐3 cells under sublethal dose exposure. This study will provide an experimental basis for the cancer therapy of nanomaterials.     

纳米氧化铈负载槲皮素引起人肝癌细胞自噬阻断

稀土氧化物纳米材料的生物安全性越来越受到关注,这类纳米材料引起的自噬反应对于癌细胞杀伤也具有重要意义。自噬在细胞存活和死亡中发挥双重作用,槲皮素可以促进自噬,稀土氧化物已被证明可引起不同类型的自噬。制备了葡聚糖包被的氧化铈纳米颗粒负载的槲皮素复合材料DCQ,并对其自身性质进行表征,从细胞活力及氧化损伤以及自噬、凋亡机制这几个方面研究了其对人肝癌细胞HepG2的作用。结果表明,此复合材料对HepG2细胞具有更强的毒性(P<0.05),并且对正常细胞人脐静脉血管内皮细胞HUVEC无明显毒害作用,复合材料能够诱发人肝癌细胞产生大量活性氧,引起自噬阻断和诱导癌细胞凋亡。上述结果说明,这种纳米复合材料能有效杀伤人肝癌细胞,为肝癌治疗提供了新思路。     

Salinomycin induces cell death with autophagy through activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in human cancer cells

Salinomycin is perhaps the first promising compound that was discovered through high throughput screening in cancer stem cells. This novel agent can selectively eliminate breast and other cancer stem cells, though the mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, we found that salinomycin induced autophagy in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that salinomycin stimulated endoplasmic reticulum stress and mediated autophagy via the ATF4-DDIT3/CHOP-TRIB3-AKT1-MTOR axis. Moreover, we found that the autophagy induced by salinomycin played a prosurvival role in human NSCLC cells and attenuated the apoptotic cascade. We also showed that salinomycin triggered more apoptosis and less autophagy in A549 cells in which CDH1 expression was inhibited, suggesting that the inhibition of autophagy might represent a promising strategy to target cancer stem cells. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence that combination treatment with salinomycin and pharmacological autophagy inhibitors will be an effective therapeutic strategy for eliminating cancer cells as well as cancer stem cells.     

力学刺激诱导细胞自噬的研究进展

自噬是细胞重要的自我保护机制,多种伤害性刺激激活的自噬具有维持细胞稳态和正常功能的作用.此外,自噬还参与调控恶性肿瘤、动脉粥样硬化等多种疾病的发生发展过程.体内细胞处于复杂的力学微环境中,力学刺激参与调控细胞自噬,如压力可诱导心肌细胞的自噬、牵张力调控运动系统多种细胞的自噬、流体剪切力可激活血管内皮细胞和肿瘤细胞的自噬.力学刺激诱导的细胞自噬依赖众多信号通路.细胞骨架作为重要的调节因子,不仅参与细胞力学信号转导,同时可参与调控细胞自噬.因此,细胞骨架与力学刺激诱导的细胞自噬密切相关.本文结合最新的研究成果,综述力学刺激对细胞自噬的影响及其分子机制,以期为研究力学刺激对细胞生物学行为的影响提供新的视角,进而为相关疾病的治疗提供新思路和分子靶点.     

Targeted regulation of autophagy using nanoparticles: New insight into cancer therapy

Normal cells depend on autophagy to maintain cellular homeostasis by recycling damaged organelles and misfolded proteins and degrading toxic agents. Similar to apoptosis, targeting autophagy has been under attention in cancer therapy. However, autophagy has both pro-survival and pro-death functions in tumors, and its targeting requires further elucidation. The current review focuses on using nanoparticles for targeting autophagy in cancer treatment. Nanocarriers can deliver autophagy regulators along with chemotherapeutic agents leading to intracellular accumulation in cancer cells and synergistic cancer therapy. Furthermore, genetic tools such as siRNA and shRNA can be used for targeting molecular components that regulate autophagy, such as the ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 complex. A number of nanostructures, such as gold and zinc oxide nanoparticles, can be used to enhance oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis and autophagy, reducing cancer progression. Further, using nanoparticles to modulate autophagy potentiates the anti-tumor effects of cisplatin and gefitinib during chemotherapy. Polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based nanostructures and carbon-based nanomaterials are among other nanoparticles capable of regulating autophagy in cancer cells. Of note, various regulatory components of autophagy such as ATGs, Beclin-1 and LC3-II can be affected by nanomaterials. Based on the role of nanomaterial-induced autophagy as pro-survival or pro-death, further targeting can potentiate the fight against cancer cells.     

自噬与骨质疏松症的相关性

骨质疏松症是一种全身性骨骼疾病,其特征为低骨量和骨组织微结构退化。自噬是一个动态的、高度规律的自我消化过程,负责细胞存活和氧化应激反应,可以控制人体老化和骨质疏松症。尽管目前自噬对骨质疏松症的调控机制并没有完全解释清楚,但是随着对自噬研究的不断深入,其与骨质疏松症之间可能的联系和相互影响机制不断被揭示。本文回顾了近年来自噬与骨质疏松症的相关研究文献,探寻自噬与骨质疏松症相关的科学依据,发现对自噬与骨质疏松症共同影响的机制包括衰老、基因调控等。同时,自噬对糖皮质激素诱导的骨质疏松发病及药物治疗均有一定的影响。为进一步利用与自噬相关的调控体系来防治骨质疏松症提供证据。     

EV71诱导人神经细胞SH-SY5Y自噬的分子机制

【背景】EV71感染所致的重症手足口病易导致神经系统并发症,使患儿预后较差,甚至死亡。【目的】从EV71可诱导神经细胞自噬这一现象出发,探索该病毒诱导神经细胞自噬的miRNA机制,探讨EV71损伤神经细胞可能的分子机制。【方法】通过RT-PCR及Westernblot技术,在感染EV71病毒的人神经母细胞瘤细胞SH-SY5Y中检测细胞自噬变化;通过芯片分析细胞感染前后差异表达的miRNA分子,再使用miRNA mimics调节工具明确与EV71诱导神经细胞自噬有关的miRNA分子。【结果】EV71可诱导SH-SY5Y细胞自噬增加,下调细胞内miRNA29b(miR29b)分子的表达水平;当上调细胞内miR29b的表达后,EV71诱导细胞自噬增加的现象可被逆转,病毒复制水平下降。【结论】EV71诱导神经细胞自噬是通过下调miR29b分子的表达水平实现;miR29b不仅与自噬相关,它与EV71病毒复制也存在密切关系。因此,该研究不仅有助于阐明EV71导致神经系统损伤的具体分子机制,还为miR29b成为治疗EV71感染可能的新药物靶点奠定了理论基础。     

Autophagy and mitochondria in Pompe disease: nothing is so new as what has long been forgotten

Macroautophagy (often referred to as autophagy) is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular system by which macromolecules and organelles are delivered to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. Autophagy is robustly induced in response to starvation in order to generate nutrients and energy through the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic components. Constitutive, basal autophagy serves as a quality control mechanism for the elimination of aggregated proteins and worn-out or damaged organelles, such as mitochondria. Research during the last decade has made it clear that malfunctioning or failure of this system is associated with a wide range of human pathologies and age-related diseases. Our recent data provide strong evidence for the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of Pompe disease, a lysosomal glycogen storage disease caused by deficiency of acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA). Large pools of autophagic debris in skeletal muscle cells can be seen in both our GAA knockout model and patients with Pompe disease. In this review, we will focus on these recent data, and comment on the not so recent observations pointing to the involvement of autophagy in skeletal muscle damage in Pompe disease.     

Interplay between apoptotic and autophagy pathways after exposure to cerium dioxide nanoparticles in human monocytes

Engineered nanomaterials, defined as having at least one dimension smaller than 100 nm, have revolutionized many technology sectors ranging from therapeutics and diagnostics to environmental monitoring and remediation. This has resulted in a rapid increase in their manufacture over the past few years, accompanied by an increased human exposure potential. However, understanding of the interactions of nanomaterials with biological systems is still rudimentary. We have described that an environmentally and medically relevant nano metal (cerium dioxide) can affect primary human monocyte viability and interact with programmed cell death pathways leading to apoptosis and autophagic cell death. Cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO₂ NPs)-induced autophagy acts as a prodeath mechanism and leads to increased cytotoxicity of human monocytes. A better understanding of the implication and biological significance of CeO₂ NPs-induced autophagy and apoptosis will help us understand the risks associated with its uses and develop safer nanomedicine.