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《微体古生物学报》2016,(1)
扬子地台北缘在寒武纪筇竹寺期—沧浪铺期出现海退,该时期的仙女洞组属浅海碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩的混合沉积单元,分布于陕西南部及四川北部。陕南南郑福成和碑坝剖面组成完整仙女洞组序列,其中包含8期生物礁相单元。单层礁体为米级厚度,形态特征显示丘状隆起或平缓延伸。水体的清澈度、深度以及水动力强度变化对各期礁相单元生长的控制力度因时而异,陆源碎屑数次侵入导致海水浑浊度增高,点断了礁体生长。礁灰岩微相类型包括钙质微生物粘结岩、古杯-钙质微生物绑结岩、古杯漂砾-砾屑灰岩、粒泥状-泥粒状灰岩以及泥状灰岩。早期礁灰岩中钙质微生物粘结岩含量丰富,之后古杯绑结岩在礁灰岩构建中具有丰度增长的趋势,且上部礁灰岩层位中不规则古杯占主要地位。仙女洞组沉积晚期海水变浅和水动力条件增强,常见漂砾灰岩和砾屑灰岩。 相似文献
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微生物是海洋养殖环境和海洋牧场生态系统中的关键环境因素之一,在牧场环境的物质循环、水质保障、饵料供应、水产健康等方面起重要作用,是营造海洋牧场环境且影响其可持续发展的重要因素。主要围绕海洋养殖环境中的病原微生物以及有益微生物两方面,概述了我国海洋养殖环境常见的病原性细菌、真菌、病毒以及相应的病害防治措施等,并介绍了海洋养殖环境中能够改善海水养殖环境,包括降低水体氨氮含量、降解水体硫化物、抑制赤潮藻类的生长等以及直接促进海水养殖生物生长的有益功能微生物类群。目前,我国关于海洋牧场环境营造过程中微生物的研究仍很少,而与海洋牧场环境有一定相似性的海水养殖环境中微生物的研究较为成熟,其对海洋牧场环境健康营造有很好的启示。海洋水产养殖环境中微生物的新功能菌种的发现、作用机制以及功能菌应用等方面的深入研究将会对我国大力推进海洋牧场建设起到重要的作用。 相似文献
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中国南方二叠纪礁类型及成礁的控制因素 总被引:9,自引:2,他引:9
我国南方的二叠纪礁主要分布在黔、桂、川东、湘鄂西以及中下扬子地区,有两次大的成礁期,即茅口期和长兴期,且以长兴期礁发育好、分布普遍。根据礁的成因、组构及礁岩类型,将南方二叠纪礁分成4类:生物礁,生物丘,灰泥丘和地层礁。各类礁均具有其自身独有的特征,同时它们的形成、演化和消亡,明显地受到古构造(尤其是古断裂)、古地理、古环境和海水进退、海平面升降的严格控制。 相似文献
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微生物被膜(biofilm)是一类具有高复杂性和高自组织特性的生物结构,由多种微生物(细菌、古菌、藻类、微小真核生物)和生物基质(多糖、蛋白、脂肪酸等)组成,具有特定的组织结构和生态学功能,在微生物定殖、生态位构建和环境适应性上具有重要作用.许多微生物行为,如病原感染、毒素产生、耐药能力、生物污损以及管网堵塞等都与微生物被膜的存在有关.这些事件的形成充斥着多样化的微生物行为,包括信号交流,合作/竞争、劳动分工以及逆境环境下的"菌工智能"等.这些特征越来越多地显示出Biofilm的社会学特性,而这一特性也提供了深入认识Biofilm的新视角.据此,以Biofilm的3D结构为基础,以膜内的通讯语言、协作方式,以及智能化的抗逆表现(环境应激、协同进化)为重点来阐述它的社会学特征,以期更好地认识Biofilm的属性,加深对微生物社会学的认识. 相似文献
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对植被历史变化过程的研究是理解现代植被组成、分布及其对全球变化响应的基础。近年来, 随着分子古生态学的发展, 分析沉积介质中的陆生植物古DNA信号, 以研究植被及植物多样性演变的历史过程正在成为研究热点, 湖泊沉积植物古DNA已成为古植被和古生态学研究的成熟代用指标。然而与第四纪孢粉分析相比较, 湖泊沉积植物古DNA的现代过程依然不明确, 成为其进一步发展和应用的限制因素。基于此, 该文综述了湖泊沉积植物古DNA技术研究进展, 尝试阐明湖泊沉积植物古DNA的现代过程, 包括植物DNA的来源、沉积和保存过程及其影响因素, 以及植物DNA与现代植被的关系等。已有研究表明, 湖泊沉积植物古DNA主要来自湖泊周边或流域范围, 其丰度和组成除受到源植物生物量的影响外, 同样受到沉积物的搬运和沉积过程中DNA降解作用、土壤以及沉积物中颗粒的吸附过程和稀释作用等因素的影响。湖泊沉积物中植物DNA的保存则主要受到微生物活动、湖水的化学性质(电导率和pH值)、湖泊深度、沉积物组成等一系列生物与非生物因素的共同影响。湖泊沉积植物古DNA可以揭示其沉积时代的植物群落类型以及气候环境信息, 但目前并不能够用来定量重建古植被变化过程。鉴于湖泊沉积植物古DNA现代过程的复杂性, 对研究结果的解释要格外小心。与孢粉分析相比, 湖泊沉积植物古DNA研究仍处于起步阶段, 但随着分子生物技术的进步、实验设计的优化、物种条形码的扩充及参考数据库的完善等, 以DNA宏条形码和宏基因组学为主要技术手段的植物古DNA技术, 必将推动我国植物古生态研究的进一步发展。 相似文献
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南极大陆冰盖下存在液态水,形成了由冰下湖、冰下河/溪、冰封湖和冰架下水体等组成的冰下水生态系统,具有低温、黑暗和寡营养等极端的环境条件特征。微生物主导了南极冰下水生态系统,其具有丰富多样的种群构成、功能形式和独特的适应机制,在生源元素生物地球化学循环过程中起了重要作用。研究南极冰下微生物群落的生态特征及其参与的生源元素地球化学循环过程,可为揭示地球生命演化和探索外星生命提供指示,具有重要的科学意义。本文综述了南极冰下水生态系统的极端环境条件、冰下微生物的多样性、冰下微生物参与的生物地球化学循环以及冰下微生物的适极机理,最后基于研究现状展望了南极冰下微生物的未来研究方向。 相似文献
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Summary The Linnaean nameCryptozo?n proliferum
Hall was proposed in 1883 for a previously undescribed life-form preserved in spectacular exposures of Cambrian limestones in
New York State, USA. It is now recognised that these are exposures of stromatolitic microbialites, laminated organosedimentary
structures formed from interaction between a benthic microbial community (BMC) and the environment. Microbialites are neither
fossil organisms nor trace fossils. These complex structures are the products of dissipative, self-organising systems involving
a BMC, the external environment and the accreting microbialite. Functionally analogous BMCs of different species compositions
may build similar structures in similar environments in quite separate periods. The type exposures ofCryptozo?n proliferum show objects composed of complex, concentric rings, up to a metre in diameter, that have grown laterally without any restriction
other than that provided by neighbouring structures. They are not the relicts of domes truncated by penecontemporaneous erosion
or Pleistocene glaciation, but depositional forms in which upward growth was restricted. Analogous modern structures occur
on a reef platform along the north east shore of hyposaline Lake Clifton, Western Australia. These are tabular thrombolitic
microbialites that vary lakeward across the reef platform from low, compound structures to discrete, concentric structures
up to 50 cm high. The Lake Clifton forms are, in turn, morphological analogues of microatolls found on coral reef platforms.
Coral microatolls are coral colonies with flat, dead tops and living perimeters in which upward growth is constrained by the
sea surface. In shallow water they form circular rims of laterally growing coral around a dead centre. In deeper water they
form coral heads that develop flat tops on reaching sea level. It is concluded that both the tabular microbialites of Lake
Clifton and the type exposures ofCryptozo?n proliferum are analogous to coral microatolls in both form and origin-structures that have been able to grow laterally, but in which
upward growth is restricted by subaerial exposure. Similar microatoll microbialites have been described from other modern
environments, including Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA and Stocking Island, Exuma Cays, Bahamas. Ancient examples may include
some of the “tufa” deposits of the Basal Purbeck Formation in Dorset, UK, as well as the coalesced domal bioherms of the Upper
Cambrian Arrinthrunga Formation of the Georgina Basin, Central Australia, and the “washbowl” structures described from the
B?tsfjord Formation of the Varanger Peninsula, north Norway. Progress towards a reliable interpretation of ancient microbialites
depends on an understanding of modern environments in which analogous structures are forming. This study of microatolls has
demonstrated that other sessile life forms may create colonial ecomorphs that, used cautiously, can serve as analogues for
understanding the factors controlling the growth and form of microbialites. The surprising lack of pre-Pleistocene examples
of microatolls recorded to date has simply been due to their lack of recognition in the geological record. They occur in sequences
from the Proterozoic onwards, and provide powerful environmental indicators of ancient reef platforms on which biological
growth was adjusted to contemporary sea level. 相似文献
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Carbonate fabrics in the modern microbialites of Pavilion Lake: two suites of microfabrics that reflect variation in microbial community morphology,growth habit,and lithification
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C. Harwood Theisen D. Y. Sumner T. J. Mackey D. S. S. Lim A. L. Brady G. F. Slater 《Geobiology》2015,13(4):357-372
Modern microbialites in Pavilion Lake, BC, provide an analog for ancient non‐stromatolitic microbialites that formed from in situ mineralization. Because Pavilion microbialites are mineralizing under the influence of microbial communities, they provide insights into how biological processes influence microbialite microfabrics and mesostructures. Hemispherical nodules and micrite–microbial crusts are two mesostructures within Pavilion microbialites that are directly associated with photosynthetic communities. Both filamentous cyanobacteria in hemispherical nodules and branching filamentous green algae in micrite–microbial crusts were associated with calcite precipitation at microbialite surfaces and with characteristic microfabrics in the lithified microbialite. Hemispherical nodules formed at microbialite surfaces when calcite precipitated around filamentous cyanobacteria with a radial growth habit. The radial filament pattern was preserved within the microbialite to varying degrees. Some subsurface nodules contained well‐defined filaments, whereas others contained only dispersed organic inclusions. Variation in filament preservation is interpreted to reflect differences in timing and amount of carbonate precipitation relative to heterotrophic decay, with more defined filaments reflecting greater lithification prior to degradation than more diffuse filaments. Micrite–microbial crusts produce the second suite of microfabrics and form in association with filamentous green algae oriented perpendicular to the microbialite surface. Some crusts include calcified filaments, whereas others contained voids that reflect the filamentous community in shape, size, and distribution. Pavilion microbialites demonstrate that microfabric variation can reflect differences in lithification processes and microbial metabolisms as well as microbial community morphology and organization. Even when the morphology of individual filaments or cells is not well preserved, the microbial growth habit can be captured in mesoscale microbialite structures. These results suggest that when petrographic preservation is extremely good, ancient microbialite growth structures and microfabrics can be interpreted in the context of variation in community organization, community composition, and lithification history. Even in the absence of distinct microbial microfabrics, mesostructures can capture microbial community morphology. 相似文献
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Many Antarctic lakes provide habitat for extensive microbial mats that respond on various timescales to environmental change. Lake Joyce contains calcifying microbialites and provides a natural laboratory to constrain how environmental changes influence microbialite development. In Lake Joyce, depth-specific distributions of calcitic microbialites, organic carbon, photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic potential cannot be explained by current growth conditions, but are a legacy of a 7-m lake level rise between 1973 and 2009. In the well-illuminated margins of the lake, photosynthetically active benthic communities colonised surfaces submerged for just a few years. However, observed increases in accumulated organic material with depth from 5 to 20 m (2-40 mg ash-free dry weight cm(-2)) and the presence of decimetre-scale calcite microbialites at 20-22 m depth, apparently related to in situ photosynthetic growth, are inconsistent with the current distributions of irradiance, photosynthetic pigments and mat photosynthetic potential (as revealed by pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorometry). The microbialites appeared photosynthetically active in 1986 and 1997, but were outside the depth zone where significant phototrophic growth was possible and were weakly photosynthetically competent in 2009. These complex microbial structures have persisted after growth has ceased, demonstrating how fluctuating environmental conditions and the hysteresis between environmental change, biological response and microbialite development can be important factors to consider when interpreting modern, and by inference ancient, microbially mediated structures. 相似文献
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Linda E. Graham Jennifer J. Knack Michael J. Piotrowski Lee W. Wilcox Martha E. Cook Charles H. Wellman Wilson Taylor Louise A. Lewis Patricia Arancibia‐Avila 《Journal of phycology》2014,50(2):280-291
Microbialites are mineral formations formed by microbial communities that are often dominated by cyanobacteria. Carbonate microbialites, known from Proterozoic times through the present, are recognized for sequestering globally significant amounts of inorganic carbon. Recent ecological work has focused on microbial communities dominated by cyanobacteria that produce microbial mats and laminate microbialites (stromatolites). However, the taxonomic composition and functions of microbial communities that generate distinctive clotted microbialites (thrombolites) are less well understood. Here, microscopy and deep shotgun sequencing were used to characterize the microbiome (microbial taxa and their genomes) associated with a single cyanobacterial host linked by 16S sequences to Nostoc commune Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault, which dominates abundant littoral clotted microbialites in shallow, subpolar, freshwater Laguna Larga in southern Chile. Microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy suggested the hypothesis that adherent hollow carbonate spheres typical of the clotted microbialite begin development on the rigid curved outer surfaces of the Nostoc balls. A surface biofilm included >50 nonoxygenic bacterial genera (taxa other than Nostoc) that indicate diverse ecological functions. The Laguna Larga Nostoc microbiome included the sulfate reducers Desulfomicrobium and Sulfospirillum and genes encoding all known proteins specific to sulfate reduction, a process known to facilitate carbonate deposition by increasing pH. Sequences indicating presence of nostocalean and other types of nifH, nostocalean sulfide:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (indicating anoxygenic photosynthesis), and biosynthetic pathways for the secondary products scytonemin, mycosporine, and microviridin toxin were identified. These results allow comparisons with microbiota and microbiomes of other algae and illuminate biogeochemical roles of ancient microbialites. 相似文献
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The evolution of animal communication is a complex issue and one that attracts much research and debate. 'Receiver psychology' has been highlighted as a potential selective force, and we review how avian psychological processes and biases can influence the evolution and design of signals as well as the progress that has been made in testing these ideas in behavioural studies. Interestingly, although birds are a focal group for experimental psychologists and behavioural ecologists alike, the integration of theoretical ideas from psychology into studies of communication has been relatively slow. However, recent operant experiments are starting to address how birds perceive and respond to complex natural signals in an attempt to answer evolutionary problems in communication. This review outlines how a psychological approach to understanding communication is useful, and we hope that it stimulates further research addressing the role of psychological mechanisms in signal evolution. 相似文献
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The evolution of skin pigmentation has been shaped by numerous biological and cultural shifts throughout human history. Vitamin D is considered a driver of depigmentation evolution in humans, given the deleterious health effects associated with vitamin D deficiency, which is often shaped by cultural factors. New advancements in genomics and epigenomics have opened the door to a deeper exploration of skin pigmentation evolution in both contemporary and ancient populations. Data from ancient Europeans has offered great context to the spread of depigmentation alleles via the evaluation of migration events and cultural shifts that occurred during the Neolithic. However, novel insights can further be gained via the inclusion of diverse ancient and contemporary populations. Here we present on how potential biases and limitations in skin pigmentation research can be overcome with the integration of interdisciplinary data that includes both cultural and biological elements, which have shaped the evolutionary history of skin pigmentation in humans. 相似文献
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Environmental fluctuations are recorded in a variety of sedimentary archives of lacustrine depositional systems. Geochemical signals recovered from bottom sediments in closed‐basin lakes are among the most sensitive paleoenvironmental indicators and are commonly used in reconstructing lake evolution. Microbialites (i.e., organosedimentary deposits accreted through microbial trapping and binding of detrital sediment or in situ mineral precipitation on organics [Palaios, 2, 1987, 241]), however, have been largely overlooked as paleoenvironmental repositories. Here, we investigate concentrically laminated mineralized microbialites from Laguna Negra, a high‐altitude (4,100 m above sea level) hypersaline, closed‐basin lake in northwestern Argentina, and explore the potential for recovery of environmental signals from these unique sedimentary archives. Spatial heterogeneity in hydrological regime helps define zones inside Laguna Negra, each with their own morphologically distinct microbialite type. Most notably, platey microbialites (in Zone 3A) are precipitated by evaporative concentration processes, while discoidal oncolites (in Zone 3C) are interpreted result from fluid mixing and biologically mediated nucleation. This spatial heterogeneity is reflected in petrographically distinct carbonate fabrics: micritic, botryoidal, and isopachous. Fabric type is interpreted to reflect a combination of physical and biological influences during mineralization, and paired C‐isotope measurement of carbonate and organic matter supports ecological differences as a dominant control on C‐isotopic evolution between zones. Laminae of Laguna Negra microbialites preserve a range of δ13Ccarb from +5.75‰ to +18.25‰ and δ18Ocarb from ?2.04‰ to +9.28‰. Temporal trends of lower carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions suggest that the influence of CO2 degassing associated with evaporation has decreased over time. Combined, these results indicate that microbialite archives can provide data that aid in interpretation of both lake paleohydrology and paleoenvironmental change. 相似文献
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Breitbart M Hoare A Nitti A Siefert J Haynes M Dinsdale E Edwards R Souza V Rohwer F Hollander D 《Environmental microbiology》2009,11(1):16-34
Ancient biologically mediated sedimentary carbonate deposits, including stromatolites and other microbialites, provide insight into environmental conditions on early Earth. The primary limitation to interpreting these records is our lack of understanding regarding microbial processes and the preservation of geochemical signatures in contemporary microbialite systems. Using a combination of metagenomic sequencing and isotopic analyses, this study describes the identity, metabolic potential and chemical processes of microbial communities from living microbialites from Cuatro Ciénegas, Mexico. Metagenomic sequencing revealed a diverse, redox-dependent microbial community associated with the microbialites. The microbialite community is distinct from other marine and freshwater microbial communities, and demonstrates extensive environmental adaptation. The microbialite metagenomes contain a large number of genes involved in the production of exopolymeric substances and the formation of biofilms, creating a complex, spatially structured environment. In addition to the spatial complexity of the biofilm, microbial activity is tightly controlled by sensory and regulatory systems, which allow for coordination of autotrophic and heterotrophic processes. Isotopic measurements of the intracrystalline organic matter demonstrate the importance of heterotrophic respiration of photoautotrophic biomass in the precipitation of calcium carbonate. The genomic and stable isotopic data presented here significantly enhance our evolving knowledge of contemporary biomineralization processes, and are directly applicable to studies of ancient microbialites. 相似文献
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Microbialites, bioaccretionary structures formed during the growth and metabolism of microorganisms (principally cyanobacteria) were the dominant lifeform in shallow late-Archean and Proterozoic oceans. During the Cambrian radiation of metazoan life, which began ~540 Mya, microbialite abundance and diversity further declined following a peak in the Mesoproterozoic. Notwithstanding contention, grazing and bioturbation effects of metazoans have been hypothesized as the dominant driver of modern microbialite scarcity. However, this metazoan–microbialite exclusion has not been fully explored in the few extant microbialites. Here we provide further evidence showing that living marine layered microbialites (stromatolites) coexist with a persistent assemblage of benthic macro-invertebrates, as has previously been demonstrated in some thrombolitic (clotted) microbialites. Surprisingly, these metazoans have active habits, such as burrowing, which should be expected to disrupt the layered matrix. As other studies have shown, through a network of burrows, metazoans can exploit local diurnal oxygen refugia within microbialites as well as escape predation. Our results, therefore, add novel evidence in support of the hypotheses that geologically, metazoans are not always incompatible with stromatolites, while ecologically, microbialites may act as micro-refugia for modern metazoans and historically have performed a similar inferred role in past ecosystems. 相似文献
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In spite of past controversies, the field of ancient DNA is now a reliable research area due to recent methodological improvements. A series of recent large-scale studies have revealed the true potential of ancient DNA samples to study the processes of evolution and to test models and assumptions commonly used to reconstruct patterns of evolution and to analyze population genetics and palaeoecological changes. Recent advances in DNA technologies, such as next-generation sequencing make it possible to recover DNA information from archaeological and paleontological remains allowing us to go back in time and study the genetic relationships between extinct organisms and their contemporary relatives. With the next-generation sequencing methodologies, DNA sequences can be retrieved even from samples (for example human remains) for which the technical pitfalls of classical methodologies required stringent criteria to guaranty the reliability of the results. In this paper, we review the methodologies applied to ancient DNA analysis and the perspectives that next-generation sequencing applications provide in this field. 相似文献