Pseudomonas plecoglossicida NyZ12基因无痕敲除方法的建立

旨在建立一种适合环己胺降解菌NyZ12基因无痕敲除的可靠方法。通过overlapping PCR技术将目的基因上下游同源臂融合并克隆到自杀载体pEX18km上,将重组质粒转化到大肠杆菌S17pir中,再通过接合转移到假单胞菌NyZ12菌株内,经pEX18km质粒上sacB基因的反向筛选得到突变株并通过PCR方法和测序鉴定。结果显示,成功构建了假单胞菌NyZ12菌株orf4637的基因突变株(NyZ12Δ4637)。通过自杀载体同源重组可以成功获得敲除的无痕突变株,且突变株基因组上没有任何抗性筛选标记残留,为环己胺降解菌NyZ12基因功能研究提供了可靠的基因敲除技术。     

筛选地中海拟无枝酸菌无痕基因敲除菌株的简便方法

将抗生素抗性基因作为标记筛选无痕基因敲除菌株比较费时,因而建立筛选无痕基因敲除菌株的简便方法。通过敲除茄红素生物合成途径中第一个反应的酶编码基因dxs(1-脱氧-D-木酮糖-5-磷酸合酶基因),获得白色地中海拟无枝酸菌突变菌株,以此菌株为受体菌,对S-丙二酰转移酶基因(mtf)进行无痕敲除。针对菌落本身携带颜色的地中海拟无枝酸菌(橘红色),利用茄红素合成酶基因dxs无痕敲除获得了白色菌株,在此基础上进行mtf的无痕敲除。以茄红素生物合成途径中任意一个反应的酶编码基因作为标记,很容易筛选得到无痕基因敲除的突变菌株。     

链霉菌无痕敲除方法研究进展

链霉菌是革兰氏阳性放线菌,能产生大量具有重要价值的天然代谢产物.随着基因测序技术、分子生物学和合成生物学的不断发展,人类对链霉菌家族有了更深的了解,从分子水平对其基因组进行改造的手段也越来越多.通过对链霉菌基因组合理、高效的精简,将提高链霉菌代谢产物的产量和质量,降低底物原料的消耗量.无痕敲除就是开展此项研究工作的重要手段.文章综述了近年来在链霉菌中广泛使用的分子操作方法并重点对链霉菌无痕敲除方法进行了总结.     

大肠杆菌基因组基因无痕敲除的优化方法

目的：优化大肠杆菌基因组基因无痕敲除的方法,提高无痕敲除的效率。方法：以无痕敲除大肠杆菌nanKETA基因簇为模型,利用Red同源重组系统和核酸内切酶I-SceI的筛选作用,通过两步连续同源重组无痕敲除大肠杆菌CLM37基因组中的nanKETA基因,优化无痕敲除时同源DNA长度与诱导用于筛选阳性克隆I-SceI表达的诱导剂浓度。通过比较敲除nanKETA基因前后菌株的生长曲线,研究大肠杆菌CLM37缺失nanKETA基因后的生长状态。结果：成功无痕敲除大肠杆菌CLM37基因组中的nanKETA基因,并在无痕化处理时,通过延长与基因组同源DNA的长度,由通常使用的80碱基对延长到684碱基对;并通过提高诱导筛选基因表达的四环素的浓度,由500 μg/ml提高到1000 μg/ml后,使无痕敲除效率高达90%以上。生长曲线研究表明,缺失nanKETA基因后的菌株生长状态与原菌株基本一致。结论：通过延长与基因组同源的双链核苷酸的长度和诱导筛选基因表达的四环素的浓度可显著提高无痕敲除的效率。     

副溶血性弧菌基因敲除方法的建立及应用

目的摸索出一套副溶血性弧菌基因敲除的可靠方案,副溶血性弧菌致病相关基因的敲除对深入研究其致病机制有重要意义。方法通过融合PCR技术将目的基因上下游同源臂融合并克隆到自杀载体pDS132上,将重组质粒转化大肠杆菌S17λpir中,再接合转移到副溶血性弧菌菌株内,经pDS132质粒上sacB基因的反向筛选得到突变株。结果成功构建了副溶血性弧菌RIMD2210633菌株ΔopaR,ΔtoxR和ΔaphA三个基因突变株。结论通过自杀载体同源重组成功获得精确敲除的无痕突变株更有利于基因功能的研究,使后续副溶血性弧菌突变株与野生株的对比研究成为可能。     

一种基于线性DNA片段同源重组的嗜盐古菌高效基因敲除系统

随着功能基因组学研究的深入发展,基因敲除技术日益成为基因功能研究的重要手段。嗜盐古菌Haloferax volcanii易于培养,是研究古菌基因功能的良好模式菌株。虽然现已开发了多种嗜盐古菌的遗传操作系统,但基因敲除成功率不十分理想。这些遗传操作方法基于pyrE筛选标记,利用携带同源片段的环状质粒与基因组同源片段间的两次同源重组,敲除目的基因。由于基于环状质粒和pyrE筛选标记的经典同源重组敲除方法在二次重组时,普遍存在回复到野生型菌株的可能,导致二次重组子中敲除目的基因的阳性菌株比例较低。为了克服传统同源重组技术的上述缺陷,文章建立了基于线性DNA片段的同源重组技术。该方法通过一次重组在目标基因的下游引入一段上游同源片段和pyrE标记,从而限定二次重组的发生部位只能在两段上游同源片段之间,发生二次重组的重组子理论上都敲除了目标基因。利用该方法,文章成功敲除了嗜盐古菌Haloferax volcanii的xpd2基因,阳性克隆率达65%。这种线性DNA片段重组法为嗜盐古菌的基因敲除提供了一种高效策略,便于嗜盐古菌的基因改造。     

利迪链霉菌nsdA基因的克隆及其阻断载体的构建

[目的]构建nsdA基因的敲除载体和表达载体,获得阳性转化子。[方法]根据GenBank中报道的天蓝色链霉菌nsdA基因序列设计引物,在利迪链霉菌产纳他霉素菌株A01、A02和G117中扩增到预期目的片段,进一步克隆nsdA基因全长序列;经BLAST比对,其核苷酸序列及其编码蛋白的氨基酸序列与天蓝色链霉菌均有较高同源性,据此判断利迪链霉菌A01、A02、G117中含有nsdA基因;进一步构建nsdA基因的敲除载体pLM103和表达载体pIBN139,转入大肠杆菌ET12567(puz8002)。[结果]nsdA基因全长序列1 407 bp,编码468个氨基酸,构建了nsdA基因的敲除载体pLM103和表达载体pIBN139。[结论]成功构建nsdA基因的敲除载体pLM103和表达载体pIBN139,并获得阳性转化子,为后续构建利迪链霉菌nsdA基因阻断突变株,以进一步探究nsdA基因在利迪链霉菌纳他霉素生物合成中的调控作用奠定了基础。     

构建尿嘧啶磷酸核糖转移酶基因缺失菌株实现Gluconobacter suboxydans基因组无痕修饰

弱氧化葡糖酸杆菌(Gluconobacter suboxydans)可高效不完全氧化多种糖类和醇类等多羟基化合物,生成相应的醛类、酮类和有机酸类等产物,是一类重要的工业微生物。利用同源重组技术对基因组进行修饰改造是工业育种的有效手段。传统方法多选用抗生素为筛选标记,存在诸多缺陷。构建尿嘧啶磷酸核糖转移酶基因缺失菌株以实现Gluconobacter suboxydans基因组无痕修饰为目标,将自杀质粒p MD18-Jqupp电转化至野生型Gluconobacter suboxydans J12中,通过四环素抗性和5-氟尿嘧啶双重筛选,获得敲除了编码尿嘧啶磷酸核糖转移酶的基因upp的突变株。经生理验证表明,该突变株在含0.5mg/ml 5-氟尿嘧啶的培养基上生长,而回补upp基因后,在0.5mg/ml 5-F氟尿嘧啶的培养基上不生长。说明获得的G.suboxydans-upp突变株能以upp基因作为负向筛选标记,通过两次同源重组,实现Gluconobacter suboxydans基因组无痕修饰与改造,为今后代谢工程改造Gluconobacter suboxydans获得有价值的工业菌种奠定基础。     

链霉菌负调控因子突变筛选系统的构建

摘要:【目的】构建用于阻遏链霉菌隐性次级代谢基因簇表达的负调控因子筛选的报告系统。【方法】通过“REDIRECT (Rapid Efficient Directed Recombination Time Saving)”技术结合链霉菌温和噬菌体BT1整合酶的体内位点特异性重组技术,对链霉菌中多基因进行无痕敲除。以链霉菌隐性次级代谢基因簇中受阻遏的启动子驱动链霉菌中保守的inoA 构建报告质粒,针对阻遏次级代谢基因簇表达的负调控基因的突变进行检测,以验证报告系统的可行性。【结果】本研究首先通过对天蓝色链霉菌的肌醇从头合成途径关键酶基因inoA,及合成黄色聚酮类隐性抗生素(yellow cryptic polyketide,yCPK)的途径特异性负调控基因scbR2依次进行了无痕敲除,以构建进一步筛选所用的受体菌,再以scbR2阻遏的cpkO启动子控制inoA 的表达构建了报告质粒pIJ8660::PcpkO::inoA。结果显示沉默的cpkO 启动子在突变的受体菌中被激活并使inoA得到了表达,可以使inoA的光秃型突变表型在不添加肌醇的培养基上恢复到产孢的野生型表型。【结论】inoA可以作为新的链霉菌普遍适用的报告基因,可方便地通过表型变化的观察进行筛选,同时可针对性对负调控基因的突变进行检测,可应用于链霉菌隐性抗生素激活的研究。     

阿扎霉素F产生菌链霉菌211726基因转移系统的建立

旨在建立阿扎霉素F产生菌链霉菌211726的基因转移系统,以便基因敲除和外源基因表达等遗传操作。以整合型质粒pSET152和pIB139为出发质粒,通过接合转移构建了阿扎霉素F产生菌链霉菌211726的基因转移系统。结果显示25μg/mL阿泊拉霉素可有效筛选接合子。经PCR验证,质粒成功整合到菌株链霉菌211726基因组中,接合子经多次传代后,导入的质粒pSET152和pIB139仍稳定整合于接合子基因组上。     

Coccystes undoxylophus

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Flavonoids of Astilbe and Rodgersia compared to Aruncus

The flavonoid profiles of Astilbe (four taxa studied) and Rodgersia (two taxa studied) are based on simple flavonol glycosides. Astilbe has 3-O-mono-, 3-O-di-, and 3-O-triglycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin, while Rodgersia has only mono- and diglycosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Astilbe×arendsii was also shown to accumulate dihydrochalcone glycosides. The flavonoid profile of Rodgersia is the simplest recorded so far in the herbaceous Saxifragaceae. The flavonoids of two species of Aruncus were shown to be based upon kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-mono- and 3-O-diglycosides. One of the species also exhibited an eriodictyol glycoside. The triglycoside differences were not considered important, but the differences in myricetin occurrences were taken as evidence against derivation of Saxifragaceae from an Aruncus-like ancestor. Should such an event be proposed, however, serious consideration would have to be given to the current pattern of myricetin occurrence in the two families.     

Biogeography of Hysterangiales (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota)

To understand the biogeography of truffle-like fungi, DNA sequences were analysed from representative taxa of Hysterangiales. Multigene phylogenies and the results of ancestral area reconstructions are consistent with the hypothesis of an Australian, or eastern Gondwanan, origin of Hysterangiales with subsequent range expansions to the Northern Hemisphere. However, neither Northern Hemisphere nor Southern Hemisphere taxa formed a monophyletic group, which is in conflict with a strictly vicariant scenario. Therefore, the occurrence and importance of long-distance dispersal could not be rejected. Although a pre-Gondwanan origin of Hysterangiales remains as a possibility, this hypothesis requires that Hysterangiales exist prior to the origin of the currently recognized ectomycorrhizal plants, as well as the arrival of mycophagous animals in Australia. This also requires that a basal paraphyletic assemblage represents parallel evolution of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, or that Hysterangiales was mycorrhizal with members of the extinct flora of Gondwana. Regardless, models for both ancient and more recent origins of Hysterangiales are consistent with truffle-like fungi being capable of transoceanic dispersal.     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

The role of the genesnrf EFG andccmFH in cytochromec biosynthesis inEscherichia coli

It has been suggested that two groups ofEscherichia coli genes, theccm genes located in the 47-min region and thenrfEFG genes in the 92-min region of the chromosome, are involved in cytochromec biosynthesis during anaerobic growth. The involvement of the products of these genes in cytochromec synthesis, assembly and secretion has now been investigated. Despite their similarity to other bacterial cytochromec assembly proteins, NrfE, F and G were found not to be required for the biosynthesis of any of thec-type cytochromes inE. coli. Furthermore, these proteins were not required for the secretion of the periplasmic cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₀ and cytochromec ₅₅₂, or for the correct targeting of the NapC and NrfB cytochromes to the cytoplasmic membrane. NrfE and NrfG are required for formate-dependent nitrite reduction (the Nrf pathway), which involves at least twoc-type cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₂ and NrfB, but NrfF is not essential for this pathway. Genes similar tonrfE, nrfF andnrfG are present in theE. coli nap-ccm locus at minute 47. CcmF is similar to NrfE, the N-terminal region of CcmH is similar to NrfF and the C-terminal portion of CcmH is similar to NrfG. In contrast to NrfF, the N-terminal, NrfF-like portion of CcmH is essential for the synthesis of allc-type cytochromes. Conversely, the NrfG-like C-terminal region of CcmH is not essential for cytochromec biosynthesis. The data are consistent with proposals from this and other laboratories that CcmF and CcmH form part of a haem lyase complex required to attach haemc to C-X-X-C-H haem-binding domains. In contrast, NrfE and NrfG are proposed to fulfill a more specialised role in the assembly of the formate-dependent nitrite reductase.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

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